This book, the third in the series Behavior of Radionuclides in the Environment, is dedicated to Fukushima. Major findings from research since 2011 are reviewed concerning the behavior of radionuclides released into the environment due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, including atmospheric transport and fallout of radionuclides, their fate, and transport in the soil-water environment, behavior in freshwater, coastal and marine environment, transfer in the terrestrial and agricultural environment. Volume III discusses not only radionuclides dynamics in the environment in the short- and mid-term, but also modeling and prediction of long-term time changes. Along with reviews, the book contains original data and results not published previously. It was spearheaded by the authors from the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, established two years after the Fukushima accident, with their collaborators from Japan, Russia, and Ukraine. The knowledge emerging from the studies of the environmental behavior of Fukushima-derived radionuclides enables us to move forward in understanding mechanisms of environmental contamination and leads to better modeling and prediction of long-term pollution effects in general.

Pertaining to homeland security, this title is a comprehensive guide to radiation protection caused by accidents or terrorism Provides essential strategies and guidance for protecting ports and examines the latest nuclear detection devices that can be deployed Explains the procedures in FEMA's "National Incident Management System" Gives specific details for first responders and emergency workers on how to prepare for and handle radiological incidents

The 2011 disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station led to serious radioactive contamination of the environment. Due to transportation by seasonal wind and ocean currents, these radioactive materials have now been observed in many places in the Northern Hemisphere. This book provides a unique summary of the environmental impact of the unprecedented accident. It covers how radioactive materials were transported through the atmosphere, oceans and land. The techniques used to investigate the deposition and migration processes are also discussed including atmospheric observation, soil mapping, forest and ecosystem investigations, and numerical simulations. With chapters written by international experts, this is a crucial resource for researchers working on the dispersion and impact of radionuclides in the environment. It also provides essential knowledge for nuclear engineers, social scientists and policymakers to help develop suitable mitigation measures to prepare for similar large-scale natural hazards in the future.

Photochemistry is the study of the interaction of light with matter. This Primer describes the chemistry that follows the absorption of light, and explains the extraordinary influence of visible or ultraviolet light on chemical behaviour. After the absorption of light, a molecule may acquire completely different properties from those of its parent. The authors explain the role of light initiating this metamorphosis, the dependence of natural processes such as photosynthesis on photochemistry, the emission of radiation as fluorescence and phosphoresence, and current applications of photochemistry, which include photography, photopolymerization, photodegradable polymers, and the synthesis of organic chemicals. This book is an essential introduction to the intriguing field of photochemistry.

Vorliegendes Buch gibt den Inhalt unserer zweisemestrigen Vor- lesung in Kernchemie und Radiochemie an der hiesigen Technischen Hochschule wieder. Der entsprechende Unterricht galt ursprunglich Horern der Fachabteilungen Chemie, Elektrizitatslehre und Mechanik sowie Medizinern der hiesigen Universitat, hat sich aber in den letzten Jahren hauptsachlich auf Chemiker und Technische Physiker be- schrankt. Der Mangel an zusammenfassenden Darstellungen des umfangreichen Gebietes in einer Schrift fuhrte zunachst zu einem Manuskript in schwe- discher Sprache, dann zur Dbersetzung ins Deutsche. Seit der Fertig- stellung des ursprunglichen Manuskriptes hat sich der Mangel an deutsch- sprachiger Literatur auf unserem Arbeitsgebiet verringert [so sind u. a. inzwischen Bucher uber die kernchemischen Grundlagen, uber die Ana- lyse des zu radiochemischen Trennungen so oft verwendeten Ionenaus- tauschverfahrens, uber Einzelheiten der Kernbrennstoffaufbereitung und uber die Berucksichtigung des Strahlenschutzes bei Arbeiten mit hochradioaktiven Stoffen erschienen, vgl. Literaturhinweise Kap. 1-3: 4, Kap. 7: 20 und Kap. 9: 9 und 14]. Dennoch haben wir von dem ursprunglichen Plan einer zusammen- fassenden Darstellung nicht Abstand genommen, da wir es fur wesent- lich halten, den Studierenden eine im Umfang noch einigermaBen leicht zu bewaltigende Einfiihrung in das gesamte Fachgebiet in die Hande zu geben. Die Form einer Einfuhrung fuhrt mit sich, daB wir von dem ublichen System der Literaturhinweise in Form von Zitaten Abstand nehmen. Jedoch erwies es sich als zweckmaBig, zumindest die Namen einiger Verfasser an den entsprechenden Textstellen zu erwahnen. (Bei der gedrangten Auswahl sind moglicherweise fiihrende Forscher un- genugend oder uberhaupt nicht erwahnt worden.

This 1958 book sets out the elementary precautions to be taken by anyone handling radioactive isotopes in laboratories. The introductory sections explain the types of radiation encountered, and enumerate the possible dangers from external sources, accidental ingestion and contamination of the body. The safety techniques for various laboratory experiments and the proper methods of disposal of radioactive waste are described in some detail. A final section on laboratory administration is followed by a convenient summary of 'dos' and do nots' for safe working. The appendices include a classified table of isotopes and their toxicity, diagrams of protective equipment, and details of the shielding necessary for emissions of given energy. Dr Boursnell confines his discussion to the common essentials of all laboratory techniques; his book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the active materials.

More than ever before, radiation is a part of our modern daily lives. We own radiation-emitting phones, regularly get diagnostic x-rays, such as mammograms, and submit to full-body security scans at airports. We worry and debate about the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the safety of nuclear power plants. But how much do we really know about radiation? And what are its actual dangers? An accessible blend of narrative history and science, Strange Glow describes mankind's extraordinary, thorny relationship with radiation, including the hard-won lessons of how radiation helps and harms our health. Timothy Jorgensen explores how our knowledge of and experiences with radiation in the last century can lead us to smarter personal decisions about radiation exposures today. Jorgensen introduces key figures in the story of radiation--from Wilhelm Roentgen, the discoverer of x-rays, and pioneering radioactivity researchers Marie and Pierre Curie, to Thomas Edison and the victims of the recent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Tracing the most important events in the evolution of radiation, Jorgensen explains exactly what radiation is, how it produces certain health consequences, and how we can protect ourselves from harm. He also considers a range of practical scenarios such as the risks of radon in our basements, radiation levels in the fish we eat, questions about cell-phone use, and radiation's link to cancer. Jorgensen empowers us to make informed choices while offering a clearer understanding of broader societal issues. Investigating radiation's benefits and risks, Strange Glow takes a remarkable look at how, for better or worse, radiation has transformed our society.

There has been a resurgence of interest in light-induced water splitting as the search for storable carbon neutral energy becomes more urgent. Although the history of the basic idea dates back more than four decades, efficient, economical and stable integrated devices have yet to be realized. In the continuing quest for such devices, the field of photoelectrochemistry is entering a new phase where the extraordinary interdisciplinary of the research and development efforts are opening new avenues. This aspect of current research effort is reflected in the chapters of this book, which encompass present thinking in the various disciplines such as materials science, photo-electrochemistry and interfaces that can contribute to realization of viable solar fuel generators. This book presents a blend of the background science and recent advances in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting, and includes aspects that point towards medium to long term future realization. The content of the book goes beyond the more traditional approaches to the subject by including topics such as novel excitation energy processes that have only been realized so far in advanced photonics. The comprehensive overview of current activities and development horizons provided by the impressive collection of internationally renowned authors therefore represents a unique reflection of current thinking regarding water splitting by light.

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) addresses classification and labelling of chemicals by types of hazards. It provides the basis for worldwide harmonization of rules and regulations on chemicals and aims at enhancing the protection of human health and the environment during their handling, transport and use by ensuring that the information about their physical, health and environmental hazards is available. The sixth revised edition includes, inter alia, a new hazard class for desensitized explosives and a new hazard category for pyrophoric gases; miscellaneous amendments intended to further clarify the criteria for some hazard classes (explosives, specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, aspiration hazard, and hazardous to the aquatic environment) and to complement the information to be included in section 9 of the Safety Data Sheet; revised and further rationalized precautionary statements; and an example of labelling of a small packaging in Annex 7.

The world made new is a biography of one of the most original and widely significant, yet largely forgotten, British scientists. Frederick Soddy was born in 1877 and was one of the first generation of English atomic scientists, who stood out from his colleagues from the start. He worked with Rutherford on the initial discoveries about atomic disintegration, for which Rutherford received the Nobel Prize. Soddy himself received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his research on isotopes. Soddy's worry about the responsibility of science and scientists to society began with his fear that the atomic energy he and Rutherford had discovered could be disastrous if suitable political controls were not enforced, and led to him abandoning scientific research. He lived to see his worst fears realized with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soddy was also concerned with economics and ecology and was a pioneer in the field of energy conservation and environmental ethics. Throughout his life, Soddy was also committed to social reform. Frederick Soddy was a remarkable and talented man who was not recognized as such in his own life-time, largely because his ideas and attitudes did not fit in with the times in which he lived. However he has become more appreciated since his death, not only because his scientific work has gained its rightful recognition, but also because of the increased awareness today of the environment and the role of science in it.

Artificial photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into useful fuels and represents a significant achievement in the production of clean energy for the planet. In the process, energy is generated from water and CO2 reduction using solar-powered photocatalysis. This book provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed, multifunctional materials as visible light-driven catalysts, their mechanisms and applications in solar energy utilisation and conversion. Chapters highlight the use of different approaches such as molecular catalysis, nanomaterials systems, as well as thin-films for solar-driven evolution of renewable fuels, such as hydrogen. This is the first book to give an overview of this area, with chapters specifically interesting for those looking towards industrial applications. With in-depth discussions ranging from understanding, to engineering of materials and applied devices, it will be suitable for industry professionals, researchers and students interested in understanding of the current state of photocatalysis research and its possible applications in the energy domain.

Photoinitiating systems play a key role in the starting point of a polymerization reaction under exposure to a UV or a visible light. The number of publications discussing photoinitiating systems for polymerization has seen a significant growth in recent years and this book provides an update on their latest research developments. The book covers different types of photoinitiating systems including UV radical photoinitiators, long wavelength sensitive radical photoinitiators, cationic photoinitiators and water soluble photoinitiators as well as a chapter on how to design novel photoinitiators. The book then focusses on the applications of the photoinitiators from nanoparticles and materials to ionic liquids and solar cells. Edited by leading names in the field, the book is suitable for postgraduate students and researchers in academia and industry interested in polymer chemistry, organic chemistry, materials science and the applications of the materials.

To assure the safe, technically optimal and cost effective management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, appropriate policies and strategies are required. This publication clarifies the differences between a policy and a strategy, and provides principal advice to Member States on the typical composition, mutual links and the process of compilation of such documents. It also offers options for and indicates approaches to the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, thus enabling an effective spent fuel and radioactive waste management infrastructure to be developed.

Setting the pace for progress and innovation . . .
ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY
More than a simple survey of the current literature, Advances in Photochemistry offers critical evaluations written by internationally recognized experts. These pioneering scientists offer unique and varied points of view of the existing data. Their articles are challenging as well as provocative and are intended to stimulate discussion, promote further research, and encourage new developments in the field.
In this volume
Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Polyatomic Alkaline Earth-Containing Molecules
PETER F. BERNATH
Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
MARTIN GOEZ
Photophysics of Gaseous Aromatic Molecules: Excess Vibrational Energy Dependence of Radiationless Processes
EDWARD C. LIM
Lanthanide Complexes of Encapsulating Ligands as Luminescent Devices
NANDA SABBATINI, MASSIMO GUARDIGLI, AND ILSE MANET
Advances in the Measurement of Correlation in Photoproduct Motion
CHRISTOPHER G. MORGAN, MARCEL DRABBELS, AND ALEC M. WODTKE

Das Aachener Steinkohlengebiet zeichnet sich im Vergleich zu den Steinkohlen lagerstiitten des niederrheinisch-westfiilischen Gebietes durch eine groBe tek tonische und stratigraphische Mannigfaltigkeit aus. Trotz jahrelanger Forschungen auf dies em Gebiet ist es auch heute noch in der Praxis nicht moglich, eine sichere Identifizierung der FlOze an Hand einfacher Untersuchungsmethoden vorzuneh men. Eine gleichmiiBige Ausbildung der Gesteinsschichten ist nur flir regional eng begrenzte Riiume zu erwarten, und die Aufstellung eines fiir das gesamte Gebiet giiltigen Normalprofils ist nicht moglich. Selbst die fiir einzelne Gruben angefertig ten Schichtenprofile lassen nur anniiherungsweise Schliisse auf die Ablagerungsfol ge in diesem beschriinkten Gebiet zu. In der Hoffnung, weitere, bisher nicht beriicksichtigte, charakteristische Merk male der Gesteine aufzuspiiren, die moglicherweise zur Identifizierung der FlOze herangezogen werden konnten, wurden die Untersuchungen der Radioaktivitiit der Sedimente im Aachener Raum begonnen. In den letzten Jahren wurden eine Reihe von Arbeiten, die sich mit Radioaktivitiits messungen befassen, veroffentlicht. So beschrieb KOHL in seiner Monographie iiber das Vorkommen von Uran ( 17], 1954) und anderen Aufsiitzen ( 19], 1951) die Bemiihungen franzosicher Wissenschaftler urn die Auffindung mariner Hori zonte mittels Radioaktivitiitsmessungen. Marine Schichten weisen im Gebiet von Valenciennes eine bis zu zehnfach hoheren Radiumgehalt als nichtmarine Sedi mente auf. Als Grund fiir diese Erscheinungen werden sekundiire Absorptions effekte von Uran an Tonmineralien bzw. die Ausfiillung von Radium aus dem Meerwasser wiihrend der Sedimentation ( 18], 1951) angenommen."

Photovoltaic systems enable the sun's energy to be converted directly into electricity using semiconductor solar cells. The ultimate goal of photovoltaic research and development is to reduce the cost of solar power to reach or even become lower than the cost of electricity generated from fossil and nuclear fuels. The power conversion efficiency and the cost per unit area of the phototvoltaic system are critical factors that determine the cost of photovoltaic electricity. Until recently, the power conversion efficiency of single-junction photovoltaic cells has been limited to approximately 33% - the socalled Shockley-Queisser limit. This book presents the latest developments in photovoltaics which seek to either reach or surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit, and to lower the cell cost per unit area. Progress toward this ultimate goal is presented for the three generations of photovoltaic cells: the 1st generation based on crystalline silicon semiconductors; the 2nd generation based on thin film silicon, compound semiconductors, amorphous silicon, and various mesoscopic structures; and the 3rd generation based on the unique properties of nanoscale materials, new inorganic and organic photoconversion materials, highly efficient multi-junction cells with low cost solar concentration, and novel photovoltaic processes. The extent to which photovoltaic materials and processes can meet the expectations of efficient and cost effective solar energy conversion to electricity is discussed. Written by an international team of expert contributors, and with researchers in academia, national research laboratories, and industry in mind, this book is a comprehensive guide to recent progress in photovoltaics and essential for any library or laboratory in the field.

This publication presents a review of technical solutions providing both corrective actions and preventive measures to reduce the ingress of radon indoors. A description of methods, design and implementation of measures to reduce ingress of radon into buildings, and of the materials and equipment used in these solutions are included. The publication also presents methods for measuring gamma radiation from radionuclides in building and construction materials and for methods of reducing exposure due to this gamma radiation. Aimed primarily at building and construction professionals designing and installing radon preventive and mitigation measures, this publication will also be a useful resource for national authorities responsible for the development of national building codes and implementation of national radon action plans.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

3 der Spannung durchdringender, harter werden, ist also ebenfalls eine Folge der Quantengleichung (vgI. ds. Handb., 2. Auf I., Bd. XXIII/2, Kap. 2). Der lichtelektrische Effekt im Rontgengebiet, d. h. die Auslosung sekundarer Elektronen durch monochromatische Rontgenstrahlen, ist bisher noch nicht zur genauen Bestimmung von h verwertet worden. Zwar ist die beim lichtelektrischen Effekt im optischen Gebiet wesentliche "Austrittsarbeit" P von wenigen Volt gegeniiber der nach vielen tausend Volt zahlenden Geschwindigkeit der Elek tronen, die die Rontgenstrahlen erzeugen, nur eine unbedeutende Korrektions groBe; dafiir tritt aber die Ablosearbeit der fest ans Atom gebundenen, inneren Atomelektronen in Wirksamkeit, die von ahnlicher GroBe wie die Quanten energie h. y der aus16senden Rontgenstrahlen ist. Die groBte Intensitat der sekundaren Elektronen besitzen gerade die festgebundenen Elektronen, fiir deren Abtrennung die wirksame Quantenenergie eben hinreicht; zugleich treten aber auch Elektronen aus dem bestrahlten Korper aus, die aus anderen Energie stufen des Atoms stammen, und es ist bisher noch nicht gelungen, die Geschwindig keit der entstehenden, verschieden schnellen Elektronen so genau zu messen, daB die hieraus abgeleitete h-Bestimmung an die Genauigkeit der anderen Me 1 thoden heranreichte Auch die ElektronenstoBmethode ist im Rontgengebiet prinzipiell anwendbar. Es ist niimlich, ahnlich wie im optischen Gebiet, eine durch die Quantengleichung scharf bestimmte Geschwindigkeit der Elektronen erforderlich, urn die Rontgen spektrallinien zu erzeugen, allerdings entstehen alle Linien einer "Serie" (z. B. der K-Serie) auf einmal, wenn die kiirzestwellige Linie dieser Serie erregt wird."

Das vorliegende Buch ist als Fortsetzung der "Probleme der Zellteilung" gedacht, deren Inhalt daher als bekannt vorausgesetzt wird. Ich habe jede Wiederholung des im ersten Bande Ent haltenen vermieden und fuhre den Leser sofort in medias res ein. Es wird sicher auffallen, dass im Gegensatz zum ersten Bande das Problem der Zellteilung als solches ganz in den Hintergrund tritt und gar nicht diskutiert wird. Es zeigte sich namlich in den letzten Jahren immer mehr, dass hier ein weiteres Vordringen auf dem von uns eingeschlagenen Wege eine gewaltige Vorarbeit auf anderen Gebieten der mitogenetischen Strahlungsforschung voraussetzte, die uns in den verflossenen Jahren vollstandig in Anspruch nahm, aber jetzt zu einem gewissen, partiellen Ab schlusse gelangte, da die wesentlichen Vorbedingungen des Zu standekommens des mitogenetischen Effektes gegenwartig als einigermassen geklart gelten durften. Das Buch ist im ubrigen in viel geringerem Masse eine Zu sammenfassung des bisher Veroffentlichten, als eine abgerundete Darstellung und theoretische Verwertung einer sehr grossen Anzahl neuerer Ergebnisse, sowohl aus unserem Laboratorium, wie auch von fremden Forschern, die mir ihre Ergebnisse in freundlicher Weise zur Verfugung stellten. Die ganze Lehre von der mito genetischen Strahlung erhalt nunmehr ein in manchen Zugen vollig neues Gewand, welches hoffentlich zur Klarung der noch bestehenden Missverstandnisse fuhren wird. Denn anders als mit diesem Namen kann ich die vereinzelten skeptischen Ausserungen der allerletzten Zeit nicht bezeichnen."

In vorliegender Arbeit werden die Resultate von Untersuchungen zum ersten mal ausfiihrlich niedergelegt, die wir in den letzten;P 2 Jahren ausgeflihrt haben, angcregt durch die Veroffentlichungen A. G u I' \y its c h S libel' die von ihm entdeckte biologische Strahlung und ihrem Einflu13 auf die Zellteilung. ""il' z()gerten lange mit diesel' Verciffentlichung, weil sich das Bilel des hiel' behandeIten Gegcnstandes, wie es sich uns anf Grund immer neuer Versuchsreihcn darbot, standig wechseIte. Dies hat sich auch hcute noch nicht geandert. Es liegt uns ferne unserc heutigen Anschanungen als endgliltig anzusehen. 'Vir hoffen abel', da13 unsere Versuehsergeb nisse sich als gesichert erweisen werden, nnabhangig von unserer Deutung. 'Vir gebcn anch nnsere Anschauungen wiedel', einmal, weil sic ein einigermaBen geschlos senes Bild der Erscheinungen ergeben, vor aHem abel', wei I sie uns die Richtung unserer Versuche vorgeschricben haben. 'Vir nehmen an, da13 unsere Deutung sich aueh Hir weitere Untersuehungen als fruchtbar erweisen wird. Ganz gesichert scheint nns dagegen auf jeden Fall die Existenz del' Strahlen, be wiesen durch das Vorhandensein cineI' unzweifelhaft feststellbaren 'Yirkung. Nun ist gerade die Existenz dieser 'Virkung in del' letzten Zeit Gegenstand einer heftigen Diskussion geworden, und diese Diskussion veranla13t uns, mit unseren Ergebnissen in aller Ausfiihrlichkeit hervorzutreten. Das ganze Problem, so eng es auch mit den Grundfragen del' Biologie und mit allen ihren Theorien verlmupft ist, bleibt letzten Endes ein rein expel'imenteHes. ur die Ergebnisse del' Experimente und ihl'e moglichst vorul'teilsfl'eie Deutung konnen uns weiterbringen."