The application of 3D methodology has recently been receiving increasing attention at many PET centres, and this monograph is an attempt to provide a state-of-the-art review of this methodology, covering 3D reconstruction methods, quantitative procedures, current tomography performance, and clinical and research applications. No such review has been available until now to assist PET researchers in understanding and implementing 3D methodology, and in evaluating the performance of the available imaging technology. In all the chapters, the subject matter is treated in sufficient depth to appeal equally to the physicist or engineer who wishes to establish the methodology, and to PET investigators with experience in 2D PET who wish to familiarize themselves with the concepts and advantages of 3D, and to be made aware of the pitfalls.

Dr. Peter S. Conti is a Professor of Radiology and the Director of the PET Imaging Science Center at the University of Southern California, and is a Fellow of both the American College of Radiology and American College of Nuclear Physicians. He is a pioneer in the development of the clinical applications of PET and more recently PET-CT. He and one of his fellows, Dr. Daniel Cham, have published this groundbreaking PET-CT case-based book, which reveals how PET-CT can be applied in routine clinical scenarios. Leading authorities in the field examine a wealth of heavily-illustrated original PET-CT cases that showcase both common and uncommon cancers, and the latest PET-CT applications for neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Correlative three-dimensional cross-sectional PET and CT images highlight pathological findings. Each of the clinical applications is accompanied by a concise explanation of the patient history and interpretation of the PET-CT study. Insightful discussions and "pearls and pitfalls" are included to assist in a better understanding of pathology, diagnosis, and imaging approaches. Readers also find important coverage of pathophysiology and technical artifacts. This unique book is ideal for nuclear medicine practitioners, radiologists, and residents, as well as referring clinicians interested in learning more about how this new medical imaging technology can be applied in their patient populations.This unique book is ideal for nuclear medicine practitioners, nuclear medicine residents, and clinicians interested in medical imaging for tumor patients.

The rapidly growing area of nuclear medicine imaging receives only limited attention in broad-based medical dictionaries. This encyclopedic dictionary is intended to fill the gap. More than 400 entries of between one and three paragraphs are included, defining and carefully explaining terms in an appropriate degree of detail. The dictionary encompasses concepts used in planar, SPECT, and PET imaging protocols and covers both scanner operations and popular data analysis approaches. In spite of the mathematical complexities in the acquisition and analysis of images, the explanations given are easy to understand and many helpful concrete examples are provided. The book will be ideal for those who wish to obtain a rapid grasp of a concept beyond a definition of a few words but do not have the time to search the reference literature. The almost tutorial-like style accommodates the needs of students, nuclear medicine technologists, and varieties of other medical professionals.

Blood stem cell transplantation has become an established therapeutic option in the treatment of malignant diseases. At the same time molecular therapeutic approaches (i.e. gene therapy) are promising alternatives to the classical treatment of cancer. The proceedings give an overview of the biology of hematopoietic progenitor cells, peripheral stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies, recent developments in molecular diagnosis and gene therapeutic concepts, and show that successful future developments require cooperative research connecting basic science with clinical application.

The primary purpose of this book is to bridge the gap be tween the practice of clinical medicine and diagnostic radi ology. It is intended primarily for utilization by medical students in training and by nonradiologist physicians. In this world of rapidly expanding knowledge in the many specialties of medicine, it is becoming increasingly difficult for many physicians to stay abreast of the newer and constantly changing modalities of diagnosis as well as the therapeutic regimens of the common as well as the less common disease processes within their realm of practice. This book will enable the busy clinician to utilize the consultative services offered by his or her colleagues in diagnostic radiology with maximum effectiveness. The most common clinical applications of the more recent imag ing modalities (i. e. , nuclear medicine, ultrasound, comput erized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) have been categorized and condensed into a format that will be both comprehensible and useful on a daily basis for those physicians routinely requesting these diagnostic examina tions for their patients. For simplicity, the book is divided, whenever feasible, into organ systems and subdivided into the multiple classifications of pathologic states (i. e. , con genital, trauma or iatrogenic, inflammatory, and neo plasm). In addition, there are brief comments related to the vii specific advantages and disadvantages as well as the cost effectiveness of each modality.

For this Workshop, the organizers have attempted to invite experts from all known centers which are engaged in neutron beam development for neutron capture therapy. The Workshop was designed around a series of nineteen invited papers which dealt with neutron source design and development and beam characterization and performance. Emphasis was placed on epithermal beams because they offer clinical advantages and are more challenging to implement than thermal beams. Fission reactor sources were the basis for the majority of the papers; however three papers dealt with accelerator neutron sources. An additional three invited papers provided a summary of clinical results of Ncr therapy in Japan between 1968 and 1989 and overviews of clinical considerations for neutron capture therapy and of the status of tumor targeting chemical agents for Ncr. Five contributed poster papers dealing with NCT beam design and performance were also presented. A rapporteurs' paper was prepared after the Workshop to attempt to summarize the major aspects, issues, and conclusions which resulted from this Workshop. Many people contributed to both the smooth functioning of the Workshop and to the preparation of these proceedings. Special thanks are reserved for Ms. Dorothy K.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Physics and Engineering of Medical Imaging has addressed a subject which in the wide area of biomedical technology is one of those which are showing greater impact in the practice of medicine for the ability to picture both Anatomy and Physiology. The information and accuracy obtained by whatever imaging methodology is a complex result of a multidisciplinary effort of several sciences such as Physics, Engineering, Electronics, Chemistry, Medicine, etc ... Development has occurred through work performed in different environments such as basic and applied research laboratories, industries and clinical centers, with the aim of achieving an efficient transfer of know-how and technology for the improvement of both investigation possibilities and health care. On one hand, such an effort requires an ever-increasing committment of human and financial resources at research and industrial level, and, on the other, it meets serious difficulties in recruiting the necessary human expertise oriented to this technology which breaks with the tradi tiona I academic borders of the single disciplines. Furthermore, the scientific community is continually dealing with the problem of increasing the performance and, at the same time, complexity and costs of instruments, applying more and more sophisticated technology in an effort to meet the demand for more complete and accurate clinical information. The scientific program of this ASI and the qualification of the authors reveals the intrinsic complexity of the development process of the Imaging methodologies.

During the last decade many significant advances have been made in the in vivo diagnosis of disease. An area of partic- ular success has been the application of nuclear medical procedures to the detection of cardiac disease. Not only is it possible to detect infarction or ischemia by scintigraphic techniques but by the use of labelled metabol- ites and analogues of potassium the viability of myocardial tissue can be evaluated. The efficiency of the heart pump can be calculated and wall motility observed in one simple proce- dure. The use of ultra short life radionuclides has made the evaluation of rapid changes in myocardial function feasible. Altogether a broad and impressive diagnostic package. In this volume up-to-date reviews of all of the available techniques have been collected including methods which are still in the development phase. There is an inherent emphasis on European experience in Nuclear Cardiology which is then placed in context with world wide experience in the field. This volume will be of interest to all concerned with cardiac diseases and we hope that it will serve to stimulate further developments in the future. H.J. Biersack, Bonn P.H. Cox, Rotterdam VIII CONl'RIBUTORS Bauer, R. - Nukleanredizinisdl.e Klinik und Poliklinik redl.ts der Isar der Tedlnisdl.en Universitat Mlinchen, FRS. Biersack, H.J. - Institut fur klinisdl.e und experimentelle Nukleanredizin der Universitat Bonn, FRG. Breuel, H.P. - Degussa Phanna Horrburg, Frankfurt 1, FRG. Cox, P .H. - Department of Nuclear Hedicine, Rotterdamsdl. Radio-Therapeutisdl.

Radiochemical methodology constitutes the most important base for the successful functioning of a PET group in the routine production and development of radiopharmaceuticals. Of the several hundred products which have been labelled with positron emitters during the past two decades about 35 are presently considered to be of major interest. The time for a state-of-the-art review is right, since this field has advanced over the past fifteen years to reach a level where guidelines can now be suggested. Chapters of this book deal with each of the main methodological aspects of the chemistry needed to develop an effective radiopharmaceutical, namely radionuclide production, automation and metabolite analysis. A further chapter on QA/QC is written by a broadly-based expert group and is meant to provide a guideline and a base for future monographs and regulations on major PET radiopharmaceuticals of today. This book will help the increasing numbers of scientists who are now entering the field of PET to appreciate the methodological aspects that are normally addressed by chemists in relation to PET radiopharmaceuticals; it provides many useful practical guidelines and will promote early success in their own endeavours, since these will often necessarily begin by establishing chemical methodology of the kind discussed here.

Presents an overall analytical treatment of MRI physics and engineering. Special attention is paid to the treatment of intrinsic artefacts of the different sequences which can be described for the different scan methods. The book contains many images, especially showing specific properties of the different scan methods. The methods discussed include RARE, GRASE, EPI and Spiral Scan. The 3rd edition deals with stranger gradient and new RF coil systems, and sequences such as Balanced FFE and q-space diffusion imaging and SENSE.

There can never be enough material in the public domain about cancers, and particularly breast cancer. This book adds much to the literature. It provides general information on breast cancer management and considers all new methods of diagnosis and therapy. It focuses on nuclear medicine modalities by comparing their results with other diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The coverage provides readers with up-to-date knowledge on breast cancer as well as information on the advances in the field of diagnosis. It also details data on the development of some new modalities and provides a general overview of the available tools for breast cancer treatment.

PACS: A Guide to the Digital Revolution, Second Edition, fills an incredible need by explaining the technological advances associated with the transition of radiology departments to filmless environments. The editors are leaders in the field of medical imaging and they provide insight into emerging technologies for physicians, administrators, and other interested groups. Chapters address key topics in current literature with regard to the generation, transfer, interpretation, and distribution of images.

This new edition has been updated to include: 1. An overview of the latest medical imaging standards; 2. A discussion of security issues as they relate to PACS, especially regarding HIPAA; 3. An introduction to current information on PACS workstations, including the impact of new software and hardware on radiologists; 4. An updated explanation of data storage and compression that highlights how advancements are applied; 5. A section on how PACS influences research and education.

The most frequently requested investigation in any nuclear medicine department remains the technetium-99m (99mTc)-labelled diphosphonate bone scan. Despite rapid advances in all imaging modalities. there has been no serious challenge to the role of bone scanning in the evaluation of the skeleton. The main reason for this is the exquisite sensitivity of the bone scan for lesion detection. combined with clear visualisation of the whole skeleton. In recent years several new diphosphonate agents have become available with claims for superior imaging of the skeleton. Essentially. they all have higher affinity for bone. thus allowing the normal skeleton to be visualised all the more clearly. However. as will be dis cussed. this may occur at some cost to the principal role of bone scanning. lesion detection. The major strength of nuclear medicine is its ability to provide functional and physiological information. With bone scanning this leads to high sensitivity for focal disease if there has been any disturbance of skeletal metabolism. However. in many other clinical situations. and particularly in metabolic bone disease. more generalised alteration in skeletal turnover may occur. and quantitation of diphosphonate uptake by the skeleton can provide valuable clinical information."

This work has true international scope, being a unique European/American joint venture that focuses on the state of the art in both diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclide methodology. Pertinent clinical applications are emphasized rather than attempting to cover everything included in the several large comprehensive texts available in our field. This "practical" approach should make it an essential guide to nuclear medicine physicians, technologists, students and interested clinicians alike.

The herpes group consists of viruses which have been placed together on the basis of a number of distinguishing features that they share in common (ANDRE WES, 1962). All these viruses are relatively large, possess identical morphological characteristics, contain DNA, and are extremely sensitive to inactivation by ether; these viruses are also assembled within the nucleus of the host cell and induce the formation of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. The epidemiology of some of the best known viruses in this group (herpes simplex, pseudorabies, and B-virus) is also similar (BURNET et aI., 1939). Herpes simplex virus exists in the latent state in man, the natural host for this virus, and becomes overt in individuals subject to some form of stress; this condition appears to be paralleled by pseudorabies virus in its natural host, swine and by B-virus in monkeys. In each instance, transmission of the virus to a susceptible host other than the natural one results usually in marked symptoms and death. This chapter is confined to a description of herpes simplex and pseudorabies viruses; B-virus is described separately elsewhere in the Hand book. Since the clinical aspects of the diseases caused by herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus have been well described, greater emphasis will be placed, therefore, on the basic biological and biochemical properties of these viruses; their clinical features will be discussed only briefly."

Neuroblastoma is the third most common malignancy of childhood. accounting for 8% of all cancers in patients under 15 years of age. In the majority of cases. by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed. it has already spread from its site of origin to involve distant sites. Approximately 90% of cases of neuroblastoma can be diagnosed by a combination of techniques including detection of specific tumour markers in the urine. histopathological and immunocytological assessment of involved bone marrow and the 'characteristic' appearances of tumours dem- onstrated by computerised tomography and ultrasonography. However. despite this plethora of techniques. up to. 10% of cases of neuroblastoma are still difficult to diagnose and rely on excisional biopsy of a site of disease. It was against this background that the scintigraphic localisation of neuroblastoma with the radiolabelled guanethidine analogue. mIBG. became available. With mIBG scintigraphy it is now possible to demonstrate the presence of neuro- blastoma (and related tumours) at the primary site. soft tissue sites. in the bone marrow and in cortical bone. in a single investigation. The success of mIBG scintigraphy depends on many factors including the choice of isotope for labelling the mIBG. the equipment used to carry out the procedure. and the manipulation and interpretation of the information obtained. At the Royal Marsden Hospital we have performed over 100 mIBG studies in children. and our advice has frequently been sought by other centres who are. or intend to become.

A compilation of researchers' experience in the areas of bioanalysis, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, to present an up-to-date and comprehensive treatise on the application of these and related technologies in drug discovery, development, and clinical use. Contents cover descriptions of analytical methods, in vitro metabolism technology and membrane transport, reappraisal of classical pharmacokinetic problems, and the time course of drug action. The book concludes with a description of PET and imaging methods in pharmacokinetics and an appendix containing a critical appraisal of computer methods and pharmacokinetic software available for PCs.

th This book contains most of the papers presented at the Iy Inter- national Symposium on Bone Circulation which was held in Tou- louse, France, in September of1987. The symposium was attended by over 200 specialists from 17 different countries. Some of them were in Toulouse for the fourth time to discuss their favourite topic of study and research: bone circulation, its exploration, its pathol- ogy. Many, including a group of Japanese orthopaedic surgeons, were present for the first time, delighted to meet the authors of papers they had read. There were more than 100 oral presentations and posters, but many meaningful informal discussions took place both in and outside of the auditorium, in the hall and during meals. The organizers wished to maintain a balance between funda- mental themes and subjects of clinical and practical interest. This balance was accomplished: recent developments including scintig- raphy, magnetic resonance imaging and bone grafts played just as important a part as more sophisticated topics such as the evalua- tion of the blood flow rate in animal bone tissue. Thus, as did the previous symposia, this book aims to present a progress report on developments during the last 5 years in the study of bone circulation. We wish to thank all those who helped and encouraged us throughout the organization of the congress, especially C. Ar- noldi, M. Brookes, R. Burkhardt, L. Coutelier, S.P.F. Hughes, P. Kehr, J.P. Jones, A. Trias, K.Ono, T. Yizkelety and G.J.

Selected Atlases of Gastrointestinal Scintigraphy is com- prised of five individual atlases in the reas of cholescintigraphy; gastrointestinal bleeding (RBC) scintigraphy; TC-99M labeled red blood cell liver scintigraphy; hepatic arterial perfusion scintigraphy and peritoneoscintigraphy.

Each volume in the "Atlases of Clinical Nuclear Medicine" covers one anatomic region or system. Each atlas is extensively illustrated with superb quality images and reveals the spectrum of normal scintigraphic findings as well as examples of both common and unusual conditions. Detailed figure legends describe the findings within each image, and most discuss the image's important teaching point. The text, which is descriptive yet concise, covers such topics as procedure technique, dosimetry, physiology, and scan interpretations. Selected Atlases of Bone Scintigraphy is comprised of four individual atlases in the areas of 1) Skeletal Trauma 2) SPECT Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Normal Spine, Pelvis, Hips, and Skull 3) SPECT Quality control 4) Normal Bone Scintigraphy and Indium-11 White Blood Cell Scintigraphy in Porous Coated Hip Prosthesis

Conventional nuelear medieine proeedures study the dis- tribution of radiolabelled eompounds (radiopharmaeeutieals) in the body under physiologieal as well as under pathologieal eonditions. Beeause of their ability to visua- lise and to quantify the distribution of radiopharmaeeuti- eals within the body by means of external deteetors, nuelear medieine teehniques are basieally non invasive and funetion oriented. The spatial variation of the traeer distribution in the field of view, or the ehange in distribution during a time interval are interpreted as representing speeifie phy- siologie or pathophysiologie processes. As eompared to other diagnostie imaging teehniques, the spatial resolution of seintigraphie images is rather poor, their temporal resolu- tion is good. Faetors that will therefore determine the ultimate diag- nostie value of a seintigraphie study inelude 1. The speeifieity of the labelled eompounds for the process under study, 2. The resolution in time and space of the instrumentation, and its ability of measuring quantitatively tissue aetivity eoneentrations, 3. The formulation of physiologieal or pathophysiologieal models from whieh the distribution of the traeer ean be predieted. 2 While interpreting nuclear medicine data, the interrelations between these factors should permanently remain under consi- deration. The generalised use of minicomputers has resulted in major advances in information processing in nuclear medicine imaging procedures. Central to this is image digitisation.

This volume is based upon presentations made to the 4th European Symposium on Radiopharmacology which was held under the auspices of the European Joint Committee on Radiopharma- ceuticals (ENMS / SNME) in Athens from March 28 - 31, 1984. The Medical Insurance Foundation of the National Bank of Greece (TYPET) sponsored this meeting and the Joint Committee would like to express their gratitude to the local organising committee: G. Limouris, M. Pierroutsakou, A. Sarris, A. Tzoulis and C. Binas. A word of thanks also to Mrs. Tineke Busker who prepared the camera ready copy. The meeting reflects the continuing and growing interest in biodistribution and factors which can influence bio- distribution in the clinical situation. The choice of sub- jects, respiration, cerebral function, biodistribution and metabolism complement earlier volumes in this series and reflect European interests in these areas. P. H. Cox Rotterdam, April 1985 VII CONTENTS Foreword P. H. Cox v Contributors XI I. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Physiology and pathophysiology of the respiratory system J. Roth, E. Henze, W. E. Adam 3 Generator-produced Krypton-81m in gas and liquid phases for medical applications M. Guillaume, N. Garzaniti, H. Zicot, T. Khuc, P. Bartsch 23 Noble radionuclides for lung ventila- tion studies I. Bofilias 49 Radioaerosols in nuclear medicine M. Pillay, B. Shapiro, P. H. Cox 57 99m A dry aerosol of Tc -albuminmilli- micro spheres for lung ventilation scintigraphy: preparation, inhalation apparatus and examples of clinical results P. Angelberger, I. Zolle, A. Strigl, H. Kahn, A. Mostbeck, W.

Radiophannaceutical research has recently undergone a major change in direction. In past years it has been concerned mainly with the development of perfusion tracers, the biodistribution of which reflect the regional blood flow to areas of major organs such as the heart and brain. However, a major new direction of interest now lies in the development of receptor-binding radio-tracers which can be used to perform in-vivo characterisation of diseased tissues and it is likely that much of the future research in this field will follow this direction. The difficulties in developing such tracers are considerable. The researcher must first identify a promising target for radiopharmaceutical development. High specific activity radioactive molecules must be designed and synthesised which will both bind to the target receptor with high affinity, and also have the physicochemical characteristics which will allow them to reach the target site in sufficient quantity while at the same time showing minimal uptake in non-target tissues. Thus the knowledge base required for radiophannaceutical development has now expanded beyond the limits of radiopharmaceutical chemistry to include aspects of biochemistry, molecular biology and conventional drug design. The portfolio of basic knowledge required to support current radiopharmaceutical development is changing and scientists working in this arena need to be trained in this regard. At the same time, the very latest developments in the field need to be communicated to the scientific community in order to stimulate the advancement of this exciting new direction of research.

Special emphasis on teaching the CT technologists getting started in MDCT

This book provides a contemporary reference to the science, technology and clinical applications of PET and PET/CT. The book is designed to be used by residents and fellows training in medical imaging specialties as well as imaging experts in private or academic practice who need to become familiar with this technology and its applications. It is also for use by those whose specialties carry over to PET and PET/CT, referring physicians such as oncologists, cardiologists, neurologists and surgeons.

Developed as an offshoot/update of the "clinical practice" portion of the main book, edited by PE Valk et al, published in 2003 (Positron Emission Tomography: basic science and clinical practice), this offshoot covers the second half of the main book only, dealing with mainly the clinical research and practice. Most of the book comprises chapters updated from the "Clinical practice" portion of the main Valk book. It contains 6 brand new chapters and 22 completely revised and updated chapters from the main Valk book.