The purpose and subject of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of all types of phantoms used in medical imaging, therapy, nuclear medicine and health physics. For ionizing radiation, dosimetry with respect to issues of material composition, shape, and motion/position effects are all highlighted. For medical imaging, each type of technology will need specific materials and designs, and the physics and indications will be explored for each type. Health physics phantoms are concerned with some of the same issues such as material heterogeneity, but also unique issues such as organ-specific radiation dose from sources distributed in other organs. Readers will be able to use this book to select the appropriate phantom from a vendor at a clinic, to learn from as a student, to choose materials for custom phantom design, to design dynamic features, and as a reference for a variety of applications. Some of the information enclosed is found in other sources, divided especially along the three categories of imaging, therapy, and health physics. To our knowledge, even though professionally, many medical physicists need to bridge the three catagories described above.

Presented here is the story of the mining and sale of uranium and radium ore through biographical vignettes, chemistry, physics, geology, geography, occupational health, medical utilization, environmental safety and industrial history. Included are the people and places involved over the course of over 90 years of interconnected mining and sale of radium and uranium, finally ending in 1991 with the abandonment of radium paint and medical devices, Soviet nuclear parity, and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act.

The third edition of this critically acclaimed book has updated and expanded the survey of clinical, biological and pathological management of localized and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Internationally renowned editors and contributors explore the latest developments in molecular genetics, focusing on the novel targets that have been discovered in epithelial renal tumors. Comprehensive and authoritative, Renal Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Targets and Clinical Applications, Third Edition is the definitive text on the rapidly evolving landscape of experimental therapeutics, written and edited by leaders of the field.

PET and SPECT in Psychiatry showcases the combined expertise of renowned authors whose dedication to the investigation of psychiatric disease through nuclear medicine technology has achieved international recognition. The classical psychiatric disorders as well as other subjects - such as suicide, sleep, eating disorders, and autism - are discussed and the latest results in functional neuroimaging are detailed. Most chapters are written jointly by a clinical psychiatrist and a nuclear medicine expert to ensure a multidisciplinary approach. This state of the art compendium will be valuable to all who have an interest in the field of neuroscience, from the psychiatrist and the radiologist/nuclear medicine specialist to the interested general practitioner and cognitive psychologist. It is the first volume of a trilogy on PET and SPECT imaging in the neurosciences; other volumes will focus on PET and SPECT in neurology and PET and SPECT of neurobiological systems.

Accurate radiation dosimetry is a requirement of radiation oncology, diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. It is necessary so as to satisfy the needs of patient safety, therapeutic and diagnostic optimisation, and retrospective epidemiological studies of the biological effects resulting from low absorbed doses of ionising radiation. The radiation absorbed dose received by the patient is the ultimate consequence of the transfer of kinetic energy through collisions between energetic charged particles and atoms of the tissue being traversed. Thus, the ability of the medical physicist to both measure and calculate accurately patient dosimetry demands a deep understanding of the physics of charged particle interactions with matter. Interestingly, the physics of charged particle energy loss has an almost exclusively theoretical basis, thus necessitating an advanced theoretical understanding of the subject in order to apply it appropriately to the clinical regime. Each year, about one-third of the world's population is exposed to ionising radiation as a consequence of diagnostic or therapeutic medical practice. The optimisation of the resulting radiation absorbed dose received by the patient and the clinical outcome sought, whether diagnostic or therapeutic, demands accuracy in the evaluation of the radiation absorbed doses resulting from such exposures. This requirement arrises primarily from two broadly-encompassing factors: The requirement in radiation oncology for a 5% or less uncertainty in the calculation and measurement of absorbed dose so as to optimise the therapeutic ratio of the probabilities of tumour control and normal tissue complications; and The establishment and further refinement of dose reference levels used in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine to minimise the amount of absorbed dose for a required degree of diagnostic benefit. The radiation absorbed dose is the outcome of energetic charged particles decelerating and transferring their kinetic energy to tissue. The calculation of this energy deposition, characterised by the stopping power, is unique in that it is derived entirely from theoretical principles. This dominant role of the associated theory makes its understanding of fundamental to the calculation of the radiation absorbed dose to the patient. The theoretical development of charged particle energy loss recognised in medical physics textbooks is in general limited to basic derivations based upon classical theory, generally a simplified form of the Bohr theory. More advanced descriptions of, for example, the Bethe-Bloch quantum result usually do not go beyond the simple presentation of the result without full explanation of the theoretical development of the theory and consideration of its limitations, its dependencies upon the Born perturbation theory and the various correction factors needed to correct for the failures of that Born theory at higher orders. This is not appropriate for a full understanding of the theory that its importance deserves. The medical radiation physicist should be aware of the details of the theoretical derivations of charged particle energy loss in order to appreciate the levels of accuracy in tabular data provided in reports and the calculation methodologies used in modern Monte Carlo calculations of radiation dosimetry.

The book provides a detailed, up-to-date account of the basics, the technology, and the clinical use of ion beams for radiation therapy. Theoretical background, technical components, and patient treatment schemes are delineated by the leading experts that helped to develop this field from a research niche to its current highly sophisticated and powerful clinical treatment level used to the benefit of cancer patients worldwide. Rather than being a side-by-side collection of articles, this book consists of related chapters. It is a common achievement by 76 experts from around the world. Their expertise reflects the diversity of the field with radiation therapy, medical and accelerator physics, radiobiology, computer science, engineering, and health economics. The book addresses a similarly broad audience ranging from professionals that need to know more about this novel treatment modality or consider to enter the field of ion beam therapy as a researcher. However, it is also written for the interested public and for patients who might want to learn about this treatment option.

The book is a compilation of guidelines from various organizations such as Society of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, European Association of Nuclear Medicine, American College of Radiology and International Atomic Energy Agency. The description of the procedures is simple, easy to understand and current. The aim of this book is: a) Nuclear medicine professionals can use this book as a quick reference about how a procedure is to be performed. The set of instructions given to patient before, during and after the procedure have also been included in each chapter. b) To educate general physicians about nuclear medicine procedures. The procedures are explained briefly with common indications and precautions. Normal and abnormal nuclear medicine images have also been included for quick comparison. c) To educate paramedical staff or healthcare professionals so that they send patients to nuclear medicine department after proper preparation. d) To educate patients who come for nuclear medicine procedure. e) To clarify apprehensions and doubts which arise in the mind of the patients.

This state-of-the-art handbook, the first in a series that provides medical physicists with a comprehensive overview into the field of nuclear medicine, is dedicated to instrumentation and imaging procedures in nuclear medicine. It provides a thorough treatment on the cutting-edge technologies being used within the field, in addition to touching upon the history of their use, their development, and looking ahead to future prospects. This text will be an invaluable resource for libraries, institutions, and clinical and academic medical physicists searching for a complete account of what defines nuclear medicine. The most comprehensive reference available providing a state-of-the-art overview of the field of nuclear medicine Edited by a leader in the field, with contributions from a team of experienced medical physicists Includes the latest practical research in the field, in addition to explaining fundamental theory and the field's history

Respiratory motion causes an important uncertainty in radiotherapy planning of the thorax and upper abdomen. The main objective of radiation therapy is to eradicate or shrink tumor cells without damaging the surrounding tissue by delivering a high radiation dose to the tumor region and a dose as low as possible to healthy organ tissues. Meeting this demand remains a challenge especially in case of lung tumors due to breathing-induced tumor and organ motion where motion amplitudes can measure up to several centimeters. Therefore, modeling of respiratory motion has become increasingly important in radiation therapy. With 4D imaging techniques spatiotemporal image sequences can be acquired to investigate dynamic processes in the patient's body. Furthermore, image registration enables the estimation of the breathing-induced motion and the description of the temporal change in position and shape of the structures of interest by establishing the correspondence between images acquired at different phases of the breathing cycle. In radiation therapy these motion estimations are used to define accurate treatment margins, e.g. to calculate dose distributions and to develop prediction models for gated or robotic radiotherapy. In this book, the increasing role of image registration and motion estimation algorithms for the interpretation of complex 4D medical image sequences is illustrated. Different 4D CT image acquisition techniques and conceptually different motion estimation algorithms are presented. The clinical relevance is demonstrated by means of example applications which are related to the radiation therapy of thoracic and abdominal tumors. The state of the art and perspectives are shown by an insight into the current field of research. The book is addressed to biomedical engineers, medical physicists, researchers and physicians working in the fields of medical image analysis, radiology and radiation therapy.

This volume addresses a wide range of issues in the field of nuclear medicine imaging, with an emphasis on the latest research findings. Initial chapters set the scene by considering the role of imaging in nuclear medicine from the medical perspective and discussing the implications of novel agents and applications for imaging. The physics at the basis of the most modern imaging systems is described, and the reader is introduced to the latest advances in image reconstruction and noise correction. Various novel concepts are then discussed, including those developed within the framework of the EURATOM FP7 MADEIRA research project on the optimization of imaging procedures in order to permit a reduction in the radiation dose to healthy tissues. Advances in quality control and quality assurance are covered, and the book concludes by listing rules of thumb for imaging that will be of use to both beginners and experienced researchers.

This book will serve as the definitive source of detailed information on radiation, ionization, and detection in nuclear medicine. It opens by considering fundamental aspects of nuclear radiation, including dose and energy, sources, and shielding. Subsequent chapters cover the full range of relevant topics, including the detection and measurement of radiation exposure (with detailed information on mathematical modelling); medical imaging; the different types of radiation detector and their working principles; basic principles of and experimental techniques for deposition of scintillating materials; device fabrication; the optical and electrical behaviors of radiation detectors; and the instrumentation used in nuclear medicine and its application. The book will be an invaluable source of information for academia, industry, practitioners, and researchers.

Personalized medicine employing patient-based tailor-made therapeutic drugs is taking over treatment paradigms in a variety of ?elds in oncology and the central nervous system. The success of such therapies is mainly dependent on ef?cacious therapeutic drugs and a selective imaging probe for identi?cation of potential responders as well as therapy monitoring for an early bene?t assessment. Molecular imaging (MI) is based on the selective and speci?c interaction of a molecular probe with a biological target which is visualized through nuclear, magnetic resonance, near infrared or other methods. Therefore it is the method of choice for patient selection and therapy monitoring as well as for speci?c e- point monitoring in modern drug development. PET (positron emitting tomography), a nuclear medical imaging modality, is ideally suited to produce three-dimensional images of various targets or processes. The rapidly increasing demand for highly selective probes for MI strongly pushes the development of new PET tracers and PET chemistry. 'PET chemistry' can be de?ned as the study of positron-emitting compounds regarding their synthesis, structure, composition, reactivity, nuclear properties and processes and their properties in natural and - natural environments. In practice PET chemistry is strongly in?uenced by the unique properties of the radioisotopes used (e. g. , half-life, che- cal reactivity, etc. ) and integrates scienti?c aspects of nuclear-, organic-, inorganic- and biochemistry.

The field of nuclear medicine is expanding rapidly, with the development of exciting new diagnostic methods and treatments. This growth is closely associated with significant advances in radiation physics. In this book, acknowledged experts explain the basic principles of radiation physics in relation to nuclear medicine and examine important novel approaches in the field. The first section is devoted to what might be termed the "building blocks" of nuclear medicine, including the mechanisms of interaction between radiation and matter and Monte Carlo codes. In subsequent sections, radiation sources for medical applications, radiopharmaceutical development and production, and radiation detectors are discussed in detail. New frontiers are then explored, including improved algorithms for image reconstruction, biokinetic models, and voxel phantoms for internal dosimetry. Both trainees and experienced practitioners and researchers will find this book to be an invaluable source of up-to-date information.

The impact of molecular imaging on diagnostics, therapy, and follow-up in oncology is increasing steadily. Many innovative molecular imaging probes have already entered clinical practice, and there is no doubt that the future emphasis will be on multimodality imaging in which morphological, functional, and molecular imaging techniques are combined in a single clinical investigation. This handbook addresses all aspects of molecular imaging in oncology, from basic research to clinical applications. The first section is devoted to technology and probe design, and examines a variety of PET and SPECT tracers as well as multimodality probes. Preclinical studies are then discussed in detail, with particular attention to multimodality imaging. In the third section, diverse clinical applications are presented, and the book closes by looking at future challenges. This handbook will be of value to all who are interested in the revolution in diagnostic oncology that is being brought about by molecular imaging.

Established as a classic text on nuclear chemistry and pharmacy, Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy has been thoroughly revised with new information added covering innovations in imaging technology and clinical applications in the field. The Sixth Edition also eliminates outdated information from previous editions on radiopharmaceuticals now discontinued from the market. Dr. Gopal B. Saha's books have continually been praised for their clarity and accuracy while setting new standards for making complex theoretical concepts readily understandable to the reader. Like past editions, this book is intended to be used as a textbook on nuclear chemistry and pharmacy for nuclear medicine residents and students and as a reference book for nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists. New sections in the Sixth Edition include: * PET/CT and SPECT/CT * Digital Imaging * Exploratory IND * Nanoparticle Imaging * Treatment of liver cancer with 90Y-TheraSpheres and 90Y-SIR-Spheres * Treatment of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with 131I-Bexxar

Sincethepublicationofthisbook in2005, thegrowthofpositron emission tomography(PET)andPET/CTmodalityhasbeenphenomenalwiththed- coveryofef?cientdetectorsandtheadditionofsophisticatedscannersand powerfulsoftware. Becauseofthevastadvancementandchangesintechn- ogy, andalso withgreatappreciationofthesuccess ofthe?rst edition, we thoughtasecondeditionofthebookwouldbeappropriate. Thebookisrevisedtoagainful?lltheneedsofnuclearmedicineprof- sionalssuchasphysicians, technologists, andresidents, alongwithstudents fortheirboardexaminationandtraining. Thecontentsofthebookhavebeen keptatthebasiclevelaswasinthe?rstedition. The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chaptershavebeenrevisedvery extensively, while others haveonly minor changes. NochangehasbeenmadeinChap. 1asitisbasedonbasicphysics. Extensive revision has been made in Chaps. 2 and 3 to include up-to-date information on detectors, scanners, and data collection. Chapter 4 in the original edition has been divided into Chaps. 4 and 5 to allow for a se- ratechapteron"Storage,Display,andPACS. "Chapter6hasbeenupdated withnewinformationonNEMAstandardsonacceptancetestsofPETsc- ners. NewPETradionuclidesandthelistofcurrentavailablecyclotronshave beenaddedtoChap. 7. Chapter8includesasectiononCompoundingofPET Radiopharmaceuticals,inadditiontoseveralnewPETradiopharmaceuticals. NewregulationsconcerningtheuseofPETradiopharmaceuticals,thelice- ingofphysiciansandtechnologists,andtheaccreditationofPETfacilitiesto beeligibleforreimbursementforPETproceduresareallincludedinChap. 9. Chapter10hasbeenrevised,focusingontheissuesofcurrentreimbursement issuesforPETstudies. OnlyminorchangeshavebeenmadeinChaps. 11and 12toincludeup-to-dateinformation. Questionshavebeenaddedattheend ofeachchapter,asappropriate,tore?ectthechangesincontents. IthankmycolleaguesattheClevelandClinicFoundationfortheirsupport in manywaysand Mrs. DianeGrif?s for kindly typingand completingthe manuscriptontime. vii viii Preface IsincerelythankAndrewMoyer,editorofradiologyandnuclearmedicine, atSpringerforsupportandencouragement,andS. GeethalakshmiSrinivasan, ProjectManager,atSPiTechnologiesIndiaPvtLtdforexcellentproduction ofthebook. Cleveland,OH GopalB. Saha Contents 1. RadioactiveDecayandInteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...1 AtomicStructure ...1 RadioactiveDecay ...2 ?Decay ...2 ? ? Decay ...3 + Positron(?) Decay ...3 ElectronCapture ...3 IsomericTransition ...4 RadioactiveDecayEquations ...5 GeneralDecayEquations ...5 SuccessiveDecayEquations ...7 UnitsofRadioactivity ...9 UnitsofRadioactivityinSystemInternationale ...9 Calculations ...9 InteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...10 InteractionofChargedParticleswithMatter ...10 Interactionof?RadiationwithMatter ...12 Questions ...15 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...17 2. PET ScanningSystems ...19 Background ...19 SolidScintillationDetectorsinPET ...20 PhotomultiplierTube ...24 PulseHeightAnalyzer ...25 ArrangementofDetectors ...25 PETScanners ...28 CoincidenceScintillationCameras ...29 PET/CTScanners ...30 SmallAnimalPETScanner ...33 MobilePETorPET/CT ...36 ix x Contents Questions ...38 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...39 3. DataAcquisition and Corrections ...41 PETDataAcquisition ...41 TimeofFlightMethod ...46 Two-Dimensionalvs. Three-Dimensional DataAcquisition ...47 FactorsAffectingAcquiredPETData ...49 Normalization ...49 PhotonAttenuation ...50 AttenuationCorrectionMethods ...52 RandomCoincidences ...53 ScatterCoincidences ...55 CorrectionforScatterCoincidences ...56 DeadTime ...58 RadialElongation ...59 PET/CTDataAcquisition ...6 0 FactorsAffectingPET/CTData ...62 Questions ...67 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...68 4. ImageReconstruction ...71 SimpleBackprojection ...71 FilteredBackprojection ...72 TheFourierMethod ...73 TypesofFilters ...75 IterativeReconstruction ...

This book is based on contributions presented at the 1st World Congress on Gallium-68 and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy, which examined recent developments in theranostics - the emerging field of molecular targeting of vectors that can be used for both diagnosis and therapy, when modified accordingly. The focus of this book is on the rapidly developing research into and clinical applications of gallium-68 and other generator-produced PET radionuclides in the personalized diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases. In addition, new PET radiopharmaceuticals are considered, and the latest ideas and concepts, presented. Theranostics embodies both molecular and personalized medicine. It is at the cutting edge of medicine, and the contents of this volume will be of interest to chemists, physicians, and investigators dealing with generators, PET radiochemistry, molecular imaging, and radionuclide therapy.

Offers basic data on more than 3,600 radionuclides. Emphasizes practical application such as basic research, acheo0logy and dating, medical radiology and industrial. Balanced and informative details on the biological effects of radiation and resultant controversy. Trimmed down student version of a product that costs many times the price.

Proceedings of the 3rd Joint International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, HFI/NQI 2010 held at CERN, Switzerland, September 13-17, 2010 Reprinted from Hyperfine Interactions Volume. This volume focuses on the most recent studies on all aspects of hyperfine interaction detected by nuclear radiation and nuclear quadrupole interactions detected by resonance methods in the areas of materials, biological and medical science, as well as on contributions on new developments in instrumentation and methods, ab initio calculations and simulations. This volume comprises research papers, reviews, and short communications recording original investigations related to: Theory on Hyperfine Interactions (HFI) and Nuclear Moments; Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Bulk and Thin Layers); HFI probes in Semiconductors, Metals and Insulators; Lattice Dynamics and Ion-Solid Interactions; Surfaces, Interfaces, Thin Films, and Nano-structures; Resonance Methods; Nuclear Moments, Nuclear Polarization and Spin Dynamics; Investigations in Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine; New Directions and Developments in Methodology. The papers present the latest scientific work of various invited speakers and contributor researchers from the five continents that have brought their perspectives to the meeting.

The Fourth Edition of Dr. Gopal B. Saha's Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine was prompted by the need to provide up-to-date information to keep pace with the perpetual growth and improvement in the instrumentation and techniques employed in nuclear medicine since the last edition published in 2006. Like previous editions, the book is intended for radiology and nuclear medicine residents to prepare for the American Board of Nuclear Medicine, American Board of Radiology, and American Board of Science in Nuclear Medicine examinations, all of which require a strong physics background. Additionally, the book will serve as a textbook on nuclear medicine physics for nuclear medicine technologists taking the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board examination. The Fourth Edition includes new or expanded sections and information for: * PET/MR, including the attenuation correction method and its quality control tests; * accreditation of nuclear medicine and PET facilities; * solid state digital cameras; * time of flight and scatter correction techniques; * CT scanners and attenuation correction in SPECT/CT; * partial volume effects; * quality control of CT scanners; * ion chamber survey meters, proportional counters, and G-M counters.

Clinical studies during the past 10 years have shown that PET is more sensitive than CT and MRI for the detection of many tumors. In many cases, however, for example in head and neck tumors, combination with radiological procedures is necessary. It may be speculated that PET should be the first study in a malignant tumor when metastatic spread is suspected. MRI and CT may then be restricted to those body areas which evince sites of increased glucose metabolism. Thus, a combination of metabolic and morphologic procedures will enhance tumor detection and change the therapeutic strategy. In this light, an atlas including PET, CT, MRI, and histology data seems desirable to combine metabolic and morphologic imaging. This book presents an overview of the available data which should be of great interest not only for specialists in radiology and nuclear medicine, but also for oncologists.

This invaluable and well-presented text brings together previously fragmented or incompletely elucidated data on the impressive recent advances in orthopedic nuclear medicine. The book begins by acquainting the readers with various anatomic, physiologic, pathologic and technical concepts crucial to understanding orthopedic nuclear medicine and its utilization in clinical practice. Subsequent chapters detail the diagnosis of skeletal infections, trauma, vascular disorders, metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases, soft tissue calcifications and joint disorders. A separate section is devoted to the use of radionuclides in the treatment of bone and joint diseases. A unique feature of this richly illustrated volume is its comprehensive and clinically oriented approach. The book will prove invaluable to all with an interest in diagnostic and therapeutic orthopedics, including radiologists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, pediatricians, other clinicians and nuclear medicine professionals.

Nuclear Medicine in Psychiatry showcases the combined expertise of renowned authors whose dedication to the investigation of psychiatric disease through nuclear medicine technology has achieved international recognition. Psychiatric disorders are discussed both from categorical and functional psychopathological viewpoint and the latest results in functional neuroimaging are detailed. Most chapters are written jointly by a psychiatrist and a nuclear medicine expert, and each contains a section "Clinical Aspects", to link research data with clinical routine. This state-of-the-art compendium will be valuable to anybody in the field of neuroscience, from the psychiatrist and the radiologist/nuclear medicine specialist to the interested general practitioner and cognitive psychologist.

Nuclear medicine and lung diseases is intended for chest physicians who use nuclear medicine techniques in clinical practice and for nuclear physicians who perform tests in patients with chest disorders. The book is valuable for clinical practice and describes the interrelationship between the two specialities. Chest physicians will be better able to understand the significance of the results of nuclear medicine and nuclear physicians will appreciate more fully the clinical contexts in which nuclear techniques are of value. In the first part the physical and technical principles of nuclear medicine and the physiopathological bases are developed. In the second part the applications of nuclear medicine are presented in separate chapters on chest diseases - diffuse, infiltrative lung diseases, lung tumors, infections, pulmonary embolism, lung function and surgery, AIDS, lung transplantation, chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary diseases and therapy. Nuclear medicine and lung diseases represents the work of 15 French authors led by three main authors.

This volume presents pedagogical content to understand theoretical and practical aspects of diagnostic imaging techniques. It provides insights to current practices, and also discusses specific practical features like radiation exposure, radiation sensitivity, signal penetration, tissue interaction, and signal confinement with reference to individual imaging techniques. It also covers relatively less common imaging methods in addition to the established ones. It serves as a reference for researchers and students working in the field of medical, biomedical science, physics, and instrumentation. Key Features * Focusses on the clinical applications while ensuring a steady understanding of the underlying science * Follows a bottom-up approach to cover the theory, calculations, and modalities to aid students and researchers in biomedical imaging, radiology and instrumentation * Covers unique concepts of nanoparticle applications along with ethical issues in medical imaging