Designed to accompany Elkin's Nursing Interventions & Clinical Skills, 4th edition text, these handy checklists serve as a valuable assessment tool for each skill presented in the textbook.

Make sure you fully understand how to care for women and newborns! Foundations of Maternal-Newborn and Women's Health Nursing, 8th Edition integrates essential maternity information into the overall continuum of nursing care to show you how to provide safe care in the clinical setting. With easy-to-understand language, this updated text uses evidence-based guidelines and step-by-step instructions for assessments and interventions to help you quickly master key skills and techniques. Also emphasized is the importance of understanding family, communication, culture, patient teaching, and clinical decision making. Questions for the Next Generation NCLEX (c) in the text help you prepare for the exam. Contributing content from known experts in the field of maternal and women's health. Unfolding case studies help you apply what you've learned to practice. Safety checks integrated into the content help you develop competencies related to safe nursing practice. Chapter summaries appear at the end of each chapter and help you review core content in each chapter while on the go. Patient teaching boxes provide teaching guidelines, including communication guides, directed at patients and families. Critical to Remember boxes highlight and summarize need-to-know information. Application of Nursing Process sections help you apply the nursing process to clinical situations. Updated! Drug guides list important indications, adverse reactions, and nursing considerations for the most commonly used medications. Procedure boxes provide clear instructions for performing common maternity skills with rationales for each step. UNIQUE! Therapeutic Communications boxes present realistic nurse-patient dialogues, identifying communication techniques and showing ways to respond when encountering communication blocks. Knowledge Check helps you assess your mastery of key content. Glossary provides definitions of all key terms. NEW! Critical Care Obstetrics chapter features the latest information on this vital topic. NEW! Clinical judgment content and questions for the Next Generation NCLEX (R) help you prepare for the exam and clinical practice.

Spirituality is an important aspect of occupational therapy theory and practice, yet it remains little understood. This timely book adds to the current debate by exploring the meaning of spirituality within occupational therapy and by outlining evidence which supports this area of practice. Beginning with the three stances surrounding spirituality for the common good and the theology of occupation, throughout its 10 chapters the book goes on to cover topics such as: Spirituality of caring; Theories of spiritual development; Definition of spirituality from occupational therapy literature; Differences between assessing spirituality and religion; Spirituality and ethics; Spiritual and cultural diversity in the occupational therapy clinic; Therapeutic self. By the end of the volume the reader will have the toolset required to consider spiritual concepts and their application to health principles. Occupational Therapy and Spirituality is written in an accessible format and is designed for occupational therapy and occupational science academics, researchers, and graduate students.

For courses in thefundamentals of nursing. Preparing students tosucceed in modern nursing careers Nurses today must grow andevolve to meet the demands of a dramatically changing healthcare system. Kozier& Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing provides a core foundation ofcontemporary professional nursing so students can succeed in today'senvironment. From the integral aspects of nursing, such as managing andcommunicating, to assessing health and client care, the text sets the foundationfor nursing excellence. To help students develop their clinical-reasoningabilities, QSEN features throughout the 11th Edition draw connections toactual nursing practice. Students will learn to think like nurses as they seehow the material they are reading is applied in nursing practice. Other updatesinclude new examples, additional photos, and the latest standards of care.

Nurses typically go in to the profession of nursing because they want to "care" for patients, not knowing that the inherent stresses of the work environment put them at risk for developing psychological disorders such as burnout syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression. Symptoms of these disorders are often debilitating and affect the nurse's functioning on both a personal and professional level. While environmental and/or organizational strategies are important to help combat stress, oftentimes the triggers experienced by nurses are non-modifiable including patient deaths, prolonging life in futile conditions, delivering post-mortem care and the feeling of contributing to a patient's pain and suffering. It is paramount that nurses enhance their ability to adapt to their work environment. Resilience is a multidimensional psychological characteristic that enables one to thrive in the face of adversity and bounce back from hardships and trauma. Importantly, resilience can be learned. Factors that promote resilience include attention to physical well-being and development of adaptive coping skills. This book provides the nurse, and the administrators who manage them, with an overview of the psychological disorders that are prevalent in their profession, first-person narratives from nurses who share traumatic and/or stressful situations that have impacted their career and provide detailed descriptions of promising coping strategies that can be used to mitigate symptoms of distress.

The current (postfeminist) gender order comprises a highly complex coexistence of old and new norms and expectations, freedom and constraints, within a neoliberal social order underpinned by individualism and involving a shift in gender performance by men and women. Health, illness and disease at different points in the life course can be used as a vehicle to illuminate structural and cultural inequalities that persist despite several decades of progressive reform in western countries. This collection brings together a number of key researchers, both established and new to the field, and based across North America, Australia, the UK and Europe, and comprises both empirical and theoretical work. Drawing on a wide range of disciplinary fields, including medical sociology, medical anthropology, nursing, gender studies, sociology of risk and age studies, all authors use heath, well-being, illness and disease as a lens through which to explore the complexities and inequalities associated with late modernity. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of age studies, medical sociology and anthropology, gender studies, healthcare and nursing.

The book demonstrates how Resilient Health Care principles can enable those on the frontline to work more effectively towards interdisciplinary care by gaining a deeper understanding of the boundaries that exist in everyday clinical settings. This is done by presenting a set of case studies, theoretical chapters and applications that relate experiences, bring forth ideas and illustrate practical solutions. The chapters address many different issues such as resolving conflict, overcoming barriers to patient-flow management, and building connections through negotiation. They represent a range of approaches, rather than a single way of solving the practical problems, and have been written to serve both a scientific and an andragogical purpose. Working Across Boundaries is primarily aimed at people who are directly involved in the running and improvement of health care systems, providing them with practical guidance. It will also be of direct interest to health care professionals in clinical and managerial positions as well as researchers. Presents the latest work of the lauded Resilient Health Care Net group, developing applications of Resilience Engineering to health care, furthering safety thinking and generating applicable solutions that will benefit patient safety worldwide Enables health care professionals to become aware of the boundaries that affect their work so that they are able to use their strengths and overcome their weaknesses Written from a Safety-II perspective, where the purpose is to make sure that as much as possible goes well and the focus therefore is on everyday work rather than on failures. There are at present no other books that adopt this perspective nor which go into the practical details Provides a concise presentation of the state of resilient health care as a science, in terms of major theoretical issues and practical methods and techniques on the overarching and important topics of boundary-crossing and integration of care settings

The book demonstrates how Resilient Health Care principles can enable those on the frontline to work more effectively towards interdisciplinary care by gaining a deeper understanding of the boundaries that exist in everyday clinical settings. This is done by presenting a set of case studies, theoretical chapters and applications that relate experiences, bring forth ideas and illustrate practical solutions. The chapters address many different issues such as resolving conflict, overcoming barriers to patient-flow management, and building connections through negotiation. They represent a range of approaches, rather than a single way of solving the practical problems, and have been written to serve both a scientific and an andragogical purpose. Working Across Boundaries is primarily aimed at people who are directly involved in the running and improvement of health care systems, providing them with practical guidance. It will also be of direct interest to health care professionals in clinical and managerial positions as well as researchers. Presents the latest work of the lauded Resilient Health Care Net group, developing applications of Resilience Engineering to health care, furthering safety thinking and generating applicable solutions that will benefit patient safety worldwide Enables health care professionals to become aware of the boundaries that affect their work so that they are able to use their strengths and overcome their weaknesses Written from a Safety-II perspective, where the purpose is to make sure that as much as possible goes well and the focus therefore is on everyday work rather than on failures. There are at present no other books that adopt this perspective nor which go into the practical details Provides a concise presentation of the state of resilient health care as a science, in terms of major theoretical issues and practical methods and techniques on the overarching and important topics of boundary-crossing and integration of care settings

Advances in the field of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) have been revolutionary. This book focuses on the use of ARTs in the context of families who seek to conceive a matching sibling donor as a source of tissue to treat an existing sick child. Such children have been referred to as 'saviour siblings'. Considering the legal and regulatory frameworks that impact on the accessibility of this technology in Australia and the UK, the work analyses the ethical and moral issues that arise from the use of the technology for this specific purpose. The author claims the only justification for limiting a family's reproductive liberty in this context is where the exercise of reproductive decision-making results in harm to others. It is argued that the harm principle is the underlying feature of legislative action in Western democratic society, and as such, this principle provides the grounds upon which a strong and persuasive argument is made for a less-restrictive regulatory approach in the context of 'saviour siblings'. The book will be of great relevance and interest to academics, researchers, practitioners and policy makers in the fields of law, ethics, philosophy, science and medicine.

Patient organizations and social health movements offer one of the most important and illuminating examples of civil society engagement and participation in scientific research and research politics. Influencing the research agenda, and initiating, funding and accelerating the development of diagnostic tools, effective therapies and appropriate health-care for their area of interest, they may champion alternative, sometimes controversial, programs or critique dominant medical paradigms. Some movements and organizations advocate for medical recognition of contested illnesses, as with fibromyalgia orADHD, while some attempt to "de-medicalize" others, such as obesity or autism. Bringing together an international selection of leading scholars and representatives from patients' organizations, this comprehensive collection explores the interaction between civil society groups and biomedical science, technology development, and research politics. It takes stock of the key findings of the research conducted in the field over the past two decades and addresses emerging problems and future challenges concerning the interrelations between health movements and patient organisations on the one hand, and biomedical research and research policies on the other hand. Combining empirical case studies with conceptual discussion, the book discusses how public participation can contribute to, as well as restrict, the democratization of scientific knowledge production. This volume is an important reference for academics and researchers with an interest in the sociology of health and illness, science and technology studies, the sociology of knowledge, medical ethics or healthcare management and research, as well as medical researchers and those involved with health-related civil society organizations.

To provide high quality dementia care, professionals need to be both knowledgeable about dementia and skilled in the provision of care. This book is an introductory reference guide that will help students, professionals and practitioners develop their skills and expertise to better respond to the needs of people with dementia. It sets out information and advice on essential topics, research and evidence-based practice within dementia care in a clear, sensible way. Based on the standard course structure for higher and further dementia education, this wide-ranging textbook covers topics including dementia diagnosis, person-centred care and law, ethics and safeguarding. The new go-to book for the dementia curriculum, it is an invaluable tool for anyone wishing to improve the required core skills and values needed to care for those affected by dementia.

Despite years of research, debate and changes in mental health policy, there is still a lack of consensus as to what recovery from psychosis actually means, how it should be measured and how it may ultimately be achieved. In Recovering from a First Episode of Psychosis: An Integrated Approach to Early Intervention, it is argued that recovery from a first episode of psychosis (FEP) is comprised of three core elements: symptomatic, social and personal. Moreover, all three types of recovery need to be the target of early intervention for psychosis programmes (EIP) which provide evidence-based, integrated, bio-psychosocial interventions delivered in the context of a value base offering hope, empowerment and a youth-focused approach. Over the 12 chapters in the book, the authors, all experienced clinicians and researchers from multi-professional backgrounds, demonstrate that long-term recovery needs to replace short term remission as the key target of early psychosis services and that, to achieve this, we need a change in the way we deliver EIP: one that takes account of the different stages of psychosis and the 'bespoke' targeting of integrated medical, psychological and social treatments during the 'critical period'. Illustrated with a wealth of clinical examples, this book will be of great interest to clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses and other associated mental health professionals.

Partiality and Justice in Nursing Care examines the conflicting normative claims of partiality and impartiality in nursing care, looking in depth at how to reconcile reasonable concerns for one particular patient with equally important concerns for the maximisation of health-related welfare for all with relevant nursing-care needs, in a resource-limited setting. Drawing on moral philosophy, this book explores how discussions of partiality and impartiality in moral philosophy can have relevance to the professional context of clinical nursing care as well as in nursing ethics in general. It develops a framework for normative nursing ethics that incorporates a notion of permissible partiality, and specifies which concerns an ethics of nursing care should entail when balancing partialist and impartialist concerns. At the same time, Nordhaug argues that this partiality must also be constrained by both principled and context-sensitive assessments of patients' needs, as well as of the role-relative deontological restriction of minimising harm, something that could be mitigated by institutional and organisational arrangements. This thought-provoking volume is an important contribution to nursing ethics and philosophy.

Key Features * Explores evolutionary context and comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance in fetus and neonate, from basic research to clinical scenarios * Provides guidance to trainees, physicians and allied health professionals engaged in NICU care; pediatricians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, neonatologists and physiologists, to effectively manage infants in hypoxic respiratory failure * Includes case scenarios emphasizing current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies, and algorithmic approaches to decipher difficult clinical cases.

Now in its fourteenth edition, this best-selling textbook has been honed over many years to provide a clear, straightforward introduction to the human body for students of nursing, allied health or biomedical and paramedical science. The book covers the core essentials of anatomy and physiology, including basic pathology and pathophysiology of important diseases and disorders. This new edition presents additional illustrations to enhance understanding of key concepts, including pathophysiology and diagnostics. Included for the first time is an introduction to surface anatomy, while other updating reflects current scientific knowledge and developments, including coronavirus. Enhanced learning features and an extensive online resource help you grasp all the important areas. Like millions of readers before you, you will treasure Ross & Wilson as a go-to resource that you will refer to time and again to support this critical aspect of your healthcare education. Clear and easy to read - suitable for students new to the area and anyone whose first language is not English Hundreds of stunning illustrations and images to make learning easy Helpful learning features such as Learning Outcomes boxes, colour coding and orientation icons to facilitate navigation Definitions of common prefixes, suffixes and roots, examples, glossary and an appendix of normal biological values Self-assessment activities in each chapter, including 'spot check' questions for each section and case studies with answers to develop understanding of key principles Accompanying website with animations, videos, audio-glossary and other self-assessment material Evolve Study Resources Online content offered with Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness 14th edition includes: New for this edition - a set of expert-narrated 3D videos summarizing key topics in the book, powered by Complete Anatomy: the world's most advanced 3D anatomy platform Over 120 animations clarifying underlying principles and make learning fun More than 1700 audio glossary entries Body Spectrum (c) online colouring and self-test software Self-assessment questions to help students test their knowledge

The ASQ (R):SE-2 Quick Start Guide is a convenient, at-a-glance guide that keeps ASQ:SE-2 scoring and administration basics right at the fingertips. Perfect for busy professionals on the go, this Quick Start Guide is laminated, lightweight, and so cost-effective that every professional in a program can have one (it's sold in a package of 5). ASQ:SE-2 users will turn to the Quick Start Guide for clear, simple directions on selecting the correct questionnaire, scoring ASQ:SE-2, and communicating results to parents. The Quick Start Guide is part of the ASQ:SE-2 screening system. ASQ:SE-2 is the NEW edition of the bestselling screener trusted to uncover possible social-emotional issues as early as possible during the crucial first 6 years of life. The 9 age-appropriate ASQ:SE-2 questionnaires effectively screen 7 key developmental areas: self-regulation, compliance, adaptive functioning, autonomy, affect, social-communication, and interaction with people. The second edition of ASQ:SE-2 has been revised and updated with invaluable new features, including a NEW 2 month questionnaire, an expanded age range, updated cutoff scores, new behavior and communication items, and more updates to help you better support families and promote social-emotional development.

The integrative role of religion has been a recurrent theme of sociological and anthropological theory. This role is apparent in the Greek-American community; religion functions as a cement of the social fabric. Indeed, it would be hard to overestimate the role of Greek Orthodoxy in joining people of Greek ancestry into a community and reinforcing their sense of ethnic identity. The nature of ethnic identity and the church's role in fostering and sustaining it are subjects of this study, first published in 1990. In ultimately focusing on the interplay between church, community and individual, the book suggests that understanding the relation of these people to their church is to understand them as a people.

This book, first published in 1989, attempts to identify from within religious cultures those elements of tradition, behaviour and lifestyle that are health protective in that, by adhering to them, physical, mental and social wellbeing will be maintained as people grow old. It examines how different faith traditions view aging and its impact on health.

Binder-Ready Edition: This loose-leaf copy of the full text is a convenient, accessible, and customizable alternative to the bound book. With this binder-ready edition, students can personalize the text to match their unique needs! Prepare for success in today's high acuity, progressive, and critical care settings! Critical Care Nursing: Diagnosis and Management, 9th Edition helps you understand and apply critical care nursing principles and concepts to clinical assessment, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic management. Known for its comprehensive coverage, this leading textbook uses a logical, body systems organization to address the care of patients with physiological alterations. New to this edition are illustrated Patient-Centered Critical Care features aimed at "humanizing the ICU" as well as Next Generation NCLEX (R) Exam-style case studies to help you further develop your clinical judgment skills and prepare for the latest nursing licensure exam. Also ideal for CCRN (R) and PCCN (R) exam preparation, this book is a one-stop resource on the concepts and skills required for critical care nursing! Time-tested, high-quality content addresses all aspects of today's high acuity, progressive, and critical care nursing. Consistent organization within each body-system unit provides an efficient framework for learning, for CCRN (R) and PCCN (R) certification preparation, and for reference in clinical practice. Comprehensive, evidence-based content is highly referenced and includes internet resources for further research and study. Enhanced Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) integration links text content to QSEN competencies, through the addition of QSEN-related questions in case studies, QSEN-labeled features and boxes, QSEN content icons, and highlighted QSEN information. NEW! Updated content throughout reflects the latest changes in concepts, techniques, and technology of high acuity, progressive, and critical care nursing. NEW! New Facilitating Care Transitions chapter explains how critical care nurses can ensure patient safety and provide family education through all phases and locations of care, during transitions to other units and departments within the facility, and during patient discharge to various sites (e.g., home, hospice, long-term care). NEW! Illustrated Patient-Centered Critical Care boxes highlight a new emphasis on changing the culture of critical care by greater inclusion of the patient and family, with evidence-based discussions of topics such as family meetings, debriefing after a code, patient diaries, creating a calm environment, pet visitation, music therapy, the transition of care, and 24/7 ICU visitation. NEW! 10 Next Generation NCLEX (R) Exam-style case studies are provided on the Evolve website to help prepare you for the changes in the nursing licensure exam. NEW! Diagnosis and Patient Care Management boxes reflect a new focus on the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP), providing a common language for patient problems using the evidence-based ICNP taxonomy. NEW! Expanded coverage of key trends includes the use of personal protective equipment in light of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the opioid epidemic, special considerations for bariatric patients, oncology, and acute chest syndrome. NEW! Additional coverage of the technology required to monitor the patient and other interprofessional team members assists in the management of the patient and the integration of other QSEN competencies. NEW! Psychosocial and Spiritual Considerations chapter emphasizes the psychosocial and spiritual wellbeing of critical care clients. NEW! Expanded coverage of self-care for healthcare professionals equips new critical care nurses to take the time to care for themselves as well as for their patients. NEW! Updated illustrations improve understanding. NEW! Key Points replace Chapter Summary features for quick reference and study. NEW! Inclusion of Canadian/SI units promotes an international understanding of common laboratory values, with a new Common Laboratory Values appendix. NEW! CCN learning features include three new Concept Maps on protein-calorie malnutrition, burns, and pulmonary embolism; two new Case Studies on burns and facilitating care transition; and two new Patient Care Management Plans on stress overload and impaired spiritual status.

Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology (PAG) is a subspecialty that encompasses a broad spectrum of conditions affecting girls from birth up to adulthood. For younger children, vulval dermatological conditions are frequently seen, whilst the adolescent population will often present with menstrual dysfunction or pelvic pain, with a range of aetiologies. This book, aimed at trainees and consultants in the field and all healthcare professionals working in the multidisciplinary team providing care for girls with gynaecological conditions, offers practical, detailed advice on dealing with this spectrum: including rarer conditions such as disorders of puberty, including precocious puberty, delayed puberty and primary amenorrhoea, differences in sex development and Mullerian duct anomalies. Written by international experts in the field, this book will inform and inspire generations of healthcare professionals working in PAG.

How best to manage clients who present in crisis is a vital but much neglected area of clinical practice. "Tackling Mental Health Crises "aims to provide a practical guide to combining social and psychological responses to mental health problems.
David Kingdon and Marie Finn look at what constitutes a crisis, be it an individual crisis presentation or a situational crisis for services. . They reject current diagnostic approaches to mental health, focussing instead on a symptom-led approach and keeping an awareness of the intervention experience for clients and carers throughout. Subjects covered include:
- Engaging and assessing the client
- Risk assessment and management
- Emotional, behavioral, cognitive and physical presentations
- Service teams and settings
The emphasis throughout is on taking a holistic look at crisis prevention and management, encompassing both the work that takes place at an individual level and the wider impact of societal and political issues.
"Tackling Mental Health Crises" contains clear direction and practical advice, combined with numerous case studies and commentary from users and carers themselves. It will be of great use to anyone involved with dealing with mental health crises, including mental health nurses, social workers, psychologists, general practitioners and psychiatrists.

Despite a long history in quantitative research, it is only recently that enthusiasm for secondary analysis of qualitative data has gained momentum across health and social science disciplines. Given that researchers have long known the inordinate amount of time and energy invested in conducting qualitative research, the appeal of secondary analysis of qualitative data is clear. Involving the use of an existing dataset to answer research questions that are different from those asked in the original study, this method allows researchers to once again make use of their hard-earned qualitative dataset and to listen to their participants' voices to the best of their ability in order to improve care and promote understanding. As secondary qualitative data analysis continues to evolve, more methodological guidance is needed. This book outlines three approaches to secondary data analysis and addresses the key issues that researchers need to wrestle with, such as ethical considerations, voice, and representation. Intellectual and interpretive hazards that can jeopardize the outcome of these analyses are highlighted and discussed, as are the criteria for assessing their quality and trustworthiness. Written as a thought-provoking guide for qualitative researchers from across the health and social sciences, this text includes a review of the state of the science in nursing and a number of in-depth illustrative case studies.

First published in 2000, Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychopathy was highly topical in tackling the interface of applied philosophy and psychiatry at a time when government and clinicians were giving careful consideration to new forms of treatment for people with psychopathic disorder. The book brings together contributions from lawyers, philosophers, psychiatrists and clinical managers to explore the inter-related conceptual and political implications of Psychopathy. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychopathy will appeal to those with an interest in the history and development of theories and research relating to philosophy and psychiatry.

This rich resource provides a thorough overview of current knowledge and new directions in the study of the biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors that affect health, health behavior, and illness. Chapters review the latest theories and research with an emphasis on how research is translated into behavioral medicine interventions. Featuring contributions from top researchers and rising stars in the field, authors provide a theoretical foundation; evaluate the empirical evidence; and make suggestions for future research, clinical practice, and policy. The handbook reflects the latest approaches to health psychology today, including: Emphasis throughout on the socio-cultural aspects of health, including socioeconomic status, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age/developmental stage A new section on emerging areas in health psychology, including behavioral genomics, military veterans' health, and digital health Coverage of prevention, interventions, and treatment in the applications section An expansion of the biopsychosocial model across several levels of analysis, including cultural, macro-social, and cellular factors Sustained emphasis on translating research into practice and policy The handbook considers the intersections of concepts (behavior change), populations (women's and sexual minority health), cultural groups (African American, Asian American, and Latino), risk and protective factors (obesity, coping), and diseases (cancer, diabetes, HIV), making it essential reading for scholars of health psychology, public health, epidemiology, and nursing. Novices to the field appreciate the accessibly written chapters, while seasoned professionals appreciate the book's deep, cutting-edge coverage.

Despite a long history in quantitative research, it is only recently that enthusiasm for secondary analysis of qualitative data has gained momentum across health and social science disciplines. Given that researchers have long known the inordinate amount of time and energy invested in conducting qualitative research, the appeal of secondary analysis of qualitative data is clear. Involving the use of an existing dataset to answer research questions that are different from those asked in the original study, this method allows researchers to once again make use of their hard-earned qualitative dataset and to listen to their participants' voices to the best of their ability in order to improve care and promote understanding. As secondary qualitative data analysis continues to evolve, more methodological guidance is needed. This book outlines three approaches to secondary data analysis and addresses the key issues that researchers need to wrestle with, such as ethical considerations, voice, and representation. Intellectual and interpretive hazards that can jeopardize the outcome of these analyses are highlighted and discussed, as are the criteria for assessing their quality and trustworthiness. Written as a thought-provoking guide for qualitative researchers from across the health and social sciences, this text includes a review of the state of the science in nursing and a number of in-depth illustrative case studies.