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Books > Science & Mathematics > Chemistry > Physical chemistry
The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents
critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry
organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of
chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines
such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each
thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in
academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where
new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger
scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically
surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context
of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the
last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to
illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended
to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large
quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating
on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist
reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also
offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.The
chapter "Enamine/Transition Metal Combined Catalysis: Catalytic
Transformations Involving Organometallic Electrophilic
Intermediates" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License
via link.springer.com.
The breadth of scientific and technological interests in the
general topic of photochemistry is truly enormous and includes, for
example, such diverse areas as microelectronics, atmospheric
chemistry, organic synthesis, non-conventional photoimaging,
photosynthesis, solar energy conversion, polymer technologies, and
spectroscopy. This Specialist Periodical Report on Photochemistry
aims to provide an annual review of photo-induced processes that
have relevance to the above wide-ranging academic and commercial
disciplines, and interests in chemistry, physics, biology and
technology. In order to provide easy access to this vast and varied
literature, each volume of Photochemistry comprises sections
concerned with photophysical processes in condensed phases, organic
aspects which are sub-divided by chromophore type, polymer
photochemistry, and photochemical aspects of solar energy
conversion. Volume 34 covers literature published from July 2001 to
June 2002. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and
detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research.
Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject
areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research
chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular
fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a
given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial
basis.
The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents
critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry
organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of
chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines
such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each
thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in
academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where
new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger
scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically
surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context
of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the
last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to
illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended
to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large
quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating
on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist
reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also
offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.
This work takes advantage of high-resolution silicon stencil masks
to build air-stable complementary OTFTs using a low-temperature
fabrication process. Plastic electronics based on organic thin-film
transistors (OTFTs) pave the way for cheap, flexible and large-area
products. Over the past few years, OTFTs have undergone remarkable
advances in terms of reliability, performance and scale of
integration. Many factors contribute to the allure of this
technology; the masks exhibit excellent stiffness and stability,
thus allowing OTFTs with submicrometer channel lengths and superb
device uniformity to be patterned. Furthermore, the OTFTs employ an
ultra-thin gate dielectric that provides a sufficiently high
capacitance to enable the transistors to operate at voltages as low
as 3 V. The critical challenges in this development are the subtle
mechanisms that govern the properties of aggressively scaled OTFTs.
These mechanisms, dictated by device physics, are well described
and implemented into circuit-design tools to ensure adequate
simulation accuracy.
This edited, multi-author volume contains 14 selected,
peer-reviewed contributions based on the presentations given at the
18th International Workshop on Quantum Systems in Chemistry,
Physics, and Biology (QSCP XVIII), held at Casa da Cultura de
Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in December 2013. It is divided
into several sections written by leaders in the respective fields
of quantum methodology applied to atomic molecular and condensed
matter systems, each containing the most relevant material based on
related topics. Recent advances and state-of-the-art developments
in the quantum theory of atomic, molecular and condensed matter
systems (including bio and nano structures) are presented.
This book provides a review of the latest advances in anion
exchange membrane fuel cells. Starting with an introduction to the
field, it then examines the chemistry and catalysis involved in
this energy technology. It also includes an introduction to the
mathematical modelling of these fuel cells before discussing the
system design and performance of real-world systems. Anion exchange
membrane fuel cells are an emerging energy technology that has the
potential to overcome many of the obstacles of proton exchange
membrane fuel cells in terms of the cost, stability, and durability
of materials. The book is an essential reference resource for
professionals, researchers, and policymakers around the globe
working in academia, industry, and government.
Although coordination chemistry naturally centers on the synthesis
of coordination compounds, the synthesis of these materials is
typically not an end in itself. Coordination compounds are utilized
in all branches of chemistry; from theoretical modeling to
industrial and consumer products. While a large amount of
information is available on coordination chemistry in general and
synthetic methods in particular, no comprehensive work has been
presented on the preparation of coordination compounds with an
emphasis on synthetic strategies rather than on detailed
descriptions of specific syntheses. The goal of this book is to
provide an approach to coordination chemistry that is based upon
preparative strategies.The main aim of the authors is to present a
systematic classification of synthetic reactions rather than an
encyclopedic listing of experimental results. Hence, the coverage
is more selective than exhaustive. Despite this, the book provides
access to the original literature with ca. 2000 references. The
edition is well-illustrated and contains almost 250 schemes,
figures and illustrations of crystal structures of selected
complexes.
Catalyst/Polymerization: Model Silica Supported Olefin
Polymerization Catalysts (J.P. Blitz). Statistical Propagation
Models for ZieglerNatta Polymerization (H.N. Cheng). Supported
Catalysts in Stirred Bed Gas Phase Reactors (K.D. Hungenberg, M.
Kersting). Functionalization: Functional Polyolefins Prepared by
Borane Research (T.C. Chung). Synthesis of PolyolefinPMMA Graft
Copolymers (T.C. Chung et al.). Supported Lewis Acid Catalysts
Based on Polyolefin Thermoplastics (T.C. Chung, A. Kumar).
Characterization: Structure, Crystallization, and Melting of
Linear, Branched, and Copolymerized Polyethylenes as Revealed by
Fractionation Methods and DSC (V.B.F. Mathot). Development of High
Performance TREF for Polyolefin Analysis (L. Wild, C. Blatz). NMR
Analysis of Multicomponent Polyolefins (H.N. Chang). Polyolefin
Blends and Composites: PolyethyleneCopolymer Blends (B. Crist, J.
Rhee). Interphase Design in Cellulose Fiber/Polypropylene
Composites (P. Gatenholm, J.M. Felix). 7 additional articles.
Index.
This volume builds on the previous two editions, Environmental
Photochemistry Part I and Part II, which reflect the diverse range
of activities in this highly dynamic research field. The chapters
cover fundamental topics, from photocatalyst materials,
surface-modified materials, reaction kinetics and reactor
modelling, to translational research activities on chemical
synthesis, energy conversion and water treatment. The applications
of the new generation of LED irradiation sources and spectroscopic
methods for elucidating reaction pathways are also covered in
detail. This new volume maintains the ethos of the previous
editions by further contributing to readers' understanding of
photochemical and photocatalytic processes for environmental
applications.
This work revolves around the hydrogen economy and energy-storage
electrochemical systems. More specifically, it investigates the
possibility of using magnetron sputtering for deposition of
efficient thin-film anode catalysts with low noble metal content
for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEM-WEs) and
unitized regenerative fuel cells (PEM-URFCs). The motivation for
this research derives from the urgent need to minimize the price of
such electrochemical devices should they enter the mass production.
Numerous experiments were carried out, correlating the actual
in-cell performance with the varying position of thin-film catalyst
within the membrane electrode assembly, with the composition of
high-surface support sublayer and with the chemical structure of
the catalyst itself. The wide arsenal of analytical methods ranging
from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy through electrochemical
atomic force microscopy to photoelectron spectroscopy allowed the
description of the complex phenomena behind different obtained
efficiencies. Systematic optimizations led to the design of a novel
PEM-WE anode thin-film iridium catalyst which performs similarly to
the standard counterparts despite using just a fraction of their
noble metal content. Moreover, the layer-by-layer approach resulted
in the design of a Ir/TiC/Pt bi-functional anode for PEM-URFC which
is able to operate in both the fuel cell and electrolyzer regime
and thus helps to cut the cost of the whole conversion system even
further.
This detailed book provides a set of protocols necessary for the
development of a variety of microchip-based electrophoretic assays.
It compiles a range of such electrophoretic methods by leading
researchers in the field, covering subjects such as microfluidic
device fabrication, on-chip sample preparation,
theoretical/simulation protocols for assessing these separation
methods, as well as common practices followed when applying them to
important real world applications. The contents of the book range
from protocols for classical assays to those involving pioneering
separation techniques recently developed by the scientific
community for advancing our analytical capabilities. Written for
the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters
include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the
necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily
reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and
avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Microfluidic
Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols serves as an convenient text
for academic researchers as well as practicing engineers,
biochemists, and analytical laboratory professionals.
This volume summarises recent developments and possible future
directions for small molecule X-ray crystallography. It reviews
specific areas of crystallography which are rapidly developing and
places them in a historical context. The interdisciplinary nature
of the technique is emphasised throughout. It introduces and
describes the chemical crystallographic and synchrotron facilities
which have been at the cutting edge of the subject in recent
decades. The introduction of new computer-based algorithms has
proved to be very influential and stimulated and accelerated the
growth of new areas of science. The challenges which will arise
from the acquisition of ever larger databases are considered and
the potential impact of artificial intelligence techniques
stressed. Recent advances in the refinement and analysis of X-ray
crystal structures are highlighted. In addition the recent
developments in time resolved single crystal X-ray crystallography
are discussed. Recent years have demonstrated how this technique
has provided important mechanistic information on solid-state
reactions and complements information from traditional
spectroscopic measurements. The volume highlights how the prospect
of being able to routinely "watch" chemical processes as they occur
provides an exciting possibility for the future. Recent advances in
X-ray sources and detectors that have also contributed to the
possibility of dynamic single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods are
presented. The coupling of crystallography and quantum chemical
calculations provides detailed information about electron
distributions in crystals and has resulted in a more detailed
understanding of chemical bonding. The volume will be of interest
to chemists and crystallographers with an interest in the
synthesis, characterisation and physical and catalytic properties
of solid-state materials. Postgraduate students entering the field
will benefit from a historical introduction to the subject and a
description of those techniques which are currently used. Since
X-ray crystallography is used so widely in modern chemistry it will
serve to alert senior chemists to those developments which will
become routine in coming decades. It will also be of interest to
the broad community of computational chemists who study chemical
systems.
The first part of this book looks at the consequence of chemical
and topological defects existing on real surfaces, which explain
the wettability of super hydrophilc and super hydrophobic surfaces.
There follows an in-depth analysis of the acido-basicity of
surfaces with, as an illustration, different wettability
experiments on real materials. The next chapter deals with various
techniques enabling the measurement of acido basicity of the
surfaces including IR and XPS technics. The last part of the book
presents an electrochemical point of view which explains the
surface charges of the oxide at contact with water or other
electrolyte solutions in the frame of Bronsted acido-basicity
concept. Various consequences are deduced from such analyses
illustrated by original measurement of the point of zero charge or
by understanding the basic principles of the electrowetting
experiments.
Dealing with the basics, theory and applications of dynamic
pulsed-field-gradient NMR NMR (PFG NMR), this book describes the
essential theory behind diffusion in heterogeneous media that can
be combined with NMR measurements to extract important information
of the system being investigated. This information could be the
surface to volume ratio, droplet size distribution in emulsions,
brine profiles, fat content in food stuff,
permeability/connectivity in porous materials and medical
applications currently being developed. Besides theory and
applications it will provide the readers with background knowledge
on the experimental set-ups, and most important, deal with the
pitfalls that are numerously present in work with PFG-NMR. How to
analyze the NMR data and some important basic knowledge on the
hardware will be explained, too.
This thesis presents experimental and theoretical investigations of
the connection between the time asymmetry in the short-time
evolution of particle clusters and the intrinsic irreversibility of
turbulent flows due to the energy cascade. The term turbulence
describes a special state of a continuous medium in which many
interacting degrees of freedom are excited. One of the interesting
phenomena observed in turbulent flows is their time
irreversibility. When milk is stirred into coffee, for example,
highly complex and interwoven structures are produced, making the
mixing process irreversible. This behavior can be analyzed in more
detail by studying the dispersion of particle clusters. Previous
experimental and numerical studies on the time asymmetry in
two-particle dispersion indicate that particles separate faster
backwards than forwards in time, but no conclusive explanation has
yet been provided. In this thesis, an experimental study on the
short-time behavior of two- and four-particle dispersion in a
turbulent water flow between two counter-rotating propellers is
presented. A brief but rigorous theoretical analysis reveals that
the observed time irreversibility is closely linked to the
turbulence energy cascade. Additionally, it is demonstrated
experimentally that the addition of minute amounts of polymers to
the flow has a significant impact on multi-particle dispersion due
to an alteration of the energy cascade.
Chemical modelling covers a wide range of disciplines and with the
increase in volume, velocity and variety of information,
researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the
literature in this field. This book is the first stop for any
materials scientist, biochemist, chemist or molecular physicist
wishing to acquaint themselves with major developments in the
applications and theory of chemical modelling. Containing both
comprehensive and critical reviews, its coverage includes materials
for energy storage, nanoflakes, chemical modelling of fluidics near
surfaces and organic solar cells.
State-of-the-art survey by leading experts in the field. Major foci
are superheavy nuclei and neutron-rich exotic nuclei. In addition
new developments in nuclear fission and nuclear cluster decay are
shown. Finally developments in relativistic heavy ion collisions
and the physics of supercritical fields are detailed.
This book addresses recycling technologies for many of the valuable
and scarce materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. A successful
transition to electric mobility will result in large volumes of
these. The book discusses engineering issues in the entire process
chain from disassembly over mechanical conditioning to chemical
treatment. A framework for environmental and economic evaluation is
presented and recommendations for researchers as well as for
potential operators are derived.
This volume describes the application of fluorescence spectroscopy
in polymer research. The first chapters outline the basic
principles of the conformational and dynamic behavior of polymers
and review the problems of polymer self-assembly. Subsequent
chapters introduce the theoretical principles of advanced
fluorescence methods and typical examples of their application in
polymer science. The book closes with several reviews of various
fluorescence applications for studying specific aspects of
polymer-solution behavior. It is a useful resource for polymer
scientists and experts in fluorescence spectroscopy alike,
facilitating their communication and cooperation.
There is an increasing challenge for chemical industry and research
institutions to find cost-efficient and environmentally sound
methods of converting natural resources into fuels chemicals and
energy. Catalysts are essential to these processes and the
Catalysis Specialist Periodical Report series serves to highlight
major developments in this area. This series provides systematic
and detailed reviews of topics of interest to scientists and
engineers in the catalysis field. The coverage includes all major
areas of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis and also specific
applications of catalysis such as NOx control kinetics and
experimental techniques such as microcalorimetry. Each chapter is
compiled by recognised experts within their specialist fields and
provides a summary of the current literature. This series will be
of interest to all those in academia and industry who need an
up-to-date critical analysis and summary of catalysis research and
applications. Catalysis will be of interest to anyone working in
academia and industry that needs an up-to-date critical analysis
and summary of catalysis research and applications. Specialist
Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage
in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading
experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help
the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments
in their field. Each volume in the series is published either
annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for
researchers. www.rsc.org/spr
Many new developments, related to the interpretation and importance
of symmetry relationships, quantum mechanics, general relativity,
field theory and mathematics have occurred in the second half of
the 20th century without having a visible impact on chemical
thinking. By re-examining basic theories, The New Theories for
Chemistry aims to introduce a new understanding of old concepts,
such as electron spin, The Periodic Table and electronegativity.
The book focuses on the new mathematical concepts that enable the
exploration of interactions between particles, waves and fields
within a chemical context, and is packed with examples to support
its arguments. The author adopts a practical approach and topics
are arranged sequentially, from the mathematical basis through to
general concepts. An essential reference source, this book is
suitable for physicists, theoretical and physical chemists, as well
as students and researchers working in the field.
* Re-examines basic theories, such as electronegativity and
electron spin, and introduces new theory
* Full of practical experiments and examples
* Is an excellent single reference source
The first unified treatment of experimental and theoretical
advances in low-temperature chemistry Chemical Dynamics at Low
Temperatures is a landmark publication. For the first time, the
cumulative results of twenty years of experimental and theoretical
research into low-temperature chemistry have been collected and
presented in a unified treatment. The result is a text/reference
that both offers an overview of the subject and contains sufficient
detail to guide practicing researchers toward fertile ground for
future research. Topics covered include:
* Developmental history
* Formulation of general problems and the main approximations used
to solve them
* Specific features of tunneling chemical dynamics
* One-dimensional tunneling in the path integral formalism
* Special problems of two- and multidimensional tunneling
* An extended presentation of pertinent experimental results
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