Almost every aspect of energy and nutrient metabolism is altered by hormonal and other physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation. While it is evident that hormonal adjustments affect nutrient requirements, these are rarely considered when nutrient recommen dations are made for pregnant or lactating women, and often neglected during evaluation of nutritional status. In addition, changes in nutrient metabolism during the stages of pregnancy and oflactation are usually considered separately, while in reality events during pregnancy can have a major influence on nutritional status and nutrient requirements during lactation. The purpose of this volume is to describe changes in the metabolism of important nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, including the physiological basis for these changes and their implications for nutrient requirements and assessment. Authors have considered such issues as inter-relationships between endocrine changes and nutrient metabolism at the tissue, cellular and molecular level; alterations in nutrient binding proteins; the efficiency of nutrient absorp tion and retention; and the impact on maternal as well as fetal nutritional status. Another unique aspect of this book is the focus on pregnancy and lactation as a continuum."

Leading researchers are specially invited to provide a complete understanding of a key topic within the multidisciplinary fields of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology. In a form immediately useful to scientists, this periodical aims to filter, highlight and review the latest developments in these rapidly advancing fields. Chapter "Stationary and Non-Stationary Ion- and Water Flux Interactions in Kidney Proximal Tubule. Mathematical Analysis of Isosmotic Transport by a Minimalistic Model" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Texts on inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) have traditionally focused on classical biochemistry, clinical presentation, and standard treatment approaches. Inborn Errors of Metabolism is an expansion on this model, one that establishes an innovative pathway approach and provides a new authority on this family of disease.
Alongside the standard cadre of molecular and clinical underpinnings, this volume includes coverage of newborn screenings and an overarching treatment of IEMs as complex diseases -- how basic alterations can lead to complex secondary and tertiary effects in metabolism that contribute to increasingly recognized natural histories of disease.

This new book provides an accessible review of the field of lung biology and disease aimed at the graduate or medical student and biomedical researcher. The book starts by considering the anatomy and ultrastructure of the lung and the tracheal and bronchial system, the control of respiration as well as the fundamentals of pulmonary physiology, gas exchange and circulation. This is followed by discussion of the regulation of acid-base balance, high altitude physiology and pathophysiology as well as exercise and the pulmonary system. Chapters follow on the immunology of the lung, lung injury, asthma and emphysema, granulomatous lung disease, inhalation of toxic substances as well as diseases of the small airways. The final chapter considers current research into lung transplantation.

Calcium-Sensing Receptor provides an overview of various aspects of the calcium receptor's biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology that is suitable both for those who have been working in the field of Ca2+0-sensing as well as those who are new to this discipline.
Calcium-Sensing Receptor is the nineteenth volume published in the Endocrine Updates book series under the Series Editorship of Shlomo Melmed, MD.

Welcome to the City of Groningen, the center of the North of the Netherlands. Groningen is proud of the long lasting tradition of scientific symposia organised by the Sanquin Blood Bank. These Sanquin International Symposia on Blood Transfusion have become a true traditional event in Groningen, marking the early academic year and have contributed to the specific reputation of Groningen and its University in the scientific field of Transfusion Medicine. The growing tradition has also contributed to initiatives of both University, Province and the City of Groningen to bring science and industry together - BioMedCity Groningen. Such repu- tion does not just happen, but is the result of creative and scientific leadership, of vision and an open mind, to explore in a team spirit horizons. Groningen is particularly proud of this reputation thanks to its leadership, the Sanquin Blood Bank North-East. This year in particular the theme chosen some two years ago is extremely timely as it illustrates the activities and scientific interest of an integrated team which includes our regional Sanquin Blood Bank North-East and fits in the City initiatives within the concept of BioMedCity, Groningen.

This volume is concerned with the enzymes of the nervous system. Cerebral enzymes form the basis of the functional brain. They are needed for the control of the energetics of the nervous system, whether it be their release or their direction; for the elaboration of transmitters and for their destruction; for the synthesis, transport, and breakdown of all metabolites of the nervous system. They are indispensable for the control of the multitude of factors that govern our thinking and our behavior. They make it possible for us to comprehend what is taking place around us and perhaps to understand what may be in store for us. Enzymes are the stuff of life, and no living cell can be without them. They are the results of many millions of years of evolution, from the time when biological membranes first came into being and were folded to produce the first cells within which the earliest enzymes were wrought. Countless changes have taken place within them, so that, now, only those enzymes exist that play specific roles in the functions of the living cells of today. Those in the nervous system possess a mUltiple role: in the creation, maintenance, and ultimate breakdown of the component cells and in enabling consciousness, perception, memory, and thought to become possible. But though life may go on forever, the enzymes that make life possible will undergo the many changes involved in the evolutionary process.

D. Kamimura, K. Ishihara, T. Hirano: IL-6 Signal Transduction and its Physiological Roles: The Signal Orchestration Model

M. Tanaka and A. Miyajima: Oncostatin M, a Multifunctional Cytokine

G.-J. van de Geijn, L.H.J. Aarts, S.J. Erkeland, J. Prasher, and I.P. Touw: Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and its Receptor in Normal Hematopoietic Cell Development and Myeloid Disease

T. Hanada, I. Kinjyo, K. Inagaki-Ohara and A. Yoshimura: Negative Regulation of Cytokine Signaling by CES/SOCS Family Proteins and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases

J. Kalesnikoff, L.M. Sly, M.R. Hughes, T. B chse, M.J. Rauh, L.-P. Cao, V. Lam, A. Mui, M. Huber, and G. Krystal: The Role of SHIP in Cytokine-Induced Signaling

Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers' understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury.

This book presents the latest knowledge on both the physiological and the microbiological aspects of wound healing. Fresh insights into the process of cutaneous wound healing are described, which involves tissue regeneration and repair processes consisting of a sequence of molecular and cellular events. The management of infected wounds is then discussed in detail, covering the roles of traditional medicine practices, novel anti-infective formulations, non-antibiotic approaches, and probiotic bacteria. A section devoted to the interdisciplinary approach to wound care addresses topics including in vitro and in vivo research models, the development of advanced wound dressings, tissue engineering, and the potential applications of bioscaffolds. The authors are all leading researchers in the field. This book is an attempt to showcase current research status and future directions in the area of wound-healing research, which must be of interest to a large group of readers and researchers interested in this field.

This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the state of knowledge on the role of microbes in inducing autoimmune diseases. The initial chapters address the basic concept and clinical implications of immunology, while the following section discusses the role of genetics, epigenetics, hormones, stochastic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The third section introduces readers to various autoimmune disorders and presents the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. In closing, the book examines the role of intestinal flora in the development of autoimmune diseases, delineates the underlying mechanism responsible for autoimmunity onset, and examines the potential of microbial therapeutics in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for all scientists and clinicians working in immunology, rheumatology and autoimmune diseases.

Cilia are tiny microtubule-based organelles projecting from the plasma membrane of practically all cells in the body. In the past 10 years a flurry of research has indicated a crucial role of this long-neglected organelle in the development and function of the central nervous system. A common theme of these studies is the critical dependency of signal transduction of the Sonic hedgehog, and more recently, Wnt signaling pathways upon cilia to regulate fate decisions and morphogenesis. Both primary and motile cilia also play crucial roles in the function of the nervous system, including the primary processing of sensory information, the control of body mass, and higher functions such as behavior and cognition, serving as "antennae" for neurons to sense and process their environment. In this book we describe the structure and function of cilia and the various tissues throughout the brain and spinal cord that are dependent upon cilia for their proper development and function.

Offers the best, practical approach to motor learning available which is written in language that is easy to understand. Includes market-leading ancillary material, such as an instructors' manual, lecture slides, laboratory activities and a test bank, to aid student learning Fully updated pedagogical features-Cerebral Challenges, Exploration Activities, Putting it into Practice and Research Notes-helping students to contextualise theory in practice and provides interactivity through online resources. Offers exceptional layout of the chapter with online resources, charts and outline of chapter and videos to include in the lecture

Iodine is an essential micronutrient and an integral component of the thyroid hormones, which are required for normal growth and development. The iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) encompass a spectrum of adverse health effects including goiter, cretinism, hypothyroidism, growth retardation, and increased pregnancy loss and infant mortality. This volume summarizes the current understanding of the effects of iodine deficiency as well as iodine excess. It also discusses best practices for salt iodization, the mainstay of global IDD prevention efforts, and other forms of food fortification. The effectiveness of iodine supplementation for vulnerable populations, an evolving strategy in many regions, is also described. Low level environmental exposure to chemicals such as perchlorate and thiocyanate, which competitively block thyroidal iodine uptake, appears to be ubiquitous worldwide. There has been recent concern that such environmental exposures might pose a health hazard by inducing or aggravating underlying thyroid dysfunction. This up-to-date volume explores both the effects of iodine deficiency as well as the best strategies for IDD prevention.

This book is the compilation of papers presented at the International Symposium on in vivo Body Composition Studies, held at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 20 - 23, 1989. The purpose of this conference was to report on advances in techniques for the in vivo measurement of body composition and to present recent data on normal body composition and changes during disease. This conference was the most recent of several meetings on body composition studies, and follows two successful such meetings, one at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1986, and at Edinburgh in 1988. The large number of excellent research papers and posters presented at these conferences demonstrates the rapid growth of the field and the broad interest in the subject of in vivo body composition studies. The proceedings of the Brookhaven meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies", is published by The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, London. Both the Brookhaven and the current Toronto meeting emphasized the clinical applications, together with the techniques employed. The Edinburgh meeting placed more emphasis on the methodological problems and design of instrumentation. Because of the number of papers presented at the meeting it was necessary to ask the authors from the same institution to combine their presentations into a single paper where appropriate. The editors wish to thank the authors for their cooperation and for graciously accepting the minor revisions made to each manuscript.

This book highlights the advancements in different fields of clinical electrophysiology and gives the reader a good background of the established practices. To tackle such a wide topic, the book focuses on two main aspects: ablation and pacing, discussing the novel energy sources and approaches to rhythm restoration and control; devices and signal processing, highlighting the new available technologies and numerical approaches aiding practice and home medicine. It also presents the reader with selected strategies that could be a paradigm shifts for the field: in situ cell reprogramming, exploiting the newly founded achievements in epigenetic modification of somatic cells; artificial intelligence; cardiac digital twinning, which aims to collect the information from imaging, mechanics and electrophysiology and condense it into a patient-specific model for personalized treatment.

Lipids and Women's Health is an up-to-date critical review of pertinent scientific and clinical issues connected with lipid disorders in women. Topics discussed include the public health significance of cardiovascular disease in women, lipoprotein and lipid metabolism, effects of estrogens and progestins on lipid metabolism, metabolic changes of menopause, and the paradox of obesity, a curable disease that is rarely cured, as well as those conceptual advances in our understanding of diabetes mellitus that have clarified diagnosis and may have improved treatment. The relationship of diet and lipid intake to the development of breast and uterine cancer; dietary and drug treatment of lipid disorders; effects of exercise, smoking, and stress; and repercussions of lipid disorders on the family are explored. The volume should prove of use to gynecologists, internists, family practitioners, and pediatricians, as well as to all other professionals with a major concern for the health of female patients.

For fans of Gut by Giulia Enders Eating is the most pleasurable, gross, necessary, unspeakable biological process we undertake. But very few of us realise what strange wet miracles of science operate inside us after every meal - let alone have pondered the results (of the research). How have physicists made crisps crispier? What do laundry detergent and saliva have in common? Was self-styled 'nutritional economist' Horace Fletcher right to persuade millions of people that chewing a bite of shallot seven hundred times would yield double the vitamins? In her trademark, laugh-out-loud style, Mary Roach breaks bread with spit connoisseurs, beer and pet-food tasters, stomach slugs, potato crisp engineers, enema exorcists, rectum-examining prison guards, competitive hot dog eaters, Elvis' doctor, and many more as she investigates the beginning, and the end, of our food.

This book summarizes 20 years of work on the kinetics of blood-brain transfer and metabolism mechanisms in mammalian brain. The substances affiliated with these mechanisms include glucose, amino acids, monocarboxylic acids, and oxygen. These substances are important to energy metabolism and neurotransmission in the mammalian brain at rest and during activation.

To understand the processes addressed by these mechanisms, the book examines the kinetics of compartmentation and compartmental analysis, particularly as they relate to transporter, enzyme, and receptor function. Compartments are subsets of substances separated by transporters and receptors in membranes, and enzymes in cells.

This book is divided in six major chapters covering compartmental analysis, kinetic analysis of transport and metabolism, blood-brain transfer and metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and oxygen, and amino acid metabolism and interaction of amino acid metabolites with receptors.

An essential component of inflammation is the migration of circulating leukocytes from blood into tissues. This process is characterized by a multistep paradigm of sequential cell adhesion and activation events that lead to the extravasation of specific leukocyte subsets to different tissues in health and disease. The first step of leukocyte extravasation, the rolling of leukocytes, is primarily mediated by the interactions of selectins and their ligands. It has recently become evident that fucosyltransferases are crucial for selectin ligand synthesis, inflammation, and skin homing. This book provides an in-depth overview of the mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking and of the molecular mechanisms of selectin/selectin ligand interactions and discusses options for pharmacological intervention to treat inflammatory diseases.

Learn, understand, and master pathophysiology! Corresponding to the chapters in McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 9th Edition, this study guide offers practical activities and detailed case studies to help you review and remember basic pathophysiology and make the connections between theory and practice. Interactive questions provide you with a working knowledge of disease etiology and disease processes - giving you practice applying what you've learned to clinical practice. Best of all, the answers are in the back of the book so that you can check your understanding as you go! More than 1,200 questions in a wide variety of challenging formats cover all areas of pathophysiology. Practice exams provide immediate feedback by helping you understand the rationale behind each answer. Concise chapter summaries highlight need-to-know information and help you quickly review content. Over 120 illustrations appear in active learning exercises to engage and reinforce understanding for visual learners. Answer key in the back of the study guide allows you to check answers and evaluate your progress. NEW! Thoroughly revised and updated information mirrors content from the 9th edition of the McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology textbook. NEW! Over 40 detailed case scenarios provide real-world examples of how pathophysiology is used in the clinical setting, helping you integrate knowledge, develop clinical judgment, and apply theory to practice.

The carotid body arterial chemoreceptors constitute unique sensory receptors capable of monitoring in an instant to instant fashion the levels of arterial blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, capturing any deviations from normality and initiating bodily homeostatic reflexes aimed to correct the detected deviations. Chemoreceptor cells of the carotid body constitute ideal models to study the entire processes of O2-sensing as well as CO2-sensing. The Arterial Chemoreceptors represents an updated review of the physiology of the carotid body chemoreceptors. More importantly, the book presents the trends in the field as it contains results in the topics that are at the frontiers of future developments in O2-sensing in chemoreceptor cells. Additionally, this volume contains data from studies carried out in other O2-sensing tissues including pulmonary vasculature and erythropoietin producing cells. This book should be considered as a prime source of information and as a guideline for every researcher in the field of arterial chemoreception in the years to come. of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension as well as for researchers in the field of erythropoietin.

Comprehensive, single-source coverage of the entire second year of medical school! First Aid for the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems, Third Edition is a unique single-source review of the entire second year medical school curriculum. This full-color, richly illustrated, and engagingly written resource provides readers with a solid understanding of basic sciences relative to human organ systems which all medical students must be familiar. When used with the companion review First Aid for the Basic Sciences: General Principles, Third Edition, this powerful combination distills must-know course information to help students survive their first two years of medical school and provides an in-depth review for the USMLE Step 1. * An essential companion during your first two years of medical school * Includes important foundational content most other reviews leave out * Focuses on the high-yield topics and facts tested on the USMLE Step 1 * Enhanced by full-color images, learning aids, tables, and concise text to streamline your study and help you excel in coursework and on the USMLE Step 1 * Provides a complete framework for understanding anatomy, embryology, pathology, and pharmacology by organ systems * Mirrors the table of contents of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 to facilitate side-by-side study * Written by students who aced the USMLE and reviewed by top faculty