Lippincott (R) Connect Featured Title Purchase of the new print edition of this Lippincott (R) Connect title includes access to the digital version of the book, plus related materials such as videos and multiple-choice Q&A and self-assessments. This updated fourth edition of Hazel Clarkson's Musculoskeletal Assessment: Joint Motion and Muscle Testing offers a student-friendly approach to both Joint Motion and Muscle Testing (MMT) and Range of Motion (ROM). Now in striking full color, the fourth edition provides just the right amount of detail students need to prepare for effective practice. Each chapter is devoted to a separate anatomical region to help physical therapists-in-training hone their understanding of pertinent surface and deep anatomy. The clear narrative outlines the steps of taking the assessments and interpreting the results and is enhanced by a strong art program with meticulously created illustrations and photographs that demonstrate patient and therapist positions and instrument placement. NEW! Full-color photos and colorized line illustrations help students master key techniques and anatomical structures. NEW! Online Practical Testing Forms list the criteria and correct sequence for performing each assessment-an ideal tool for students. NEW! Online Instructor Resources include a Test Bank and pre-loaded PowerPoint slides for use in building course materials and lectures. UNIQUE! Coverage of both muscle testing and goniometry, allows you to cover both topics in just one book. VISUAL: A Physical Therapy video library of over 100 videos covering MMT and ROM is accessible online via thePoint. Clear step-by-step instructions for muscle testing make it easy for students to master key concepts and techniques. Clinical tie-ins give students opportunities to apply the material they are learning to clinical situations. Lippincott (R) Connect features: Full access to the digital version of the book with the ability to highlight and take notes on key passages for a more personal, efficient study experience. Carefully curated resources, such as interactive diagrams, audio and video tutorials, and self-assessment, all designed to facilitate further comprehension. Lippincott (R) Connect also allows users to create Study Collections to further personalize the study experience. With Study Collections you can: Pool content from books across your entire library into self-created Study Collections based on discipline, procedure, organ, concept or other topics. Display related text passages, video clips and self-assessment questions from each book (if available) for efficient absorption of material. Annotate and highlight key content for easy access later. Navigate seamlessly between book chapters, sections, self-assessments, notes and highlights in a single view/page.

The beautiful new edition of this highly successful book, written by Ann and Chris Frederick, directors of the Stretch to Win(R) Institute, is packed with theory and practice, including a host of beautifully illustrated assisted stretches. Fascial Stretch Therapy(TM), Second edition is a practical and highly applicable manual for any massage therapist, movement instructor, physical or occupational therapist, athletic or sports trainer, fitness instructor or osteopath - in fact for any hands-on practitioners who wants to learn new skills and improve therapeutic outcomes. It clearly demonstrates how FST(TM) assessment, treatment, and training are used in a variety of common circumstances encountered in manual therapy and athletic training. What's new for the second edition... Discusses a very brief history of a still expanding and evolving new industry of assisted stretching. It also covers the negative aspects of this trend, including the lack of assessments and specificity and common stretching methods. Approaches are listed so you can compare and contrast. Includes a new Chapter 2 with updates of the highest quality evidence-based research useful to the field of assisted stretching. It includes the authors' own research about the effects of FST(TM) on chronic nonspecific low back pain as well as a discussion about a recent systematic review of the acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals. Lists contraindications and indications for FST(TM) along with new updates to reflect current understandings (e.g. about Golgi tendon organs) with supporting references. Shows how this method will save you time when forming a working hypothesis that will quickly be proven or disproven so that you will have enough time to develop other hypotheses that you can test for efficacy, all within a single session. Includes new photographs and artwork along with new titles to reflect the change in nomenclature from the use of the term 'fascial line(s)' to 'fascial net(s)'.

This highly illustrated book explains the effects of scars and adhesions on the body through the lens of biotensegrity, a concept that recognizes the role of physical forces on their formation, structure and treatment. It includes contributions from specialists in the fields of fascial anatomy, biotensegrity, movement, surgery and other manual therapies. It takes a comprehensive approach to providing a better understanding of these complex issues and will be valuable to every hands-on practitioner. The text is supported with online videos demonstrating five ScarWork therapeutic techniques.

Die Autorin erkrankte in ihrem Leben zwei Mal an Leukamie. Yoga half ihr bei der Bewaltigung der lebensbedrohenden Krankheit und auf ihrem Weg zuruck in ein erfulltes kraftvolles Leben. Ihre Erfahrungen gepaart mit ihrem Wissen als ganzheitliche AErztin mit eigener Yogapraxis gibt sie nun in diesem Buch weiter. Einfach und anschaulich beschreibt sie welche Strategien zur Bewaltigung der bei Krebs haufig auftretenden koerperlichen und mentalen Lebenskrise helfen koennen und wie sich die Geisteshaltung und Lebensfuhrung durch Yoga positiv auf die Krankheit auswirkt. Herzstuck des Buches sind die Yoga-UEbungsanleitungen in Wort und Bild. In einfachen, gut nachvollziehbaren Anleitungen stellt sie UEbungen vor, ihre therapeutische Wirkung und Abwandlungen fur moegliche koerperliche Einschrankungen. Aus Aufwarmubungen, Koerperhaltungen (Asanas) und Atemubungen (Pranayama) kann ein individuelles, vollstandiges UEbungsprogramm zusammengestellt werden. Das Buch richtet sich an Betroffene, sowie an Yogalehrer, Trainer und Physiotherapeuten, aber auch an AErzte und Pflegekrafte in der Onkologie.

With the major redeployment of staff during the Covid-19 pandemic, this authoritative textbook provides a practical resource for healthcare professionals who may be new to acute and critical care settings. Written by nurses for nurses, the book will help readers master patient assessment, non-invasive ventilation, the use of high flow nasal oxygenation and renal care. You will learn about the challenges of resuscitation, leadership and responding to a public health emergency, and effective personal protection and hygiene practices. Covid-19: Critical Care textbook has been written by experts with frontline experience of working in hospitals during the pandemic and will remain relevant for those responding to future infectious disease outbreaks or waves of Covid-19. Self-assessment quizzes to support ongoing learning Suitable for staff re-deployed and those already working in acute and critical care areas Fully illustrated to demonstrate the use of PPE and coronavirus-specific procedures Contributions from key experts who have dealt directly with the disease provide practical insights

Petty's Principles of Musculoskeletal Treatment and Management provides an up-to-date, evidence-based and person-centred guide to musculoskeletal practice. Edited by leading experts Kieran Barnard and Dionne Ryder, with contributions by highly regarded physiotherapists from across the UK, it provides a comprehensive overview of the principles underpinning physiotherapy for musculoskeletal conditions. It covers basic principles for treating muscles, nerves and joints, as well as anatomy and physiology, clinical reasoning and rehabilitation skills. This book is a companion to Petty's Musculoskeletal Examination and Assessment, and together both volumes cover everything students need to know to examine, assess and treat patients. Packed with reflective exercises, illustrations and case studies to bring learning to life Written with students in mind - easy to follow and understand Drawings and photographs to visually enhance descriptions in the text New chapters on serious pathology, vascular presentations and advancing clinical practice Expanded content on patient management Chapter summary podcasts New learning outcomes and reflective exercises throughout

Already integrated successfully in competitive sports, medical treatment and rehabilitation programs, K-Taping therapy offers physical, occupational and speech therapists a wide range of options for the treatment of infants, small children and younger patients. K-Taping can now be integrated into pediatric physiotherapy and speech therapy, aiding in the treatment of a range of conditions including postural defects, deformities of the feet and dysphagia. About the content K-Taping in theory - The properties, function and mode of action of elastic K-Tape - The effects of K-Tape therapy - The fundamentals of K-Tape application - Contraindications K-Taping in practice - The four major application techniques (muscle, ligament, correction and lymph applications) including common indications in children, and practical examples - The appropriate technique for more than 50 medical indications - Step by step guidance with photo series, practical tips and alternative applications About the author Birgit Kumbrink, founder and medical director of the international K-Taping Academy, Dortmund, Germany and one of the most experienced users and teachers of the treatment method internationally. The course companion and practical manual - for therapists, midwives and pediatricians

Interprofessional education (IPE) is becoming a recognized discipline among health care professionals and medical training institutions worldwide. Its significance is especially felt in Japan, where little has been written on the subject although the need is great. Recent initiatives among several institutions have helped to create the Japan Interprofessional Working and Education Network (JIPWEN), comprising ten universities. Through consultation and cooperation with the World Health Organization, other international networks, and local health policy planners, JIPWEN focuses on critical issues and applicable models to assist institutions interested in setting up IPE programs. With contributions from the ten JIPWEN member universities, this book explains in detail the diverse contents of existing IPE programs and provides viable models for the increasing number of institutions aiming to develop their own IPE programs. The chapters that make up the book depict the member institutions' backgrounds, goals, methods, modules, student compositions, facilitation systems, and curricula, providing an invaluable description of IPE initiatives currently under way in Japan.

Gutachten erstellen - dies erfordert Wissen und den Blick uber den Tellerrand! Als Gutachter stellen Sie ihr Fachwissen und ihre Kompetenz Gerichten, Behoerden, Versicherungen und anderen Auftraggebern zur Verfugung. Hier finden Sie alles uber die Grundlagen und Besonderheiten bei der Gutachtenerstellung und profitieren von der langjahrigen Erfahrung der Autoren: Basiswissen nachlesen Rechtsgrundlagen und Aufgaben der Begutachtung Organbezogene Darstellung der Erkrankungen Kausalitaten erkennen und Systematik anwenden In jedem Kapitel enthalten: Diagnostik Krankheitsdefinition Fragen zum Zusammenhang Bewertung nach dem Sozialrecht Fragestellungen aus der Privatversicherung Hinweise zur Prognose Risikobeurteilung und Verbesserung durch Rehabilitation Praxisplus Leitlinien fur die Begutachtung Abrechnungsbeispiele und Tabellen zu Vergutungen Internetadressen NEU: Erweitert um ICF sowie Rechtsgrundlagen fur Schweiz und OEsterreich Sowohl fur jeden arztlichen Gutachter als auch fur den Auftraggeber von Gutachten als Nachschlagewerk bestens geeignet!

Get a multi-dimensional understanding of musculoskeletal anatomy with Anatomy Trains: Myofascial Meridians for Manual Therapists and Movement Professionals, 4th Edition. This hugely successful, one-of-a-kind title continues to center on the application of anatomy trains across a variety of clinical assessment and treatment approaches - demonstrating how painful problems in one area of the body can be linked to a "silent area" away from the problem, and ultimately giving rise to new treatment strategies. This new fourth edition has been fully updated with the latest evidence-based research and includes new coverage of anatomy trains in motion using Pilates-evolved movement, anatomy trains in horses and dogs, and the updated fascial compendium on elements, properties, neurology, and origins of the fascial system. This new edition also features an enhanced eBook format included with purchase as well as new photos and images throughout both text versions. In all, this unique exploration of the role of fascial in healthy movement and postural distortion is an essential read for physical therapists, massage therapists, craniosacral therapists, yoga instructors, osteopathologists, manual therapists, athletic and personal trainers, dance instructors, chiropractors, acupuncturists, and any professional working in the field of movement. Revolutionary approach to the study of human anatomy provides a holistic map of myoanatomy to help improve the outcomes of physical therapies that are traditionally used to manage pain and other musculoskeletal disorders. Relevant theory descriptions are applied to all common types of movement, posture analysis, and physical treatment modalities. Intuitive content organization allows students to reference the concept quickly or gain a more detailed understanding of any given area according to need. Section on myofascial force transmission in gait dynamics is written by guest author James Earls. Robust appendices discuss the relevance of the Anatomy Trains concept to the work of Dr Louis Schultz (Meridians of Latitude), Ida Rolf (Structural Integration), and correspondences with acupuncture meridians. New photos and images of fascial tissues, adhesions, and layers provide a better understanding of text content. Revised and expanded content reflects the most up-to-date research and latest evidence for the scientific basis of common clinical findings. New, larger library of videos includes animations and webinars with the author. New Anatomy Trains in Motion section by guest author Karin Gurtner uses Pilates-evolved movement to explore strength and plasticity along myofascial meridians. New addition: Anatomy Trains in Quadrupeds (horses and dogs) is mapped for equine and pet therapies by Rikke Schultz, DVM, Tove Due, DVM, and Vibeke Elbrond, DVM, PhD. New appendix: Updated fascial compendium on elements, properties, neurology, and origins of the fascial system. NEW! enhanced eBook version is included with print purchase, which allows students to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice, 6th Edition, is the only text that bridges the gap between current and emerging motor control research and its application to clinical practice. Written by leading experts in the field, this classic resource prepares users to effectively assess, evaluate, and treat clients with problems related to postural control, mobility, and upper extremity function using today's evidence-based best practices. This extensively revised 6th Edition reflects the latest advances in research and features updated images, clinical features, and case studies to ensure a confident transition to practice. Each chapter follows a consistent, straightforward format to simplify studying and reinforce understanding of normal control process issues, age-related issues, research on abnormal function, clinical applications of current research, and evidence to support treatments used in the rehabilitation of patients with motor control problems. New and revised content in every chapter keeps students at the forefront of motor control research. Consistent, straightforward presentation simplifies studying and reinforces student's understanding of normal control process issues, age-related issues, research on abnormal function, and clinical applications of current research, including methods for assessing, evaluating, and treating clients with motor dyscontrol in each area, and research evidence that support these treatments. Lab Activities provide valuable practice applying chapter concepts. Clinical tests and measures familiarize students with the latest assessment methods and procedures; also provided is the latest research related to interpreting tests and measure results. High-quality figures clarify concepts underlying anatomy and physiology. Chapter Summaries reinforce understanding of key takeaways at a glance. Case Studies demonstrate concepts in action. Companion videos available online guide students through the application of concepts to real-life physical therapy and rehabilitation scenarios.

Das Praxisbuch "Funktionelles Training mit Hand- und Kleingeraten" bietet Therapeuten, Trainern, Sportlehrern und UEbungsleitern ein grosses Spektrum von UEbungen und Variationen zu den gebrauchlichsten Handgeraten wie Thera-Band, Tube und Gymstick, Gewichte wie Kurz- und Langhantel, Gewichts- und Medizinballe, Fitness-Ball, Stabilisatonstrainer, Flowin, Propriomed und Stab. Auch die wesentlichen Hintergrundinfos uber Krafttraining, Sensomotorisches Training, Sportmotorische Tests fur Erwachsene, Besonderheiten im Training mit alteren Menschen und Jugendlichen usw. werden in Kurzform dargestellt. Als Praxisbuch fur die Kurs- und Therapieplanung ist es unentbehrlich, z.B. wenn es um die Auswahl von UEbungen nach einem bestimmten Trainingsziel geht, um das Zusammenstellen von Stundenbildern fur Kursprogramme oder von individuellen Heimprogrammen fur Kunden bzw. Patienten oder um das Konzipieren spezieller Trainingsprogramme fur ein bestimmtes Handgerat.

Von B. Werbeck und I. Spirgi-Gantert voellig neu bearbeitet und inhaltlich wie formal rundum modernisiert: - besser lesbar und leichter zuganglich - mit farbigen Lernhilfen und Zeichnungen - praxisbezogen durch zahlreiche Beispiele - Neu: Grundlagen der Gangschulung und Ausblicke auf Behandlungstechniken und UEbungen Als Standardwerk in der Physiotherapie leitet es Therapeuten in der Ausbildung an, o normale und von der Norm abweichende Bewegung und Haltung prazise zu beobachten, o dem Patienten in der Behandlung richtiges Bewegungsverhalten zu vermitteln und o seine aktive Wahrnehmung dafur zu schulen.

Die Brunkowtherapie, jetzt Akrodynamik, ist ein ganzheitliches Bahnungssystem, basierend auf der Grundlage idealmotorischer Bewegungsmuster. Ursprunglich von Roswitha Brunkow als isometrische Stemmfuhrung entwickelt, hat sich die Therapieform stark weiter entwickelt und in ihrer Anwendung verandert.

Lesen Sie hier alles, was Sie als Physiotherapeut uber die moderne Anwendungsform wissen mussen: Prinzipien der TherapieBehandlung im konservativen und postoperativen Bereichen

Akrodynamik ist Bestandteil der schulischen Physiotherapieausbildung, es wird als Wahlpflichtfach an Fachhochschulen angeboten sowie als modularisierte Weiterbildung.

Ein Lehrbuch und Nachschlagewerk fur die Ausbildung in der Physiotherapie, dem Studium und in der Praxis. "

The Pelvic Girdle continues to provide the busy clinician with the latest evidence and clinical tools/knowledge to immediately impact and enhance daily practice for the management of lumbopelvic-hip pain and disability. This fourth edition has changed fundamentally in presentation and content to provide the clinician with the evidence and clinical tools for effective practice. The new model presented in this edition - The Integrated Systems Model and the Clinical Puzzle - co-developed by Diane Lee & Linda-Joy Lee, facilitates effective clinical reasoning, hypothesis development and prescriptive treatment. It is highly unlikely that there will ever be enough research evidence to mee the needs of a clinician who is faced with patients presenting with a wide and variable range of single and multiple impairments every day. Clinical expertise (knowing how to do the right thing at the right time) comes from disciplined, reflective practice and it is hoped that this text will help more clinicians become expert in this field. Presents an evidence-based approach to the examination, diagnosis and treatment of the lumbopelvic region Easy to read and clinican friendly Demonstrates how clinicians can translate knowledge derived from scientific research into clinical practice and also use knowledge gained from clinical practice to evaluate the relevance of the scientific research Highly illustrated descriptions of tests and techniques for practice The author team - Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee and Andry Vleeming - all have international reputations as clinicians and researchers Book now available in full colour online! Website! Log on to www.thepelvicgirlde.com and use your unique PIN code from inside the book to unlock the following: Over 240 tests and techniques video clips demonstrating the clinical application of TheIntegrated Systems Model Full colour e-book Further case studies Historical perspectives and the evolution of myths

This beautifully illustrated volume provides a comprehensive guide to fascia-focused movement in original and contemporary Pilates mat, reformer, and studio applications. Each of the book's 14 chapters illustrates how each principle of fascia-focused movement is expressed in Pilates exercise. In addition to a comprehensive exercise compendium, Fascia in Motion includes chapters on specialized applications of fascia-focused movement in Pilates including: Pilates fascia-focused movement for aging well Pilates fascia-focused movement for computer posture Pilates fascia-focused movement for osteoporosis Pilates fascia-focused movement for hip and knee replacement The text is supplemented with links to video of Elizabeth Larkam demonstrating each of the exercises personally. A truly stunning achievement and the synthesis of a lifetime's dedication to the art and science of Pilates.

Functional taping is now recognised as a skill which is essential for those involved in the treatment and rehabilitation of sports injuries and many other conditions such as muscle imbalances, unstable joints and neural control. This exceptional new Pocketbook of Taping Techniques is the replacement for the highly successful text which was also edited by Rose Macdonald. It incorporates all the basic techniques vital to the practice of good taping but also includes chapters on new evidence-based procedures written by experts from around the world. To aid in the development of these techniques, this pocketbook demonstrates many new methods which may be used as indicated or modified to suit the clinical situation. Structured by body region with highly-illustrated descriptions of relevant taping techniquesCovers all aspects of functional tapingNew techniques to alter muscle activity and proprioception based on scientific evidenceHandy, portable size for easy reference in the field

Foreword from a Clinical Biomechanist, Applied Physiologist and Prosthetist teaching graduate students in Prosthetics & Orthotics. While there are many books on Biomechanics, arguably the quintessential science of limb prosthetics, none addresses the fundamental principles in sufficient detail and depth to be practically useful to the prosthetist, rehabilitation specialist or researcher. Dr. Pitkin's monograph is an exemplary collection of theoretical principles from his research and o- ers, presented in its clinical and applied biomechanics form. The textbook provides an excellent overview of the many facets of lower limb prosthetic design and engineering for the ardent clinician researcher and student. The book delves into many of the basic concepts that are required knowledge for the clinician and the scientist to have as the foundation for their work. Dr. Pitkin has an e- quent manner in which he reflects on the history and literature to tell the storied evolution of prosthetic design . He takes the reader on a journey to consider his theories, which have substantive foundations to contemplate. By the end of chapter one, we have the basic h- tory and an appreciation for the rationale behind the "rolling joint ankle" with evidence to support his theoretical views.

The book focuses on the practical application of articulation and mobilisation techniques with clear explanations and visual support of the techniques. Techniques are described for all body regions. Most other books for therapists include only one chapter on these important techniques. This book covers a variety of best practise techniques for all areas of the body. Examples are given to show how to adapt the techniques with the patient in different positions. It also addresses the use of these techniques on children, the elderly and pregnant women. The mechanisms of each technique are explained with reference to the related anatomy and physiology. Information is also given to help the therapist use the techniques safely (for both themselves and their patients) by adapting their own stance and posture to get maximum effect with minimum effort.

The modern world can present the body as a machine that just needs to be regularly exercised. However, it is a remarkably sensitive organ in which a lot of our pain and hope is stored and that we need to interpret and handle with subtlety. This impact of our body upon our mind is something which needs to be explored as it is easy to pay attention to one more than the other and to to ignore the crucial balance between the two. This is a book filled with reflections and exercises designed to help us live more harmoniously and maturely within both mind and body. It gives guidance on how to calm our minds with bodily exercises that work on the real sources of our anxieties. It suggests how to be less rigid in, and timid about, our bodies and how to relax into them in a way we might not have done for far too long. It offers ideas on how to accept the way we look, and how to treat the body in order for it to assist the mind in yielding its very best ideas. The impacts of activities such as singing, dancing and art are explored along with the liberation of spirit that these might offer. This is a book, both theoretical and practical, that will improve our relationship between our physical and mental selves and allow us a route to a life of greater self-assurance, wisdom and freedom to be ourselves.

This book reflects the need for integral approach to physiotherapy. It is a book which can be used as a reference by the physiotherapy undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians and clinical physiotherapists. This book aims at developing clinical reasoning and problem solving approach in treating various orthopedic conditions as well as providing theoretic base along. This book also seeks to teach the fundamental approach to physiotherapy practice so that the diagnosis and physiotherapy treatment are merged into established pattern. It elaborates the detailed information of all the possible musculoskeletal conditions with their pathophysiology, symptoms, epidemiology, assessment and diagnosis along with their surgical and nonsurgical management based on current rationale. This book includes the most accepted established exercise protocol which is an important way to provide evidence-based practice. An outstanding source of reference for clinical physiotherapists. Structured in accord of undergraduate and postgraduate physiotherapy course curriculums. Numerous illustrations, flowcharts and pictorial presentations have been used so as to make the reader clearly understand the concepts. Easy language makes this typical subject easy to understand even for naive readers. Covering a wide range of topics to develop necessary knowledge and skill for planning appropriate management.

Newly updated and revised, Physical Therapy Documentation: From Examination to Outcome, Third Edition provides physical therapy students, educators, and clinicians with essential information on documentation for contemporary physical therapy practice. Complete and accurate documentation is one of the most essential skills for physical therapists. In this text, authors Mia L. Erickson, Rebecca McKnight, and Ralph Utzman teach the knowledge and skills necessary for correct documentation of physical therapy services, provide guidance for readers in their ethical responsibility to quality record-keeping, and deliver the mechanics of note writing in a friendly, approachable tone. Featuring the most up-to-date information on proper documentation and using the International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities, and Health (ICF) model as a foundation for terminology, the Third Edition includes expanded examples across a variety of practice settings as well as new chapters on: Health informatics Electronic medical records Rules governing paper and electronic records Billing, coding, and outcomes measures Instructors in educational settings can visit www.efacultylounge.com for additional materials to be used for teaching in the classroom. An invaluable reference in keeping with basic documentation structure, Physical Therapy Documentation: From Examination to Outcome, Third Edition is a necessity for both new and seasoned physical therapy practitioners.

Musculoskeletal Pain - Assessment, Prediction and Treatment presents a common sense approach to interpreting and applying existing clinical knowledge and new research to help clinicians make sense of the complex phenomena of acute and chronic post-traumatic musculoskeletal pain. Built upon the Assess, Predict, Treat framework, the authors offer a method to help clinicians better understand their patients' pain. They present evidence-based decision tools to predict the natural and clinical course of common conditions, such as neck and low back pain, and they then synthesize that information into a logical, integrated treatment approach, which respects the individuality of the patient, the experiences of the clinician, and the value of evidence-informed practice. David Walton and James Elliott are leaders in the field of post-traumatic pain and recovery. Their work provides a valuable framework to facilitate novice clinicians in their transition towards experts and helps mid- and late-stage clinicians better interpret, synthesize, and discuss complex information on pain with the goal of optimised outcomes for patients.