The Fascial and Membrane Technique developed by Peter Schwind combines the fundamental thoughts from Ida Rolfs Structural Integration with concepts of Osteopathy. With this a successful combination of form-stabilising and mobilising techniques has emerged. Due to this holistic approach the concept will appeal to all manual working therapists. The main emphasis of this book is on diagnostic and treatment of the breathing patterns manifest in the myofascial system; minimalistic as well as global application joint techniques; visceral techniques in the myofascial context; and special treatment techniques in the craniosacral area, eg for mandibular joint dysfunction, care of the upper jaw after implants and for the after effects of a whiplash injury. Includes comprehensive information on therapy from head to foot with descriptions of the anatomic correlations. Clearly describes the theoretical and practical principles so difficult concepts are easily understandable. Detailed, easily transposed instructions about treatments allow the reader to put the concepts into practice with ease. Photographically documented movements show real examples of topics discussed.

This easy to follow and portable reference guide is the first International dictionary and glossary specific to physiotherapy. This is a highly illustrated collection of terms, concepts and definitions that student and qualified physiotherapists need to know and will encounter in their study programmes. It has contributions from many of the top names in the field of Physiotherapy. Expanding on simple definitions, Dictionary of Physiotherapy covers important themes and topics with accompanying diagrams, notes and web links. Many themes and topics related to physiotherapy are addressed, making the scope of this book much broader than a traditional dictionary. In-depth entries are provided for musculoskeletal and spinal terms, respiratory terms, neurological terms, psychosocial terms, electrotherapy terms, research terms, and general medical and surgical terms, as well as academic terms. A helpful appendix describes how to write academic essays and assignments. Common medical abbreviations, prefixes, and suffixes are listed for convenient reference. Vibrant illustrations clarify complex concepts and techniques.

An advanced introduction to the field of structural bodywork which focusses on the issues of postural and functional dysfunction. The text builds on the theories of Ida Rolf (Rolfing) and Feldenkrais and reviews them in the broader context of massage therapy and other complementary therapies based on bodywork techniques including chiropractic. The book is in 3 main parts. Part 1 looks at the background of structural bodywork and how it has developed before defining it as it is understood today. Part 2 looks at the theory of structural body work in more depth and relates it to human anatomy and clinical presentations. It draws together various strands of theory and practice which have not been considered together before but are all related to bodywork practice. Part 3 is a major part of the book and is a practical guide to structural bodywork techniques. This latter section is highly illustrated with photographs and line drawings. Content is highly readable, academically sound, and grounded firmly in bodywork practice. Previously unrelated theories are discussed and applied to practice. The well-known theories of Rolf and Feldenkrais are reviewed. A comprehensive practical manual section provides numerous techniques and models for a variety of musculoskeletal skeletal problems. Numerous illustrations provide a better understanding of text content.

This book is based on the evidence from research undertaken by the authors over a number of years. The significance of these findings to the treatment and prevention of low back pain are now widely acknowledged, not only among researchers but also, and perhaps more importantly, among practitioners concerned with the management and prevention of back pain. In this new edition they have taken the opportunity to extend the scope of the book to accommodate the most recent evidence, which has emerged since the first edition was published in 1999. This is an important book in that it not only presents the evidence but also gives practical guidance on how the findings may be applied in everyday practice. This new edition will continue to provide an indispensable practical reference source for all those working in the field of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. * Written by 3 of the foremost researchers in the field, the material features a high level of credibility and respect, unlikely to be found in any other reference on musculoskeletal dysfunction. * Coverage offers the most up-to-date information available, as it is based on the very latest research from the key workers in the field around the world * Practical examples demonstrate the clinical relevance of the research to the student and busy practitioner * The text presents a new, problem-solving approach to back pain assessment and management, based on the latest understanding of the anatomy, physiology and biomechanics involved. * Extensive illustrations, line diagrams, and photographs complement the text with visual aides. * Many new illustrations help the reader to understand key points. * The text includes new, detailed information on Panjabi's model, the passive system, the neural system, the muscle system, and the dysfunctions in each system and their interrelationships. * Refocused material provides the reader with knowledge necessary to real-life practice by placing new emphasis on the principles relating to injury prevention and its importance for reducing health costs. * Expanded coverage of issues of the neural spine and ergonomics help the reader come to a thorough understanding of this important topic. * Information on acute and early intervention now provides comprehensive coverage. * The inclusion of issues relating to the management of chronic pain conditions helps to present the latest important issues in the field. * The integration between the local and global muscle systems explains the importance and relationship of these two topics. * New therapeutic exercises and other treatment programs keep the reader up-to-date.

At the time the first edition was written, there was a need for a well -referenced text to interpret and analyze current scientific knowledge in clinical practice and to provide a clinically applicable text in the musculoskeletal area of physiotherapy that was academically rigorous. The second edition builds upon the foundation provided in the first edition and introduces new material in areas previsouly lacking in evidence. The second edition uses a similar approach to that of the first edition. That is, the evidence is examined and application to the clinical setting discussed. In the first edition, the paradigm of contemoprary physiotherapy practice was explored . In the second more detailed information is presented about the explicit and implicit assumptions which form the basis of current practice. * The section on bone and bone health will be expanded. A new section on ageing bone will be included, and also a section on prevention and management of osteoporosis * The use of questionnaires in the history will be thoroughly revised. The section will be expanded to include more of the appropriate questionnaires and their reliability and validity will be evaluated. * Outcome measures were previously mentioned in various parts of the text. The importance of outcome measures will be made more explicit and will become a whole chapter. Expanded coverage of bone and bone health will help the reader attain a more sufficient level of knowledge on the topic. New information on ageing bones and prevention and management of osteoporosis provides material necessary to real-world practice. Revised questionnaire in the history now includes more of the appropriate questions, as well as evaluations of reliability and validity. Greater emphasis on outcome measures provides the reader with a more thorough knowledge of this increasingly important topic.

Acupuncture has long been recognised as complementing the practice of physiotherapy. Acupuncture in Physiotherapy is written for physiotherapists who have already received a basic training in acupuncture and who wish to extend their practice and achieve an intermediate standard of knowledge. It links the philosophies of Traditional Chinese Medicine with the theory and practice of Western science in a single, clearly written and highly readable text. Acupuncture in Physiotherapy addresses the important issues on appropriate acupuncture research methodologies, particularly that of placebo control, and enables the reader to judge the quality of RCT evidence. It also examines more recent research into the mechanisms of acupuncture. Treatment vignettes are included throughout the text to demonstrate the immediate relevance of the sophisticated and subtle TCM thinking to modern physiotherapy practice. Research papers and texts are cited where they support TCM theory. Val Hopwood is an experienced practitioner and is well known for her acupuncture courses. Her ecumenical approach to the subject avoids an abstract separation of the two strands of acupuncture and in its juxtaposition of science and mythology provides a stimulating and original survey. Full of insights, this book will be required reading not only for physiotherapists but any health professional who uses acupuncture in their practice.

A systematic, integrated approach to manual assessment of the spine and its related articulations. Presented in a way which will fit into any chiropractic curriculum and written at a level suitable for undergraduate students and newly qualified practitioners. Observational and manual techniques of examination and assessment are described and discussed and guidance is given on how the findings may be recorded and analysed in order to arrive at an appropriate working diagnosis. The book is highly illustrated with line drawings, radiographs and photographs. The coverage presents a fully comprehensive approach to spinal assessment and the techniques involved. Recognition of other professional groups acknowledges their aspects of techniques, as well as providing the reader with relevant knowledge that is now becoming part of chiropractic practice. Key points and tips, practical learning tasks, and strong visual design help teach various aspects of chiropractic practice. Vivid illustrations, including photographs, radiographs, and line diagrams, aid the reader in learning what is under the skin, so that they know what they can feel, as well as what they can see. The content will provide a sound base for learning about treatment and for putting it into practice. Essential for safe referral, the material encourages organized and coherent history-taking and recording of findings in a way that can easily be referred to by other practitioners.

This is a medical text book aimed at all health care professionals who care for patients with back pain. It is a book for health professionals about the understanding and management of back pain. It has become established as one of the leading examples of a biopsychosocial approach to medicine. It sets out to challenge unsubstantiated beliefs regarding the best way to treat and manage back pain and to create an interdisciplinary debate on the subject. Patients and society are demanding more effective approaches to this huge problem. This requires a radical rethink among professionals about their individual contributions to the problem. This book is about the revolution that is taking place in this area. Gordon Waddell is the world authority on the topic of the back pain revolution. The content addresses huge problems of concern to many disciplines and governments. The unbiased, open-minded view looks at the issues and the evidence and invites the readers to consider, debate, and agree on the best course of action. Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the problem offers both interventionist and conservative approaches to treatment, psychosocial issues, economic factors, patient education, and prevention. A new chapter on Occupational Health Guidelines keeps the reader up-to-date. New information allows the book to expand on the insights of the previous edition, which was considered a classic text. More social and work-related research and material provides information on these important issues. Updated guidelines and references make this resource one of the best for current practice. The new illustrations, graphs, tables, and education handouts present Waddell's theory in a fresh, new way that aids in the reader's understanding.

The introduction of increased levels of physical activity and exercise have the potential to benefit people of all ages and may decrease reported levels of health care utilisation. Health management in this area has led to a growth in physical activity promotion schemes through primary health care providers. However, physical activity and exercise need to be maintained in order retain these benefits, and this may require additional knowledge and skills on behalf of the health practitioner to attain long-term adherence. Different theoretical models have been described that could assist in maintaining exercise adherence and there is a need for health care professionals to have access to effective strategies that can be used to increase adherence to prescribed exercise.

A comprehensive text providing information regarding pathophysiology, clinical presentation and an integrative management approach for a string of pathologies. Provides a multitude of photographs and illustrations for easier and clear understanding. Easy to comprehend language. An essential text and reference resource for undergraduate and postgraduate physical therapy students. An invaluable resource for the practicing physical therapist working in the field of rehabilitation. An integration of evidence with clinical practice. Assists in the development of the clinical approach (clinical examination, goals, expected outcomes, plan of care, follow-up care) towards a patient or client.

The manual provides a complete overview of the clinical assessment, diagnosis and rehabilitation of pelvic floor dysfunctions. The book will help physical therapist students, practicing physical therapists or medical professionals to reinvent the world of pelvic floor rehabilitation with needful details about the anatomy, physiology, causes of pelvic floor dysfunctions, associated pathologies, types of pelvic floor muscle dysfunctions and sexual dysfunction in female and male along with different pelvic floor dysfunctions in female, male and pediatric population. This book also mentions different efficient techniques of pelvic floor evaluation, methodologies and treatment options for common pelvic floor muscles condition. A complete overview of functional anatomy, dysfunctions, causes, types of dysfunctions (hypertonus, hypotonus, incoordination, visceral), clinical assessment, diagnosis and rehabilitation of pelvic floor conditions in female, male and children. Evaluation and rehabilitation for conditions like vaginal laxity, urinary incontinence (stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence and mixed incontinence), pelvic organ prolapse, sexual dysfunction, pelvic pain, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, vaginismus and dyspareunia in female. Evaluation and rehabilitation for conditions like erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, postvoidal dribbling, prostatitis, postprostatectomy rehabilitation and pelvic pain in male have been discussed. Evaluation and rehabilitation for conditions like enuresis and encopresis in children. Het's MMT, Het's SERF Assessment, Het's Ring Clock Assessment, Het's RR Scale and HPP guidelines. Most simplified practical approach to noninvasive, transvaginal and transrectal evaluation and rehab. Functioning of multiple types of biofeedback and rehabilitation devices like ultimate noninvasive, smart and extremely efficient technology PF360 for urogenital/urogynec/ anorectal rehabilitation. Basics of medical and surgical management of conditions related to pelvic floor dysfunctions.

This book covers most of the syllabus of well known universities like Gujarat University, Saurastra University, RK University, Rajiv Gandhi University, etc. Students will get all the necessary information from one book in easy to understand way. A reference guide for physiotherapy students and clinicians. Contains all the information about obstetric physiotherapy and also covers the advance topics like painless labor and water birth. Contains all the relative and basic information about anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system and details of biomechanics. Language of the book is easy to understand. Enriched with tables and pictures. Focused on evidence-based information. Important matters have been highlighted. Sample questions are given at the end of each chapter.

The only pathology textbook written specifically for physical therapy, this edition continues to provide practical and easy access to information on specific diseases and conditions as they relate to physical therapy practice. Coverage includes guidelines, precautions, and contraindications for interventions with patients who have musculoskeletal or neuromuscular problems, as well as other medical conditions such as diabetes or heart disease. Logically organized content offers at-a-glance access to essential information on common illnesses, diseases, adverse drug effects, organ transplantation, laboratory values, and more to ensure the most reliable and effective physical therapy for patients. Up-to-date coverage with contributions from more than 100 content experts in pathology and physical therapy. Revised content throughout provides the most current information required to be an effective practitioner. Full-color interior design, photos, and illustrations visually reinforce key concepts. A Therapist's Thoughts offers personal and clinical insights from experienced therapists specializing in cancer, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, women's health, lymphedema, psychological problems, and much more. Special Implications for the Therapist boxes provide information and ideas to consider when formulating a plan of care that addresses precautions, contraindications, and best practice specific to physical therapy. Current information on conditions, medical testing and treatment, and practice models keeps students up to date on the latest research findings and recent changes in the field. Key information presented in an at-a-glance format is organized by body system for easy reference. Basic science information addresses the clinical implications of disease within the rehabilitation process, covering common illnesses and diseases, adverse effects of drugs, organ transplantation, laboratory values, and much more. Coverage includes updated information on standard precautions. Separate chapter addresses laboratory tests and values that are important in physical therapy practice. Separate appendix provides guidelines for activity and exercise. A focus on health promotion and disease prevention is featured throughout the text. NEW! Enhanced eBook version is included with print purchase, which allows students to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. NEW! Completely reconfigured introductory chapters recognize how much physical consequences of trauma, social isolation, and psychiatric disorders affect recovery from pathology, and how integration of self-regulation into intervention is key to the future of practice. NEW! Expanded content on the role of epigenetics in optimizing exercise-based interventions (a concept referred to as "precision physical therapy") addresses its increasing importance in physical rehabilitation management as it relates to pathology, individual diseases, risk factors, and patient responses to physical therapy interventions. NEW! Coverage of the latest discoveries and findings in the science of quantum physics, mind-body connection, and consciousness-based energy medicine. NEW! Information on genomics and regenerative medicine as they relate to physical therapy practice. NEW! Helpful references and additional boxes/tables are available in the eBook. UPDATED! Evidence-based content with more than 7,000 references ensures content is current and applicable for today's physical therapists and physical therapist students.

Previously published as A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke, the authors have produced a completely revised and updated version of this essential guide to task- and context-specific exercise and training for the optimal functional recovery of stroke patients. The guidelines are based on scientific rationale and the latest clinical research and cover a range of critical everyday actions, while the modern and accessible format with many new photographs and line drawings ensures maximum clarity and practicality. Written by two acknowledged experts in their field, Stroke Rehabilitation presents Carr and Shepherd's internationally respected system of stroke rehabilitation. The clear and comprehensive linking of science and clinical practice make this an indispensable volume for physiotherapists, occupational therapists and all those involved in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke.Presents Carr and Shepherd's well-known and internationally followed programme on stroke and neurological physiotherapy Replaces the popular A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke - made up-to-date and applicable to contemporary practice Can be used as a companion text to Carr & Shepherd's Neurological Rehabilitation Rigourously researched and evidence-based The only textbook bridging the gap between science and clinical practice that concentrates on stroke Written specifically with physiotherapists in mind - so appropriate for students as well as more advanced practitioners Many more references than before - helping to provide the evidence for clinical practice New illustrations - easy to read and navigate. Protocols presented in a step by step format, highlighting critical components, adaptive movements and what to do to help plan treatment More information on both biomechanics and exercise - giving the reader crucial, current information Completely redesigned with a new easy to follow layout All the pictures are new to illustrate the treatment protocols New in paperback - easier to carry around or use in practice.

This book on spinal restabilization techniques is an anatomical, biomechanical, clinical, radiological, and surgical overview of the diagnostic methods and newest treatment options for use in patients presenting with degenerative disc disease associated with spinal instability. Edited by a Neurosurgeon and a Neuroradiologist with extensive experience in these areas, it covers the most current information in the field of modern spinal corrective surgery. The varied therapeutic options are presented by many of the primary inventors and first users of the wide array of newly developed and individually unique intersegmental stabilization devices, interbody disc fusion appliances and intervertebral disc replacement implants. This international collection of chapters is intended to be of interest not only to spine surgeons, but also to any physician involved in the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative disc disease and spinal instability that is resistant to conservative management.

This book aims to present, in a single volume, the best of modern massage research. While research indicates that 1 in 3 Americans use alternative health care modalities, little research has been completed and disseminated in the area of massage therapy. This volume will present about ten chapters in areas of research probably including studies of massage for: stress (post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, depression, abuse), spinal cord injuries, enhancing growth (pregnancy and infancy), pain reduction (rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, migraine, and fibromyalgia), pediatrics, the elderly, increasing employee satisfaction (chair massage), enhancing cognition (alertness, autism), and/or immunity (HIV, cancer).The first text to provide the evidence which the profession is looking for to support its practice - BRINGS IT ALL TOGETHER IN ONE BOOK. Editorial comment will show the relevance of the research evidence to the day to day work of the practitioner Brings together material which at the moment is not readily available to the non-academic therapist Up to date and credible- the latest and most important findings by the key names Common structure to all chapters will make it easier for the reader not used to reading research to follow. Readable, reliable, referenced.

Focusing on assessment through therapist-driven protocols, this valuable tool provides an overview of the assessment process and fundamentals needed for success. It offers discussion of the top five treatment protocols: oxygen, hyperinflation , bronchial hygiene and bronchodilator therapies, as well as mechanical ventilation. Using a case study approach, students learn to manage an entire case from beginning to end. Each time they assess the patient, they use the SOAP format: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan reasoning, giving them practice in documenting history and developing care plans.

Completely revised, much of the existing text has been replaced and updated. There are four new chapters covering simple wrist fractures, nerve compression, tendon entrapment and free tissue transfers. Many of the illustrations have been updated with new pictures added to illustrate the new chapters. Welcomed by both doctors and therapists intending to specialize in the subject, or those who regularly encounter hand patients in the course of general practice, this text is an accessible, quick reference book for all those involved in this difficult area of rehabilitation. With its new content and attractive new format, the popularity of this book is assured. * new format makes practical use of this book even easier and helps to locate the information quickly * brevity has been maintained while sufficient theoretical background still provides a rationale for treatment * emphasis is on a practical, step-by-step approach to pre- and postoperative management

Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury helps the reader develop a deeper understanding of the pathology and effects of any significant traumatic insult to the brain. This understanding is essential for all of those contributing to the lengthy process of rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Physiotherapists have a key role to play in this process, which continues long after patients are discharged from acute care provision. Therapists may encounter traumatic brain injury survivors in neuro-rehabilitation units, non-specialist wards, outpatient departments or in the community. This book will provide all those involved in such service provision with an understanding of the importance of their role in the ongoing rehabilitation process. Those reading the book will find it increases their knowledge and understanding of the problems faced by affected patients and their families. It will also help them to define their own role as therapists, whether working in hospital or in the community, within the lengthy and ongoing rehabilitation process.Defines the role of the therapist within the rehabilitation team Stresses the need to understand the ongoing nature of rehabilitation beyond the acute care phaseHighlights the impact upon the clients and their families of the non-physical and often less obvious deficits resulting from brain injury Provides a source of ideas for more effective rehabilitation managementRaises issues to stimulate wider debate

For physical therapists practising, or with an interest in, acupuncture and related techniques, this book provides a complete introduction with pointers for further study. It will equip the physical therapist with a number of basic techniques to incorporate straight away into practice. Clear criteria are given for decision-making. The focus is on conditions commonly encountered by physical therapists, particularly musculoskeletal conditions. The text is supported by clear illustrations.Editors and contributors represent the international experts in their respective fields Takes a very practical approach -- scene-setting chapters cover theory and research, and basic techniques are covered in the text with illustrations Case studies help relate theory to practice and aid decision-making Self-testing exercises at the end of each chapter aid learning

Drawing together current research by physiotherapists, physicians and psychologists, Moving in on Pain is a collection of papers presented at the landmark 'Moving in on Pain' conference held in Adelaide in April 1995. As the first international multidisciplinary gathering addressing exclusively the issue of pain organized by physiotherapists, the conference has, through presentations and workshops, served as a unique update in pain management, and includes contributions from such as Emeritus Professor Patrick Wall (University of London), Professor Michael Cousins (Royal North Shore Hospital and Sydney University) and Associate Professor George Mendelson (Caulfield General Medical Centre and Monash University). The selected papers and the commentary on the 'Images of Pain' art exhibition together form a benchmark of the state of contemporary pain research and thinking, and is an invaluable read for any health professional dealing with pain and its treatment.

Most of the people receiving physiotherapy are middle-aged or older, thus it is important for all physiotherapists to acquire the knowledge and skills particular to working with older people. The role of the physiotherapist is not restricted to reducing disability, but also encompasses the promotion of positive health, and Barrie Pickles and colleagues have taken the innovative approach of combining both of these aspects in this research-based, comprehensive textbook. Written by an international team of experts, the text is divided into the following sections: Background to Aging The Aging Process Working with Older People Management of Impairments and Disabilities Handicaps of Aging Integrated Case Management Future Directions Within these broad areas, the authors provide a thorough and readable introduction to the many complex and challenging issues that form part of or influence health care and health education for the older adult, including: Posture and gait Communication Motor learning Health promotion programs Specific clinical problems, such as pain, stroke and incontinence The book is written from a global perspective, the link between theory and practice is made both within each individual chapter and by means of helpful case studies. Students will find this attractively presented text a stimulating introduction to the theoretical background and principles of physiotherapy, practice older people.Multiauthored by an international team of experts Includes normal psychological and physiological changes with ageDiscusses strategies for accurate assessment, and reasoned delivery of care Covers working with healthy, ill and disabled people in a variety of settings

With increased research findings the physiotherapy for movement-disabled individuals is changing from the neurophysiologic or neurodevelopmental therapeutic approach to a movement science based approach This book includes chapters on: development of movement and skill, training motor control and optimizing motor teaming, maturational, pathophysiological and recovery processes in the CNS All remaining chapters have been updated to include the clinical relevance of recent scientific developments. The references and additional reading lists have been expanded to guide the student of paediatric physiotherapy towards useful further reading. This book remains an indispensible guide to paediatric physiotherapy for the student and practitioner physiotherapist.

This forward-looking reference defines and illustrates the process and themes of formulation in neuropsychology and places it in the vanguard of current practice. The book explains the types of information that go into formulations, how they are gathered, and how they are synthesized into a clinically useful presentation describing psychological conditions resulting from neurological illness or injury. Cases highlight the relevance and flexibility of narrative- and diagram-based formulation methods in approaching a diverse range of issues and conditions, from decisional capacity to cultural considerations, Huntington's disease to deep dyslexia. Throughout this volume, formulation is shown as integral to treatment and rehabilitation planning alongside clinical assessment, cognitive testing, and diagnosis. Included among the topics: The interface of neuroimaging with neuropsychological findings in traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological aspects of temporal-lobe epilepsy: seeking evidence-based practice. An integrative approach to differential diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and Korsakoff's dementia. Educational disengagement following mild TBI in childhood. Themes in the formulation of repeat assessments. Cognitive neuropsychological formulation. Formulation is essential in good neuropsychological assessment as it provides the foundation for appropriate intervention by bringi ng together the results of different evaluations into a coherent whole. . . . Macniven's compelling and constructive book has assembled internationally known experts from diverse backgrounds to provide illumination of their own views and approaches to formulation, which makes the book a pleasure to read and should establish it as essential reading on clinical psychology and neuropsychology training courses. - Professor Barbara A. Wilson OBE, Ph.D., D.Sc. Neuropsychologists, clinical psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists will find Neuropsychological Formulation of critical importance not only to the literature of the field, but also to the developing role of clinical neuropsychology within healthcare systems.

Provides precise and concise explanation of all of all the content which is necessary for a strong foundation for practical and clinical assessment, and encompasses the assessment of all specialities taught under the headings of physiotherapy in a very simplified manner and making it easy to understand. While maintaining its simplicity, covers assessment in different specialities, thereby undergraduate and postgraduate students do not require referring many books. The content is formulated with consideration to the course syllabus prescribed by the academic council of various universities in India. First of its kind as it combines all specialities assessment under one heading.