This volume contains a series of papers originally presented at the symposium on Water Soluble Polymers: Solution Properties and Applications, sponsored by the Division of Colloids and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. The symposium took place in Las Vegas City, Nevada on 9 to 11th September, 1997 at the 214th American Chemical Society National Meeting. Recognized experts in their - spective fields were invited to speak. There was a strong attendance from academia, g- ernment, and industrial research centers. The purpose of the symposium was to present and discuss recent developments in the solution properties of water soluble polymers and their applications in aqueous systems. Water soluble polymers find applications in a number of fields of which the following may be worth mentioning: cosmetics, detergent, oral care, industrial water treatment, g- thermal, wastewater treatment, water purification and reuse, pulp and paper production, sugar refining, and many more. Moreover, water soluble polymers play vital role in the oil industry, especially in enhanced oil recovery. Water soluble polymers are also used in ag- culture and controlled release pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, a fundamental kno- edge of solution properties of these polymers is essential for most industrial scientists. An understanding of the basic phenomena involved in the application of these polymers, such as adsorption and interaction with different substrates (i. e. , tooth enamel, hair, reverse - mosis membrane, heat exchanger surfaces, etc. ) is of vital importance in developing high performance formulations for achieving optimum efficiency of the system.

Light Alloys Directory and Databook is a world-wide directory of the properties and suppliers of light alloys used in, or proposed for, numerous engineering applications. Alloys covered will include aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, beryllium. For the metals considered each section will consist of: a short introduction; a table comparing basic data and a series of comparison sheets. The book will adopt standardised data in order to help the reader in finding and comparing different materials and identifying the required information. All comparison sheets are cross-referenced, so that the user will be able to locate data on a specific product or compare properties easily. The book is designed to complement the existing publications on high performance materials.

This book summarizes the state ofthe art research presented at the Fourth International Conference on Frontiers of Polymersand Advanced Materialsheld in Cairo, Egypt in January 4-9, 1997. This conference follows the successful conferences held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1995, in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1993 andin New Delhi, India in 1991. These conferences focussed on the most recent and important advances in a wide range of carefully chosen subject areas dealing with advanced materials, their science and technology and new business opportunities resulting from recent technological advances. As its predecessors, the conference held in Cairo was truly international with strong participation of 488 deiegales representing 37 countries from the USA and Egypt, as weil as Europe, South East Asia, Japan, South Africa and the Middle East. The conference was organized by the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, The Arab Society ofMaterials Science and the State University ofNew Y ork at Butfalo. The stated goals ofthe conference were: * To highlight advances and new. findings in the general area of polymers and advanced materials. - * T o foster global collaboration between the USA, Egypt and other nations in the general field of polymers and advanced materials. * To promote the development of scientific ilifrastructure in this field among the different participating countries, especially in the Middle East. * To create a basisforfuture long-term scientific exchanges between the USA and Egypt, and/or other countries.

In an area as vast and important as rheology, it is essential that the experimentalist understands the underlying theories and shortcomings of the measurement technique used, that they are aware of the likely microstructure of the fluid under study and that from this they can appreciate how the fluid and the measuring system interact with each other. This major handbook, written by an international group of experts in the range of rheological techniques, presents the state of the art in rheological measurement, and concentrates on the techniques and underlying physical principles. The second edition, fully revised and updated to include new techniques is invaluable to polymer and materials scientists, engineers and technologists, and anyone else making rheological measurements on materials whether they be polymeric, biological, slurries, food or other complex fluids.

Polymeric products are used widely in the construction industry, because they offer a range of desirable performance properties not available from traditional materials. Development of these products continues in a number of major research and development programmes within the construction materials sector, aimed at improving the performance, durability and applicational properties of these materials. It seems certain that their use will increase as their overall performance is developed and as the industry becomes more familiar with the techniques required to apply these materials and the benefits they offer. The purpose of this book is to familiarise the reader with the range of thermosetting polymeric materials available for construction applications, and to provide sound information on the properties and applications of these important materials. Professional engineers involved in the specification, application and testing of these materials will find this book a compact, authoritative and comprehensive source of information on these materials. Chemists and technologists involved in developing new or improved formulations will find in this book much to inform their work, particularly in the important area of applicational properties.

Polymers occur in many different states and their physical properties are strongly correlated with their conformations. The theoretical investigation of the conformational properties of polymers is a difficult task and numerical methods play an important role in this field. This book contains contributions from a workshop on numerical methods for polymeric systems, held at the IMA in May 1996, which brought together chemists, physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists and statisticians with a common interest in numerical methods. The two major approaches used in the field are molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods, and the book includes reviews of both approaches as well as applications to particular polymeric systems. The molecular dynamics approach solves the Newtonian equations of motion of the polymer, giving direct information about the polymer dynamics as well as about static properties. The Monte Carlo approaches discussed in this book all involve sampling along a Markov chain defined on the configuration space of the system. An important feature of the book is the treatment of Monte Carlo methods, including umbrella sampling and multiple Markov chain methods, which are useful for strongly interacting systems such as polymers at low temperatures and in compact phases. The book is of interest to workers in polymer statistical mechanics and also to a wider audience interested in numerical methods and their application in polymeric systems.

This book contains contributions from a workshop on topology and geometry of polymers, held at the IMA in June 1996, which brought together topologists, combinatorialists, theoretical physicists and polymer scientists, with a common interest in polymer topology. Polymers can be highly self-entangled even in dilute solution. In the melt the inter- and intra-chain entanglements can dominate the rheological properties of these phenomena. Although the possibility of knotting in ring polymers has been recognized for more than thirty years it is only recently that the powerful methods of algebraic topology have been used in treating models of polymers. This book contains a series of chapters which review the current state of the field and give an up to date account of what is known and perhaps more importantly, what is still unknown. The field abounds with open problems. The book is of interest to workers in polymer statistical mechanics but will also be useful as an introduction to topological methods for polymer scientists, and will introduce mathematicians to an area of science where topological approaches are making a substantial contribution.

Dendrimers are a class of highly branched molecules that combine the properties of polymers and small discrete molecules. One classified among the exotic molecules of chemistry, dendrimers have attracted considerable attention in recent years, as their unique host/guest properties and their capability of being functionalized in the periphery as well in the core have led to new materials with a great potential for applications. This volume presents the state of art in this blossoming area, written by pioneers in the fields. Covering the synthetic, supramolecular, stereochemical, host/guest and polymer chemistry of dendritic and hyperbranched molecules, this volume explains both theoretical and practical aspects, including chirality reactivity, mechanism, material properties and biological relevance.

Biopolymers from Renewable Resources is a compilation of information on the diverse and useful polymers derived from agricultural, animal, and microbial sources. The volume provides insight into the diversity of polymers obtained directly from, or derived from, renewable resources. The beneficial aspects of utilizing polymers from renewable resources, when considering synthesis, pro cessing, disposal, biodegradability, and overall material life-cycle issues, suggests that this will continue to be an important and growing area of interest. The individual chapters provide information on synthesis, processing and properties for a variety of polyamides, polysaccharides, polyesters and polyphenols. The reader will have a single volume that provides a resource from which to gain initial insights into this diverse field and from which key references and contacts can be drawn. Aspects of biology, biotechnology, polymer synthesis, polymer processing and engineering, mechanical properties and biophysics are addressed to varying degrees for the specific biopolymers. The volume can be used as a reference book or as a teaching text. At the more practical level, the range of important materials derived from renewable resources is both extensive and impressive. Gels, additives, fibers, coatings and films are generated from a variety of the biopolymers reviewed in this volume. These polymers are used in commodity materials in our everyday lives, as well as in specialty products."

Reviewing over 100 chemical and physical methods for analysis of polymers, Manual of Plastics Analysis is so detailed and comprehensive that chemists can apply the methods - many previously unpublished - directly from the book. A genuine laboratory manual, the volume supplies prodigious amounts of up-to-date information on all types of polymers, polymer additives, volatiles, adventitious impurities, monomers, metals, and pigments. Extremely well-suited for classroom teaching, research, or industrial applications, the book contains numerous tables and figures, as well as many chemical equations illustrating its analytical techniques.

The book is written for advanced graduate students. The topics have been selected to present methods and models that have applications in both particle physics and polymer physics. The lectures may serve as a guide through more recent research activities and illustrate the applicability of joint methods in different contexts. The book deals with analytic tools (e.g. random walk models, polymer expansion), numerical tools (e.g. Langevin dynamics), and common models (the three-dimensional Gross-Neveu-Model).

may never overcome the effects of hysteresis and stress (see Chapters 6 and 12). The first sentence of the reference work, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, reads: The terms liquid crystals, crystalline liquid, mesophase, and mesomorphous state are used synonymously to describe a state of aggregation that exhibits a molecular order in a size range similar to that of a crystal but acts more or less as a viscous liquid: [2] In other words, molecules within a liquid crystalline phase possess some orientational order and lack positional order; furthermore, the shape of a liquid crystalline sample is determined by the vessel in which it is contained rather than by the orientational order of its aggregated molecules. The authors recognized the limitations and imprecision of this definition but, like others preceding them, could not devise a simple and generally applicable one that is better. Regardless, the terms 'liquid crystal' and 'mesophase' should not be used interchangeably. As mentioned above, all liquid crystals are mesophases, but all mesophases are not liquid crystals. Recent studies, employing elaborate and sophisticated analytical techniques, have permitted finer distinctions between classical crystals and mesophases. At the same time, they have made definitions like that from the Handbook of Liquid Crystals somewhat obsolete for reasons other than terminology. One part of the problem arises from the use of a combination of bulk properties (like flow) and microscopic properties (like molecular ordering) within the same definition.

Polymer science is central to material and intellectual life in the 20th century. Polymer chemistry and engineering have led not only to such substances as synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and plastic, but also to discoveries about proteins, DNA, and other biological compounds that have revolutionized Western medicine. In "Inventing Polymer Science", Yasu Furukawa explores the history of modern polymer science by tracing its emergence from macromolecular chemistry, its true beginning. Furukawa's lively book gains human interest through its focus on two central figures, Hermann Staudinger and Wallace Carothers. He examines the origins and development of their scientific work, illuminates their different styles in research and professional activities, and contrasts the peculiar institutional and social milieux in which they pursued their goals. In the process he provides us with a richly contextualized history of the emergence of macromolecular chemistry.

3 In 1992 the annual world production of plastics reached 102 x 1()6m at a value of 3 over US$300 billion, while that of steel was 50 x1()6m ata value ofUS$l25 billion (Table 1. 1). Furthermore, from 1980 to 1990, plastics production increased by 62%, while thatofsteeldecreasedby 21%. Considering theunevenpolymerconsumption around theworld, polymerproductionwillhave toincreasebya factor often before currently recorded levels ofplastics sales in developed countries willbe universally reached. Polymers are the fastest growing structural materials. In addition, the polymer blend segment of the plastics industry increases at a rate about three times higher than thewhole. The aim of thisbook is to trace the historicalevolution of the polymer blends industry. Table 1. 1 World production of steel and plastics for 1992 Production Steel Plastics 410 102. Production volume (Mt/year) 3 Production volume (M(m )/year) 51 102 Production value (billion US$/year) 125 310 Growth from 1980to 1990 (%) -21 -1;62, . 121 Mt/year in 1996 A polymer (from the Greek poly = manyand meros = units) is a substancecomposed ofmacromoleculesbuiltby covalentlyjoiningatleast50 molecular segments, called mel'S. The word polymer was introduced in 1832 by Jons Jacob Berzelius for sub stances thatmayhaveidenticalchemicalcompositionbutdifferinmolecularweight (e. g., acetylene, benzene and styrene, having the formula CnH with n == 2,6and 8, n respectively). During the years 1859-1863, Louren o reported that condensation of ethylene glycol with ethylene dibromide resulted in a mixture of ethers, whose members, separated by distillation, were identified as HD-(C2l4D-)n-H with n == 2 to 6 (Stahl, 1981)."

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R. W. DYSON There will be few readers of this book who are not aware of the contribution that polymers make to modern life. They are to be seen around the home, at work, in transport and in leisure pursuits. They take many forms which include plastic mouldings and extrusions, plastic film and sheet, plastic laminates (fibreglass and formica), rubber gloves, hoses, tyres and sealing rings, fibres for textiles and carpets and so on, cellular products for cushioning and thermal insulation, adhesives and coating materials such as paints and varnishes. The majority of these polymers are synthetic and are derived from oil products. The most important of these in terms of tonnage used are polymers based upon styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, propylene and butadiene among plastics and rubber materials, and nylons, polyethyleneterephthalate and poly acrylonitrile among fibres. The total amount of these polymers used each year runs into millions of tonnes. These polymers are sometimes known as commodity polymers because they are used for everyday artefacts. They are available in many grades and formats to meet a variety of applications and processing techniques. The properties can be adjusted by using additives such as heat and light stabilizers, plasticizers, and reinforcing materials. Often, grades are specially designed and formulated to meet particular requirements and, in a sense, these might be regarded as specialities. Much has been written about these materials elsewhere and they are not the concern of this book.

Written by an international team of authors with a strong emphasis on the underlying chemistry, this book forms a timely, concise, and accessible evaluation of the fundamentals of polymer network formation, structure, and properties, and how these three aspects are interrelated.

Blends of natural rubber with speciality synthetic rubbers, such as nitrile rubber and ethylene propylene rubbers, have, in the past, failed to combine the best properties of polymers, resulting in a poor return in terms of added value from the blending process. The idea of blending synthetic rubbers with natural rubbe is certainly not a new one, but it is only now that this can be shown to be possible with consistently positive resluts, but eh use of novel techniques which this book describes, giving valuable information on the technology required and the results which can be achieved. Blends of Natural Rubber is an invaluable source of information for all those working in the area of rubber technology and polymer blend technology.

Although plastics are extremely successful commercially, they would never reach acceptable performance standards either in properties or processing without the incorporation of additives. With the inclusion of additives, plastics can be used in a variety of areas competing directly with other materials, but there are still many challenges to overcome. Some additives are severely restricted by legislation, others interfere with each other-in short their effectiveness varies with circumstances. Plastics Additives explains these issues in an alphabetical format making them easily accessible to readers, enabling them to find specific information on a specific topic. Each additive is the subject of one or more articles, providing a suffinct account of each given topic. An international group of experts in additive and polymer science, from many world class companies and institutes, explain the recent rapid changes in additive technology. They cover novel additives (scorch inhibitors, compatibilizers, surface-modified particulates etc.), the established varieties (antioxidants, biocides, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, fillers, fibres, impact modifiers, plasticizers) and many others, the articles also consider environmental concerns, interactions between additives and legislative change. With a quick reference guide and introductory articles that provide the non-specialist and newcomer with relevant information, this reference book is essential reading for anyone concerned with plastics and additives.

In August, 1996, the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering hosted a symposium on Interfacial Aspects of Multicomponent Polymer Materials at the Orlando, Florida, American Chemical Society meeting. Over 50 papers and posters were presented. The symposium proper was preceded by a one-day workshop, where the. basics of this relatively new field were developed. This edited book is a direct outcome of the symposium and workshop. Every object in the universe has surfaces and interfaces. A surface is defined as that part of a material in contact with either a gas or a vacuum. An interface is defined as that part of a material in contact with a condensed phase, be it liquid or solid. Surfaces of any substance are different from their interior. The appearance of surface or interfacial tension is one simple manifestation. Polymer blends and composites usually contain very finely divided phases, which are literally full of interfaces. Because interfaces are frequently weak mechanically, they pose special problems in the manufacture of strong, tough plastics, adhesives, elastomers, coatings, and fibers. This book provides a series of papers addressing this issue. Some papers delineate the nature of the interface both chemically and physically. The use of newer instrumental methods and new theories are described. Concepts of interdiffusion and entanglement are developed. Other papers describe state-of-the-art approaches to improving the interface, via graft and block copolymers, direct covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, and more.

Polymer modifications represent a valuable synthetic approach to unique polymer compositions, structure, and properties not readily available by the direct polymerization of monomers. Modified polymeric products already exist in the commercial world (modified celluloses, for example) so the approach is not new. However, it is an interesting and chaU nging opportunity to develop new materials for a variety of specialty applications using the "chemistry on polymers" approach. This book contains papers presented at the symposium on Polymer Modification held at the National American Chemical Society Meeting in Orlando, Florida, August, 1996. The chemistry presented is broad ranging, and includes grafting and chemical oxidation reactions, and many other chemical modifications. Hopefully, the book will be both a resource and an inspiration for the reader to develop new opportunities for his or her particular applications. CONTENTS SURF ACE MODIFICATIONS The Preparation of Methyl Methacrylate/Methacrylic Anhydride Copolymers from PMMA and Dialkyl Amines via Reaction Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Michael P. Hallden-Abberton Grafting of Hindered Amine Groups on EPDM and Polyoctenamer via Photo- Hydroperoxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 J. Lacoste, S. Chmela, J. Pellet, and J. F. Pilichowski Reactive Gases as Reagents for Polymer Films Chemical Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 J. F. Pilichowski, S. Commereuc, 1. Lukac, G. Teissedre, and J. Lacoste The Synthesis of Hydrophobe-Modified Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Polymers Using Phase Transfer Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Emmett M. Partain The Synthesis and Characterization of Polyesters Derived from L-Lactide and Variably-Sized Poly(Caprolactone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Michael R. Lostocco and Samuel J.

Cold-plasma modification of polymers and deposition of thin polymer fIlms is a branch of science characterised by an increasing popularity in the last few years for the targe number of new industrial processes which have been realised by its application. Most plasma scientists can attest this through their everyday experience: many technologists, independently of the size of their company address demands for new products in e. g. electronics, automotive components, optics, food and pharmaceutical packaging, biomedical and surgical equipments, etc. The unique common need of this variety of applications is that the products feature "surfaces" with tailored and unusual properties, which enable their use where otherwise would be impossible to conventional materials. Plasma produced-, or plasma modified-polymers can, in fact, be considered an entirely novel class of materials with tuneable properties showing e. g. chemical inertness or enhanced reactivity, hardness, variable refractive index, hydro-phobicity and -philicity , adhesivity, dyebility, blood compatibility, bacterial infection resistance, etc. The NATO-ASI course on PLASMA TREATMENT AND DEPOSmON OF POLYMERS, held May 19-June 2, 1996, in Acquafredda di Maratea, ltaly, has been designed with an effort to balance not only industrial applications, fundamental bases of plasma physics and chemistry, and diagnostics, but also different international schools of plasma processes with their different or controversial approaches.

Since the publication of the first edition of The Physics of Glassy Polymers there have been substantial developments in both the theory and application of polymer physics, and many new materials have been introduced. Furthermore, in this large and growing field of knowledge, glassy polymers are of particular interest because of their homogeneous structure, which is fundamentally simpler than that of crystalline or reinforced materials. This new edition covers all these developments, including the emergence of the polymer molecule with its multiplicity of structure and conformations as the major factor controlling the properties of glassy polymers, using the combined knowledge of a distinguished team of contributors. With an introductory chapter covering the established science in the subject are and summarising concepts assumed in the later chapters, this fully revised and updated second edition is an essential work of reference for those involved in the field.

The first edition was produced at a time when the advantages of studying oriented polymers were just becoming apparent. From a sci entific stand point it had been demonstrated that greater insight into both structure and properties could be obtained if an oriented polymer was prepared. From a technological viewpoint, major advances were under way, especially in high modulus and high strength fibres. Twenty years later, it is possible to review the scientific advances which have been made in this area and to provide much wider perspectives for the technology. As in the case of the first edition, the emphasis is on the methodologies available for characterizing oriented polymers and their mechanical behaviour. It is a particular pleasure to thank the contributing authors for their cooperation and Dr Philip Hastings of Chapman & Hall for his support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Professors A. H. Windle and D. C. Bassett for their respective contributions to sections 1. 3. 1 and 1. 3. 4. Although this chapter has been extensively revised, the contribution of the late Leslie Holliday to the first edition of this book is also acknowledged. Introduction 1 I. M. Ward 1. 1 THE PHENOMENON OF ORIENTATION Orientation in polymers is a phenomenon of great technical and theo retical importance. The word orientation itself conveys a number of ideas."

Polymer Latices, Second Edition is a comprehensive update of the previous edition, High Polymer Latices, taking into account the many developments since it was first published in 1966. It is the only publication to provide such an outstanding and extensive review of latex science and technology, from background theory and principles, to modern day applications. It will prove an invaluable reference source for all those working in the area of latex science and technology, such as colloid chemists, polymer scientists, and materials processors.