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Books > Professional & Technical > Industrial chemistry & manufacturing technologies > Industrial chemistry > Plastics & polymers technology
This book should be of interest to manufacturers of plastics
products and fillers, plastics designers, engineers and polymer
chemists.
About ten years after the publication of the Second Edition (1973),
it became apparent that it was time for an up-date of this book.
This was especially true in this case, since the subject matter has
traditionally dealt mainly with the structure, properties, and
technology of the various elastomers used in industry, and these
are bound to undergo significant changes over the period of a
decade. In revising the contents of this volume, it was thought
best to keep the orig inal format. Hence the first five chapters
discuss the same general subject matter as before. The chapters
dealing with natural rubber and the synthetic elastomers are
up-dated, and an entirely new chapter has been added on the
thermoplastic elastomers, which have, of course, grown tremendously
in importance. Another innovation is the addition of a new chapter,
"Miscellaneous Elastomers," to take care of "old" elastomers, e.g.,
polysulfides, which have decreased some what in importance, as well
as to introduce some of the newly-developed syn thetic rubbers
which have not yet reached high production levels. The editor
wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all the contributors,
without whose close cooperation this task would have been
impossible. He would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable
assistance of Dr. Howard Stephens in the planning of this book, and
for his suggestion of suitable authors."
An Overview for the General Reader The fact that silicone rubber
boots made those footprints on the moon, and that other silicone
polymers made possible the construc tion and functioning of space
suits and space vehicles, has led to the general belief that
silicones are very modem materials conjured up to meet the needs of
space travel. Actually, though, silicone chemis try has deep roots
in human history, dating from the dawn of the race and extending
through all of geology, mineralogy, and the ancient ceramic arts.
This little book seeks to put the development of silicone materials
in perspective as part of the fascinating involvement of the
element silicon in our daily lives, from the stuff the earth and
the moon are made of to the modem use of ultra pure silicon in
transistors and computers, and the use of ordi nary elementary
silicon to make silicone rubber, silicone oil, sili cone resins,
and silicon or silicone-containing polishes, drugs, and fragrances.
Of course these are not our only connections with silicon. The
natural compounds of silicon and oxygen (the silicates) are the
starting materials for making bricks, tile, cement, glass, and a
host of modem ceramic products. The widespread usefulness of
silicon and its compounds comes about for two reasons: first, there
is so much of it, and second, it is so versatile.
This book is derived from a Symposium held at the 190th National
American Chemical Society Meeting, which was held in the Fall of
1985, in Chicago, and was sponsored by the Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering. This Symposium was, in turn,
a follow-up on an earlier one held in Houston, TX, in the Spring of
1980, which was pub lished as the book *Biomedical and Dental
Applications of Polymers* [Plenum Press, New York, 1981]. In that
earlier book, our opening Preface passage quoted King David, *1
will praise Thee; for I am fearfully and made . ** * (Psalm
139:14). As we noted five years ago, sickness wonderfully of many
types does occur in our wonderfully made bodies, but much human
suffering can be aided by biomedical polymers. That earlier book
con sidered much of the fantastic progress that had been made in
biomedical polymers during the previous quarter century and brought
many of these topics up to date. That Symposium, and book, noted
that much help was available for the varied afflictions and
problems that sometimes beset, and upset, our God-given bodies, and
the promise of new and important advances was held out as a shining
ray of hope amidst the gloom of sickness and affliction. The
present volume is an update on the advances that have occurred
since the 1981 book and sets the stage for even greater advances in
the future.
Scientific and Commercial Information for More Than 1,000 Polymers
Polymers: A Property Database, Second Edition offers a central and
reliable source for scientific and commercial information on more
than 1,000 polymers. Revised and updated throughout, this edition
features 25% new material, including 50 entirely new entries that
reflect advances in areas such as conducting polymers, hydrogels,
nano-polymers, and biomaterials. The second edition also comes with
unlimited access to a complete, fully searchable Web version of the
reference. Powerful retrieval software allows users to customize
their searches and refine results. Each entry includes trade names,
properties, manufacturing processes, commercial applications,
supplier details, references, and links to constituent monomers.
Buy the latest print edition and gain access to a complete, fully
searchable Web version of the reference, enhanced with powerful
retrieval software that allows you to customize searches and refine
results. Unlimited access to the Online Version for the lifetime of
the Second Edition Revised, Updated, and Expanded with 25% New
Material Includes 50 entirely new entries reflecting the latest
polymer advances Special Introductory Price! Buy today and SAVE!
Purchase the NEW Edition in Print AND Online -For One Price!
During the past two decades Membrane Science and Technology has
made tremendous progress and has changed from a simple laboratory
tool to large scale processes with numerous applications in
Medicine and Industry. In this volume are collected papers
presented at the First Europe Japan Congress on Membrane and
Membrane processes, held in Stresa in June 1984. Other
contributions to the Conference will be published in a special
issue of the Journal of Membrane Science. This Conference was
organized by the European Society of Membrane Science and
Technology and the Membrane Society of Japan, to bring together
European Scientists and Engineers face to face with their
colleagues from Japan; in both countries membrane processes will
play a strategic role in many industrial areas in the 1990s, as
predicted by the Japanese project for Next Generation Industries
and by the EEC Project on Basic Techno logical Research (BRITE).
The large number of participants, of about four hundred from twenty
six countries including USA, Australia, China and Brazil, the
quality of the Plenary Lectures and Scientific Communications made
the Conference a significant international success."
Including chemical, synthetic, and cross-disciplinary approaches;
this book includes the necessary techniques and technologies to
help readers better understand polymers for polymer electrolyte
membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The methods in the book are essential to
researchers and scientists in the field and will lead to further
development in polymer and fuel cell technologies.- Provides
complete, essential, and comprehensive overview of polymer
applications for PEM fuel cells- Emphasizes state-of-the-art
developments and methods, like PEMs for novel fuel cells and
polymers for fuel cell catalysts- Includes detailed chapters on
major topics, like PEM for direct liquid fuel cells and
fluoropolymers and non-fluorinated polymers for PEM- Has relevance
to a range of industries - like polymer engineering, materials, and
green technology - involved with fuel cell technologies and R&D
The policy adopted in Volume 1 of this series of including a
relatively small number of topics for detailed review has been
continued here. The techniques selected have received considerable
attention in recent years. F or this reason and because of the
significance of the characterisation data, further coverage of 13C
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small angle neutron
scattering is given in the first two chapters. In Chapter I a large
part of the review describes the determination of monomer sequence
distributions and configurational sequences in copolymers formed
from more than one polymerisable monomer. The review on neutron
scattering (Chapter 2) is directed towards the determination of the
chain conformation in semi-crystaIIine polymers, which has provided
important results for the interpretation of chain folding and
morphology in crystaIIisable polymers. Laser Raman spectroscopy has
also been used for morphological studies, and this application
together with a description of the theoretical and experimental
aspects of the technique is given in Chapter 3. X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy because of its extreme sensitivity to surface
characteristics has provided information on polymeric solids that
could not be obtained by other techniques. The principles and
practice of this ESCA technique, including its use for simple
elemental analysis, structural elucidation and depth profiling, are
described in Chapter 4. The final two chapters are mainly concerned
with the chain conformation of polymers in dilute solution.
Ultrasonic techniques (Chapter 5) show pmmise for observing the
dynamics of conformational changes.
Written in 1942-43, this book explores France and French culture at
a time when France seemed cut off. The book is obsessed with the
pleasures of life at a time when nearly all pleasures were
forbidden. It proclaims its faith in the unity and continuity of
Western culture in its moment of greatest crisis in the war years.
Connnolly assumed the name of Palinurus - Aeneas' pilot - to
suggest the core of melancholy which lies at the heart of this
book. A lament for a vanishing world, this book is also a spiritual
odyssey, a meditation on literature, love, nature and religion and
a collection of aphorisms and epigrams. By the author of The Rock
Pool, Enemies of Promise and The Evening Colonnade.
The articles collected in this publication have previously been
published in eight special issues of the Journal of Biomaterials
Science, Polymer Edition, in honour of Dr. Allan S. Hoffman, who is
known as a pioneer, a leader and a mentor in the field of
biomaterials. The papers from renowned scientists from all parts of
the world, representing the state-of-the-art in polymeric
biomaterials today, have been rearranged into a logical order of
sections, each having a distinct focus. The topics covered are:
Surface Modification, Characterization and Properties; Protein
Adsorption; Blood Interactions; Cell Interactions; Immobilized Cell
Receptor Ligands and Immobilized Cells; Immobilized Biomolecules
and Synthetic Derivatives of Biomolecules; New Polymers and
Applications; Biodegradable Polymers and Drug Delivery;
Water-Soluble Biomolecules, Sunthetic Polymers, and their
Conjugates; Hydrogels.
Polymers are permeable, whilst ceramics, glasses and metals are
gener ally impermeable. This may seem a disadvantage in that
polymeric containers may allow loss or contamination of their
contents and aggressive substances such as water will diffuse into
polymeric struc tures such as adhesive joints or fibre-reinforced
composites and cause weakening. However, in some cases permeability
is an advantage, and one particular area where this is so is in the
use of polymers in drug delivery systems. Also, without permeable
polymers, we would not enjoy the wide range of dyed fabrics used in
clothing and furnishing. The fundamental reason for the
permeability of polymers is their relatively high level of
molecular motion, a factor which also leads to their high levels of
creep in comparison with ceramics, glasses and metals. The aim of
this volume is to examine some timely applied aspects of polymer
permeability. In the first chapter basic issues in the mathema tics
of diffusion are introduced, and this is followed by two chapters
where the fundamental aspects of diffusion in polymers are
presented. The following chapters, then, each examine some area of
applied science where permeability is a key issue. Each chapter is
reasonably self-contained and intended to be informative without
frequent outside reference. This inevitably leads to some
repetition, but it is hoped that this is not excessive."
As naturally occurring and abundant sources of non-fossil carbon,
lignin and lignans offer exciting possibilities as a source of
commercially valuable products, moving away from
petrochemical-based feedstocks in favour of renewable raw
materials. Lignin can be used directly in fields such as
agriculture, livestock, soil rehabilitation, bioremediation and the
polymer industry, or it can be chemically modified for the
fabrication of specialty and high-value chemicals such as resins,
adhesives, fuels and greases. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw
Materials presents a multidisciplinary overview of the
state-of-the-art and future prospects of lignin and lignans. The
book discusses the origin, structure, function and applications of
both types of compounds, describing the main resources and values
of these products as carbon raw materials. Topics covered include:
Structure and physicochemical properties Lignin detection methods
Biosynthesis of lignin Isolation methods Characterization and
modification of lignins Applications of modified and unmodified
lignins Lignans: structure, chemical and biological properties
Future perspectives This book is a comprehensive resource for
researchers, scientists and engineers in academia and industry
working on new possibilities for the application of renewable raw
materials. For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable
Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs
Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the 1960s, and today we
continue to enjoy the benefits of that fundamental discovery and
its translation into a wide variety of products. Like liquid
crystals, polymers are unusual materials, and have similarly
enjoyed a great deal of research attention because of their vast
applications and uses and complex fundamental properties. The
combination of liquid crystal and polymer properties produces a
broad array of new effects-spanning from densely crosslinked, rigid
polymer networks to weakly crosslinked elastomers-that are not
simply manifestations of either native liquid crystals or polymers
alone. Cross-Linked Liquid Crystalline Systems brings together
liquid crystal and polymer systems and their variations. The field,
much like traditional liquid crystals, is one of an
interdisciplinary nature with a broad spectrum, from the very
fundamental questions of nature to a myriad of practical uses.
There seems to be no shortage of unusual properties and
far-reaching applications in densely crossed-linked liquid crystal
systems and liquid crystal elastomers. These systems provide a rich
new avenue for both fundamental and applied research and continue
to fascinate scientists and engineers. Specifically, this book
covers: Cross-linked networks created from reactive mesogen
materials Manipulation of liquid crystalline by external
constraints Advances in liquid crystal display screen technology
Physical and electromagnetic properties of elastomers and magnetic
gels Computer simulations and theory of liquid crystal polymeric
networks and elastomers Side-on nematic liquid-crystalline
elastomers for artificial muscle applications Liquid crystal
display technology has driven much of the fundamental research in
crosslinked liquid crystalline systems. The systems' ability to
enforce three-di
* It has been rumored that a bumble bee has such aerodynamic
deficiencies that it should be incapable of flight.
Fiberglass-reinforced polymer com posites, similarly, have two
(apparently) insurmountable obstacles to per formance: 1) Water can
hydrolyze any conceivable bond between organic and inorganic phase,
and 2) Stresses across the interface during temperature cycling
(resulting from a mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients) may
exceed the strength of one of the phases. Organofunctional silanes
are hybrid organic-inorganic compounds that are used as coupling
agents across the organic-inorganic interface to help overcome
these two obstacles to composite performance. One of their
functions is to use the hydrolytic action of water under
equilibrium condi tions to relieve thermally induced stresses
across the interface. If equilib rium conditions can be maintained,
the two problems act to cancel each other out. Coupling agents are
defined primarily as materials that improve the practical adhesive
bond of polymer to mineral. This may involve an increase in true
adhesion, but it may also involve improved wetting, rheology, and
other handling properties. The coupling agent may also modify the
inter phase region to strengthen the organic and inorganic boundary
layers."
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