This book addresses the challenges of planning sustainable freight transport systems (road and air) in a time when the industry faces increasing pressure from environmental limits, climate change, carbon emission targets, bottlenecks in oil supply, infrastructure shortages and urban congestion. The author examines sustainable freight transport over the last 45 years on three continents, and includes developments on transport economics, logistics and transport geography as well as environmental economics. Readers will gain valuable insight on a number of practices and methodologies that will assist in making their systems more sustainable with fewer negative environmental effects at both the local and global level.

International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems, IC-AIRES2019, 26-28 November 2019, Taghit-Bechar, Algeria. The challenges of the energy transition in the medium term lead to numerous technological breakthroughs in the areas of production, optimal distribution and the rational use of energy and renewable energy (energy efficiency and optimization of consumption, massive electrification, monitoring and control energy systems, cogeneration and energy recovery processes, new and renewable energies, etc.). The fall in the cost of renewable energies and the desire for a local control of energy production are today calling for a profound change in the electricity system. Local authorities are at the center of energy developments by taking into account the local nature of certain energy systems, heat networks, geothermal energy, waste heat recovery, and electricity generation from household waste. On the other side, digital sciences are at the heart of connected objects and intelligent products that combine information processing and communication capabilities with their environment. Digital technology is at the center of new systems engineering approaches (3D modeling, virtualization, simulation, digital prototyping, etc.) for the design and development of intelligent systems. The book deals with various topics ranging from the design, development and maintenance of energy production systems, transport, distribution or storage of energy, optimization of energy efficiency, especially in the use of energy. innovation in the fields of energy production from renewable energies, management of energy networks: electricity, fluids, gas, district heating, energy storage modes: battery, super-capacitors , overseeing energy supply through supervision, control and diagnosis, risk management, as well as the design and management of smart grids: microgrid, smartgrid. This imposes the model of energy empowerment in the advent of smart cities. Empower the world's most vulnerable energy-poor citizens and establish growing and vibrant socioeconomic communities, by academics, students in engineering and data computing from around the world who have chosen an academic path leading to an electric power and energy engineering and artificial intelligence to advancing technology for the advantage of humanity.

This book introduces readers to state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation techniques for determining transport in complex band structure materials and nanostructured-geometry materials, linking the techniques developed by the electronic transport community to the materials science community. Starting from the semi-classical Boltzmann Transport Equation method for complex band structure materials, then moving on to Monte Carlo and fully quantum mechanical models for nanostructured materials, the book addresses the theory and computational complexities of each method, as well as their advantages and capabilities. Presented in language that is accessible to junior computational scientists, while including enough detail and depth with regards to numerical implementation to tackle modern research problems, it offers a valuable resource for computational scientists and postgraduate researchers whose work involves the theory and simulation of electro-thermal transport in advanced materials.

This book is concerned with the development of design techniques for controlling motion of mechanical systems which are employed to execute certain tasks acting collaboratively. The book introduces unified control design procedure for functionally related systems. The controllers for many different tasks in motion control can be successfully designed by applying the proposed simple procedure. The book gives an overview of the control methods appearing in the motion control area and the detailed design procedures for the class of systems that are required to execute certain task together. Tasks can generally be divided in their components, denoted as functions in the book. It is shown how dynamics of those tasks can be described. Based on the presented description, several control methods were discussed. Applicability of the introduced control design approach was demonstrated in subsequent chapters for various tasks.

Describing the formation, integration, planning, composition and operation of microgrids, this book explains how local power systems can address limitations in conventional electric power grids and provides insights into the practical implementation needs and outcomes of microgrid technology. All aspects of microgrid design and applications are covered, including the main technologies involved in microgrids and other local area power and energy systems. The reliability and economic characteristics of microgrid system architecture, energy storage and grid interaction are explored in depth. Over 300 illustrations and real-world application examples make this a fully self-contained resource, ideal for graduate students and professionals in electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering and materials science.

"Introduction to Skin Biothermomechanics and Thermal Pain" introduces the study of coupled bio-thermo-mechanical and neural behavior of skin tissue in response to thermal and mechanical loads. The research in this book focuses on the theoretical modeling and experimental investigation of heated skin tissue in order to provide a predictive framework for thermal therapies of diseased tissue in clinics. Furthermore, by developing solution tools, it focuses on changes in treatment parameters leading to more effective therapies. The book is intended for researchers and scientists in Bioengineering, Heat Transfer, Mechanics, Biology and Neurophysiology, as well as clinicians. Dr. Feng Xu is a research fellow at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Dr. Tianjian Lu is a professor at the School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Dr. Xu and Dr. Lu are also affiliated with Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center at Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

This book provides a review of all types of silicon solar cells. The scope includes monocrocrystalline Si solar cells, polycrystalline and amorphous thin-film silicon solar cells, and tandem solar cells. Production, treatment and development of these devices are reviewed. Limitations of these devices, design optimization, testing and fabrication methods are covered. In addition, current status and future prospects for the further development of silicon solar cells are addressed. Special emphasis is given to methods of attaining high efficiency and thereby cost-effective solar power. The aim of the book is to provide the reader with a complete overview about the recent advances in the structure and technology of all generations of silicon solar cells.

This book presents emerging technology management approaches and applied cases from leading infrastructure sectors such as energy, healthcare, transportation and education. Featuring timely topics such as fracking technology, electric cars, Google's eco-friendly mobile technology and Amazon Prime Air, the volume's contributions explore the current management challenges that have resulted from the development of new technologies, and present tools, applications and frameworks that can be utilized to overcome these challenges. Emerging technologies make us rethink how our infrastructure will look in the future. Solar and wind generation, for example, have already changed the dynamics of the power sector. While they have helped to reduce the use of fossil fuels, they have created management complications due to their intermittent natures. Meanwhile, information technologies have changed how we manage healthcare, making it safer and more accessible, but not without implications for cost and administration. Autonomous cars are around the corner. On-line education is no longer a myth but still a largely unfulfilled opportunity. Digitization of car ownership is achievable thanks to emerging business models leveraging new communication technologies. The major challenge is how to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of these technologies. This book offers insights from both researchers and industry practitioners to address this challenge and anticipate the impact of new technologies on infrastructure now and in the future.

This book consolidates some of the most promising advanced smart grid functionalities and provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for their implementation/evaluation using DIgSILENT Power Factory. It includes specific aspects of modeling, simulation and analysis, for example wide-area monitoring, visualization and control, dynamic capability rating, real-time load measurement and management, interfaces and co-simulation for modeling and simulation of hybrid systems. It also presents key advanced features of modeling and automation of calculations using PowerFactory, such as the use of domain-specific (DSL) and DIgSILENT Programming (DPL) languages, and utilizes a variety of methodologies including theoretical explanations, practical examples and guidelines. Providing a concise compilation of significant outcomes by experienced users and developers of this program, it is a valuable resource for postgraduate students and engineers working in power-system operation and planning.

This book proposes the concept of a multi-layer pavement system to fulfill the blast resistance requirement for pavement design. It also presents a damage pattern chart for multi-layer pavement design and rapid repair after blast load. Such a multi-layer system consists of three layers including asphalt concrete (AC) reinforced with Geogrid (GST) at the top, a high-strength concrete (HSC) layer in the middle, and engineered cementitious composites (ECC) at the bottom. A series of large-scale laboratory impact tests were carried out to prove the usefulness of this concept and show its advantages over other conventional pavement system. Furthermore, field blast tests were conducted to show the actual behavior of this multi-layer pavement system subjected to blast load under real-world conditions.

This book presents an integrated approach to sustainably fulfilling energy requirements, considering various energy-usage sectors and applicable technologies in those sectors. It discusses smart cities, focusing on the design of urban transport systems and sources of energy for mobility. It also shares thoughts on individual consumption for ensuring the sustainability of energy resources and technologies for emission reductions for both mobility and stationary applications. For the latter, it examines case studies related to energy consumption in the manufacturing sector as well as domestic energy requirements. In addition it explores various distribution and policy aspects related to the power sector and sources of energy such as coal and biomass. This book will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike.

In order to build a sustainable transport system for people and goods that meets the needs of all users, a truly integrated and seamless approach is needed, and the full potential of transformative technologies has to be exploited. This can only be achieved if user-centeredness, cross-modality and technology transfer become the paradigm of shaping future transport. Mobility4EU is a project funded by the European Commission that focusses on these topics and is working on delivering an action plan towards a user-centric and cross-modal European transport system in 2030. The authors of this contributed volume are dedicated scholars and practitioners connected to Mobility4EU either as partners or external contributors. Their contributions focus on understanding user needs and report on technologies and approaches that support the tailoring of a user-centered cross-modal transport system for passengers and freight on long distances and in the urban context.

This thesis proposes a new raft-type wave-powered desalination device that can convert wave power into hydraulic energy and use reverse osmosis (RO) to directly desalinate seawater. Both analytical and numerical methods are used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the device. Further, the thesis investigates the maximum power extraction and multiple parameter effects on power absorption and averaged permeate water flux. Lastly, it proposes and assesses two power extraction enhancing strategies. The thesis offers a valuable and important reference guide to ocean-wave-and-structure interaction and wave-powered seawater desalination for scientists and engineers alike.

This book introduces readers to two major sustainable applications of linear synchronous machines: wave energy conversion and magnetic levitation train technology. To do so, it begins with a state-of-the-art review of linear machines, covering induction and synchronous topologies and their applications, with a particular focus on sustainable applications. This is followed by an analysis of the electromagnetic modeling of linear synchronous machines, the goal being to investigate their main features, especially their force production capabilities.

This book promotes the use of mathematical optimization and operations research methods in rail transportation. The editors assembled thirteen contributions from leading scholars to present a unified voice, standardize terminology, and assess the state-of-the-art. There are three main clusters of articles, corresponding to the classical stages of the planning process: strategic, tactical, and operational. These three clusters are further subdivided into five parts which correspond to the main phases of the railway network planning process: network assessment, capacity planning, timetabling, resource planning, and operational planning. Individual chapters cover: Simulation Capacity Assessment Network Design Train Routing Robust Timetabling Event Scheduling Track Allocation Blocking Shunting Rolling Stock Crew Scheduling Dispatching Delay Propagation

This book covers the analysis, modelling, planning, and design of airport landside access modes and their systems. It elaborates on the issues and related problems of airport landside accessibility in an innovative, comprehensive and systematic way. In addition to the general concept of accessibility, the book addresses the analysis and modelling of infrastructure-related, technological, operational, economic, social and environmental performance of road- and rail-based transport systems, as well as the core principles of their planning and design. The book provides guidelines on the modelling, planning, and design of airport landside access modes and their systems, which will contribute to the overall sustainable development of airports. Its main features are: presents a multidimensional examination of performance for specific airport landside access modes and their systems; pursues a qualitative and quantitative approach to developing performance indicators for estimating the sustainability of airport landside access modes and their systems; includes illustrative cases of airport landside accessibility, and numerical examples as exercises for assessing performance using the systems' indicators. As such, the book offers a valuable source of information for all practitioners involved in analysing, planning and designing more environmentally friendly airport access modes and systems, and who want to learn how to overcome the issues and problems surrounding landside accessibility. It will also benefit students studying the analysis and modelling of transportation systems, and researchers seeking to promote improved sustainability at airports.

This thesis investigates the key characteristics of magnetless doubly salient machines, evaluates their design philosophies, and proposes new topologies for various applications. It discusses the background of and previous research on magnetless machines, while also outlining upcoming trends and potential future developments. The thesis begins by presenting various torque-improving structures - namely the multi-tooth structure, the double-rotor (DR) structure, the axial-field (AF) structure, and the flux-reversal (FR) structure - for magnetless machines. It subsequently addresses the idea of merging the design philosophies of two different machines to form new dual-mode machines. Thanks to a reconfigured winding arrangement and controllable DC-field excitation, the proposed machines can further extend their operating range to meet the extreme demands of applications in electric vehicles and wind power generation. Lastly, the thesis employs the finite element method (FEM) to thoroughly analyze the proposed machines' key performance parameters and develops experimental setups to verify the proposed concepts.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of power-split device (PSD) design. It discusses vehicle energy consumption characteristics, hybrid vehicle power request solutions, typical configurations, operating principle and simulation technology of PSD hybrid system, a multi-factor integrated parametric design method and a dynamic coordinated control method for PSD hybrid system. It also describes the finite element analysis, thermal analysis and optimization of the PSD based on a surrogate model, explains the theory behind the design and the simulation, and provides concrete examples. It is a valuable resource for researchers and the engineers to gain a better understanding of the PSD design process.

This book will guide Photovoltaics researchers in a new way of thinking about harvesting light energy from all wavelengths of the solar spectrum. It closes the gap between general solar cells books and photovoltaics journal articles, by focusing on the latest developments in our understanding of solid-state device physics. The material presented is experimental and based on II-VI thin-film materials, mainly CdTe-based solar cells. The authors describe the use of new device design, based on multilayer graded bandgap configuration, using CdTe-based solar cells. The authors also explain how the photo-generated currents can be enhanced using multi-step charge carrier production. The possibility of fabricating these devices using low-cost and scalable electroplating is demonstrated. The value of electroplating for large area electronic devices such as PV solar panels, display devices and nano-technology devices are also demonstrated. By enabling new understanding of the engineering of electroplated semiconductor materials and providing an overview of the semiconductor physics and technology, this practical book is ideal to guide researchers, engineers, and manufacturers on future solar cell device designs and fabrications. Discusses in detail the processes of growths, treatments, solar cell device fabrication and solid state physics, improving readers' understanding of fundamental solid state physics; Enables future improvements in CdTe-based device efficiency; Explains the significance of defects in deposited semiconductor materials and interfaces that affect the material properties and resulting device performance.

This book presents a universal mass-production micro/nano integrated fabrication technology, which can be used to realize micro/nano hierarchical structures on Si-based materials and flexible polymeric materials. This fabrication technology has been systematically investigated by using experimental measurements, mechanism analyses, theoretical simulations and so on. Three common materials (i.e., silicon, PDMS and Parylene-C) with micro/nano hierarchical structures have been successfully fabricated, which also show several attractive properties. Furthermore, this book introduces this fabrication technology into microenergy field, and proposes several high-performance nanogenerators, of which practical applications have also been studied in commercial electronic device and biomedical microsystem.

This book explores mobilities as a key to understanding the practices that both frame and generate contemporary everyday life in the urban context. At the same time, it investigates the challenges arising from the interpretation of mobility as a socio-spatial phenomenon both in the social sciences and in urban studies. Leading sociologists, economists, urban planners and architects address the ways in which spatial mobilities contribute to producing diversified uses of the city and describe forms and rhythms of different life practices, including unexpected uses and conflicts. The individual sections of the book focus on the role of mobility in transforming contemporary cities; the consequences of interpreting mobility as a socio-spatial phenomenon for urban projects and policies; the conflicts and inequalities generated by the co-presence of different populations due to mobility and by the interests gathered around major mobility projects; and the use of new data and mapping of mobilities to enhance comprehension of cities. The theoretical discussion is complemented by references to practical experiences, helping readers gain a broader understanding of mobilities in relation to the capacity to analyze, plan and design contemporary cities.

This book reports on the most recent applications of processes with a particular focus on the source and the properties of biogas and on the characteristics of the fuel cells (FCs). It describes adsorbing materials of potential interest are reviewed and the preparation methods and treatments employed to improve the adsorption properties as well as the stability and regenerability. The characterization of the chemical and physical properties involved in these processes is examined in particular detail. The book also covers aspects that concern the development of the adsorption apparatus with particular attention on the target of low residual concentration and high selectivity.High temperature FCs, such as molten carbonates (MCFCs) or solid oxides (SOFCs), are efficient, with a low environmental impact, and they can use a wide variety of fuels, such as biogas. The presence of some poisonous compounds such as sulphides, halides, and siloxanes can react with electrode catalysts and electrolyte, leading to the degradation and short lifetime of the cell. The treatment of raw biogas to obtain a FC-compatible fuel is mainly based on adsorption processes on suitable materials.

This is the fifth volume of a sub series on Road Vehicle Automation published within the Lecture Notes in Mobility. Like in previous editions, scholars, engineers and analysts from all around the world have contributed chapters covering human factors, ethical, legal, energy and technology aspects related to automated vehicles, as well as transportation infrastructure and public planning. The book is based on the Automated Vehicles Symposium which was hosted by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) in San Francisco, California (USA) in July 2017.

The 13th volume of ToPNoC contains revised and extended versions of a selection of the best workshop papers presented at the 38th International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency, Petri Nets 2017, and the 17th International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System Design, ACSD 2017. The 9 papers cover a diverse range of topics including model checking and system verification, refinement, and synthesis; foundational work on specific classes of Petri nets; and innovative applications of Petri nets and other models of concurrency. Application areas covered in this volume are: fault-tolerance, service composition, databases, communication protocols, business processes, and distributed systems. Thus, this volume gives a good overview of ongoing research on concurrent systems and Petri nets.

This book presents numerical and experimental research in the field of wind energy exploitation in urban environments. It comprises a selection of the best papers from the international colloquium "Research and Innovation on Wind Energy Exploitation in Urban Environment" (TUrbWind), held in Riva del Garda, Italy in June 2017. The book includes contributions from different research fields in urban wind resources, wind energy conversion systems, and urban integration, mainly focusing on the following topics: * concepts for urban and open landscape micro wind turbines, * integration of micro wind turbines in existing structures, * built-environment and high-turbulence sites' impacts on urban wind turbines, * measuring and modeling wind resource in built environments, * rotor performance and wake features of micro wind turbines. It is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in the integration of wind energy systems and turbines in urban areas.