Membrane technologies play an increasingly important role in unit operations for resource recovery, pollution prevention, and energy production, as well as environmental monitoring and quality control. They are also key component technologies of fuel cells and bioseparation applications. Membrane Technologies and Applications provides essential data and background information on various dimensions of membrane technologies, with a major focus on their practical application. Membranes of inorganic materials offer cost-effective solutions for simple to complex separation problems. This book is designed for anyone interested in water and wastewater treatment, membrane suppliers, as well as students and academics studying the field.

A constructive evaluation of the most significant developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its uses for quantitative bioanalysis and characterization for a diverse range of disciplines, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition offers a well-rounded coverage of the latest technological developments and applications. As the technology itself has matured into a reliable analytical method over the last 15 years, the most exciting developments occur in LC-MS augments research into new applications. This edition places a stronger emphasis than previous editions on the impact of LC-MS methods, dedicating two-thirds of the text to small-molecule and biomolecular applications such as proteomics, pharmaceutical drug discovery and development, biochemistry, clinical analysis, environmental studies, and natural products research. Supported by the most relevant literature available, each chapter examines how the strategies, technologies, and recent advances-from sample pretreatment to data processing-in LC-MS helped to shape these disciplines. Featuring new chapters and extensive revisions throughout the book, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition continues to provide scientists with a definitive guide and reference to the most important principles, strategies, and experimental precedents for applying LC-MS to their research.

The biopharmaceutical industry has become an increasingly important player in the global economy, and the success of these products depends on the development and implementation of cost-effective, robust and scaleable production processes. Bioseparations-also called downstream processing- can be a key source of competitive advantageto biopharmaceutical developers. Process Scale Bioseparations for the Biopharmaceutical Industry brings together scientific principles, empirical approaches, and practical considerations for designing industrial downstream bioprocesses for various classes of biomolecules. Using clear language along with numerous case studies, examples, tables, flow charts, and schematics, the book presents perspectives from experienced professionals involved in purification processes and industrial downstream unit operations. The authors provide useful experimental design strategies and guidelines for developing application-specific process scale bioseparations. Chapter topics include harvest by centrifugation and filtration, expanded bed chromatography, protein refolding, modes of preparative chromatography, methodologies for resin screening, membrane chromatography, protein crystallization, viral filtration, ultrafiltration/diafiltration, implementing post-approval downstream process changes for an antibody product, and future trends. Ideal for both new and experienced scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry and students, Process Scale Bioseparations for the Biopharmaceutical Industry is a comprehensive resource for all topics relevant to industrial process development.

Comprehensive, Up-to-Date Coverage of Spectroscopy Theory and its Applications to Biological Systems Although a multitude of books have been published about spectroscopy, most of them only occasionally refer to biological systems and the specific problems of biomolecular EPR (bioEPR). Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy provides a practical introduction to bioEPR and demonstrates how this remarkable tool allows researchers to delve into the structural, functional, and analytical analysis of paramagnetic molecules found in the biochemistry of all species on the planet. A Must-Have Reference in an Intrinsically Multidisciplinary Field This authoritative reference seamlessly covers all important bioEPR applications, including low-spin and high-spin metalloproteins, spin traps and spin lables, interaction between active sites, and redox systems. It is loaded with practical tricks as well as do's and don'ts that are based on the author's 30 years of experience in the field. The book also comes with an unprecedented set of supporting software designed with simple graphical user interfaces that allow readers to tackle problems they will likely encounter when engaged in spectral analysis. Breaking with convention, the book broaches quantum mechanics from the perspective of biological relevance, emphasizing low-symmetry systems. This is a necessary approach since paramagnets in biomolecules typically have no symmetry. Where key topics related to quantum mechanics are addressed, the book offers a rigorous treatment in a style that is quick-to-grasp for the non expert. Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy is a practical, all-inclusive reference sure to become the industry standard.

Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Waters is the first book to bring together information of a range of chromatographic techniques in all types of water, precipitation to sewage effluents. Organic and inorganic compounds, cations, anions and elements are all discussed. Particular attention is paid to multi compound analysis of water, and the analysis of minute traces of pollutants. Gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are included in this well referenced and easy to use book.

This book investigates current trends in chemometrics, proteomics, column technology, and element-selective detection for pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and environmental applications. It offers recent strategies to evaluate and assess materials in air, water, soil, and landfill samples, to determine the amount of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and calculate their atmospheric lifetimes, to utilize microfluidic devices for small-volume biological analyses, and to examine the role of proteins in cellular signaling, structures, and pathways. With contributions from leading authorities, this text is an enriching guide for analytical, organic, inorganic, clinical, and physical chemists, chromatographers, biochemists, biotechnologists, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is well suited for performing enantioseparations for research as well as larger-scale applications. A fast, inexpensive, and versatile separation technique, there are many practical considerations that contribute to its effectiveness. Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis is the first book to focus solely on the theory, capabilities, and applications of TLC for direct and indirect enantioseparations. The first part of the book examines the fundamental principles of chirality and TLC. It describes the necessary materials, laboratory equipment, procedures, and strategies for the separation, quantification, isolation, and analysis of chiral compounds. The second part evaluates the real-world enantioseparations and densitometric analyses. Emphasizing pharmaceutical applications, the book discusses chiral separation mechanisms and methods for analyzing the chiral purity of diastereoisomers, amino acids, beta-blockers, and NSAIDS. Topics also include commercial stationary phases and chiral modifiers of mobile phases. Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis presents a unified perspective of theory and experimental details underlying the collective developments in the field. The book offers scientists in a variety of disciplines and levels of expertise a complete guide to understanding the current and potential applications of chiral TLC.

Electron microscopy is now a mainstay characterization tool for solid state physicists and chemists as well as materials scientists. Containing the proceedings from the Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group (EMAG) conference in September 2003, this volume covers current developments in the field, primarily in the UK. These conferences are biennial events organized by the EMAG of the Institute of Physics to provide a forum for discussion of the latest developments in instrumentation, techniques, and applications of electron and scanning probe microscopies.

Considers three fundamental aspects of molecular interactions important in chromatography, taking care not to duplicate information readily available in other references. Surveys the basic factors involved in complex formation, which governs the retention mechanism and selectivity in either donor or

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used across many fields of science because of the rich data it produces, and some of the most valuable data come from studies of nuclear spin relaxation in solution. The first edition of this book, published more than a decade ago, provided an accessible and cohesive treatment of the field. The present second edition is a significant update, covering important new developments in recent years. Collecting relaxation theory, experimental techniques, and illustrative applications into a single volume, this book clarifies the nature of the phenomenon, shows how to study it and explains why such studies are worthwhile. Coverage ranges from basic to rigorous theory and from simple to sophisticated experimental methods. Topics include cross-relaxation, multispin phenomena, relaxation studies of molecular dynamics and structure and special topics such as relaxation in systems with quadrupolar nuclei, in paramagnetic systems and in long-living spin states. Avoiding overly demanding mathematics, the authors explain spin relaxation in a manner that anyone with a familiarity with NMR can follow. The focus is on illustrating and explaining the physical nature of relaxation phenomena. Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids: Theory, Experiments and Applications, 2nd Edition, provides useful supplementary reading for graduate students and is a valuable reference for NMR spectroscopists, whether in chemistry, physics or biochemistry.

Laser spectroscopy has been perfected over the last fifteen years to become a precise tool for the investigation of highly vibrationally excited molecules. Intense infrared laser radiation permits both the multiple-photon resonant excitation and the dissociation of polyatomic molecules. In this book, the latest results of some of the foremost Soviet researchers are published for the first time in the West. Laser Spectroscopy of Highly Vibrationally Excited Molecules contains a comprehensive study of both the experimental and theoretical aspects of the basic photophysical interactions that occur in these processes. The book first focuses on the nonlinear interaction between the resonant vibrational mode and the intense infrared field and then examines the nonlinear interaction between the vibrational modes themselves due to anharmonicity. These interrelated processes determine all the characteristics of polyatomic molecules in an infrared field. The book also discusses related phenomena such as spectra broadening, optical resonance, photon echoes, and dynamical chaos. It includes examples of multiple-photon resonant excitation such as the excitation of OsO4 by CO^O2 laser radiation, which is detected by the visible luminescence that results. This book will be of great interest to researchers and postgraduate students in infrared laser spectroscopy and the laser chemistry of molecules and applications of isotope separation.

This book details chiroptical spectroscopic methods: electronic circular dichroism (ECD), optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and vibrational Raman optical activity (VROA). For each technique, the text presents experimental methods for measurements and theoretical methods for analyzing the experimental data. It also includes a set of experiments that can be adopted for undergraduate teaching laboratories. Each chapter is written in an easy-to-follow format for novice readers, with necessary theoretical formalism in appendices for advanced readers.

Over the past decade, a myriad of techniques have shown that solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used in a broad spectrum of applications with exceptionally impressive results. Solid-state NMR results can yield high-resolution details on the structure and function of many important biological solids, including viruses, fibril-forming molecules, and molecules embedded in the cell membrane. Filling a void in the current literature, NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Solids examines all the recent developments, implementation, and interpretation of solid-state NMR experiments and the advantages of applying them to biological systems. The book emphasizes how these techniques can be used to realize the structure of non-crystalline systems of any size. It explains how these isotropic and anisotropic couplings interactions are used to determine atomic-level structures of biological molecules in a non-soluble state and extrapolate the three-dimensional structure of membrane proteins using magic-angle spinning (MAS). The book also focuses on the use of multidimensional solid-state NMR methods in the study of aligned systems to provide basic information about the mechanisms of action of a variety of biologically active molecules. Addressing principles, methods, and applications, this book provides a critical selection of solid-state NMR methods for solving a wide range of practical problems that arise in both academic and industrial research of biomolecules in the solid state. NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Solids is a forward-thinking resource for students and researchers in analytical chemistry, bioengineering, material sciences, and structural genomics.

Second Edition provides up-to-the-minute discussions on the application of mass spectrometry to the biological sciences. Shows how and why experiments are performed and furnishes details to facilitate duplication of results.

The Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series treats ion exchange and solvent extraction both as discrete topics and as a unified, multidisciplinary study - presenting new insights for researchers in many chemical and related field. Containing current knowledge and results in ion exchange, this text: presents an overview of the chemical thermodynamics of cation-exchange reactions, with particular emphasis placed on liquid-phase- and solid-phase-activity coefficient models; describes the development of surface complexation theory and its application to the ion exchange phenomenon; discusses metal-natural colloid surface reactions and their consideration by surface complexation modelling complements; and covers the influence of humic substances on the uptake of metal ions by naturally occurring materials.

Covers the Fundamentals of Chiral Separation, Available Chiral Selectors, and Numerous Applications of Chiral Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis Since the 1980s, modern analytical tools have enabled capillary electrophoresis to become a standard part of the chemist's toolkit. With contributions from international experts, Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis provides a general overview of the principles of chiral separation by capillary electrophoresis and the different chiral selectors available. The book discusses the most important as well as several new chiral selectors used in capillary electrophoresis. It reviews recent pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and explores novel techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry and microchip technology. The book also examines the quantitative aspects of capillary electrophoresis, the possibilities of capillary electrochromatography, and the various chiral columns available. Capillary electrophoresis has proven to be an effective tool for chiral separation. This book explains how this technique can be used in the separation of molecules, offering insight into both existing and emerging applications.

Remarkable developments in the spectroscopy field regarding ultrashort pulse generation have led to the possibility of producing light pulses ranging from 50 to5 fs and frequency tunable from the near infrared to the ultraviolet range. Such pulses enable us to follow the coupling of vibrational motion to the electronic transitions in molecules and solids in real time. Detailing these advanced developments, as well as the fundamental methods and tools of vibrational spectroscopy, Coherent Vibrational Dynamics providesresearchers and students with a uniquely comprehensive resource. With the contributions of pioneering scientists, this seminal volume - * Outlines the principles and tools used on time-domain vibrational spectroscopy and provides a general introduction to the subject of coherent phonons * Describes the modern methods for tunable ultrashort pulse generation from infrared to visible-UV * Reviews coherent vibrational dynamics in small molecules in liquids (hydrogen bonds), and in carbon based conjugated materials (polyenes, carotenoids, and semiconducting polymers) * Explores phonon dynamics in semiconductors (bulk and heterostructures) and in quasi-one-dimensional systems Supplemented with a great number of references, and covering fundamental as well advanced topics, this text provides a valuable reference for both graduate students and senior researchers investigating materials in physics, chemistry, and biology. It is also an excellent starting point for those who want to pursue research in the field of ultrafast optics and spectroscopy.

This book describes the separation mechanism of proteins in ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) by stressing the unique characteristics of IEC of proteins. It helps reader to acquire or improve the technique of IEC of proteins without calling for a deep understanding of the mathematics.

This volume presents pedagogical content to understand theoretical and practical aspects of diagnostic imaging techniques. It provides insights to current practices, and also discusses specific practical features like radiation exposure, radiation sensitivity, signal penetration, tissue interaction, and signal confinement with reference to individual imaging techniques. It also covers relatively less common imaging methods in addition to the established ones. It serves as a reference for researchers and students working in the field of medical, biomedical science, physics, and instrumentation. Key Features * Focusses on the clinical applications while ensuring a steady understanding of the underlying science * Follows a bottom-up approach to cover the theory, calculations, and modalities to aid students and researchers in biomedical imaging, radiology and instrumentation * Covers unique concepts of nanoparticle applications along with ethical issues in medical imaging

This volume presents pedagogical content to understand theoretical and practical aspects of diagnostic imaging techniques. It provides insights to current practices, and also discusses specific practical features like radiation exposure, radiation sensitivity, signal penetration, tissue interaction, and signal confinement with reference to individual imaging techniques. It also covers relatively less common imaging methods in addition to the established ones. It serves as a reference for researchers and students working in the field of medical, biomedical science, physics, and instrumentation. Key Features * Focusses on the clinical applications while ensuring a steady understanding of the underlying science * Follows a bottom-up approach to cover the theory, calculations, and modalities to aid students and researchers in biomedical imaging, radiology and instrumentation * Covers unique concepts of nanoparticle applications along with ethical issues in medical imaging

This volume details the principles and instrumentation of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS), and outlines industrial, environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, forensic and food-related applications, revealing findings from the laboratories of 40 contributing scientists around the world using GC-MS in practice. It describes upstream and downstream applications of GC-MS in the petroleum industry and identifies chlorinated compounds in the environment with quadrupole ion-trap technology and high-resolution sector instruments.

Shows how to choose the most effective techniques for assessing the toxicity of chemicals in both food and the environment. examines a wide range of volatile compounds from toxic aldehydes and pesticides to micotoxins and dioxins.

Stimulated by the increasing importance of chiral molecules as pharmaceuticals and the need for enantiomerically pure drugs, techniques in chiral chemistry have been expanded and refined, especially in the areas of chromatography, asymmetric synthesis, and spectroscopic methods for chiral molecule structural characterization. In addition to synthetic chiral molecules, naturally occurring molecules, which are invariably chiral and generally enantiomerically enriched, are of potential interest as leads for new drugs. VCD Spectroscopy for Organic Chemists discusses the applications of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to the structural characterization of chiral organic molecules. The book provides all of the information about VCD spectroscopy that an organic chemist needs in order to make use of the technique. The authors, experts responsible for much of the existing literature in this field, discuss the experimental measurement of VCD and the theoretical prediction of VCD. In addition, they evaluate the advantages and limitations of the technique in determining molecular structure. Given the availability of commercial VCD instrumentation and quantum chemistry software, it became possible in the late 1990s for chemists to use VCD in elucidating the stereochemistries of chiral organic molecules. This book helps organic chemists become more aware of the utility of VCD spectroscopy and provides them with sufficient knowledge to incorporate the technique into their own research.

A teaching tool intended to complement existing books on the theory of materials science, metallurgy, and electron microscopy, this text focuses on metals and alloys. It visualizes key structural elements common to crystalline materials, including crystal lattice imperfections, along with the principles and steps involved in the microstructure development in metallic materials under external influences. Designed as an atlas, Microstructure of Metals and Alloys contains a collection of carefully selected original transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs taken by the authors. These images demonstrate typical crystal lattice defects, elements of the microstructure of metals and alloys, and the basic processes occurring to the crystal structure during plastic deformation, polygonization, recrystallization, and rapid solidification. The book is organized into six chapters. Each deals with a particular problem in the field of physical metallurgy, and begins with a description of the basic concept and terms. These descriptions enable readers to achieve a better understanding of the essential issues relevant to specific challenges. Providing comprehensive, illustrative coverage of the basic topics in materials science, this important work emphasizes fundamental principles over specific materials, in a manner that is fully consistent with the contemporary tendency in materials science teaching.

The isolation and structural characterization of substances present at very low concentrations, as is necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical drug degradants and impurities, can present scientific challenges. The coupling of HPLC with NMR spectroscopy has been at the forefront of cutting-edge technologies to address these issues. LC-NMR: Expanding the Limits of Structure Elucidation presents a comprehensive overview of key concepts in HPLC and NMR that are required to achieve definitive structure elucidation with very low levels of analytes. Because skill sets from both of these highly established disciplines are involved in LC-NMR, the author provides introductory background to facilitate readers' proficiency in both areas, including an entire chapter on NMR theory. The much-anticipated second edition provides guidance in setting up LC-NMR systems, discussion of LC methods that are compatible with NMR, and an update on recent hardware and software advances for system performance, such as improvements in magnet design, probe technology, and solvent suppression techniques that enable unprecedented mass sensitivity in NMR. This edition features methods to quantify concentration and assess purity of isolated metabolites on the micro scale and incorporates computational approaches to accelerate the structure elucidation process. The author also includes implementation and application of qNMR and automated and practical use of computational chemistry combined with QM and DFT to predict highly accurate NMR chemical shifts. The text focuses on current developments in chromatographic-NMR integration, with particular emphasis on utility in the pharmaceutical industry. Applications include trace analysis, analysis of mixtures, and structural characterization of degradation products, impurities, metabolites, peptides, and more. The text discusses novel uses and emerging technologies that challenge detection limits as well future directions for this important technique. This book is a practical primary resource for NMR structure determination-including theory and application-that guides the reader through the steps required for isolation and NMR structure elucidation on the micro scale.