This book provides an easily understandable introduction to solid state physics for chemists and engineers. Band theory is introduced as an extension of molecular orbital theory, and its application to organic materials is described. Phenomena beyond band theory are treated in relation to magnetism and electron correlation, which are explained in terms of the valence bond theory and the Coulomb and exchange integrals. After the fundamental concepts of magnetism are outlined, the relation of correlation and superconductivity is described without assuming a knowledge of advanced physics. Molecular design of organic conductors and semiconductors is discussed from the standpoint of oxidation-reduction potentials, and after a brief survey of organic superconductors, various applications of organic semiconductor devices are described. This book will be useful not only for researchers but also for graduate students as a valuable reference.

Avarietyof?uorescentandluminescentmaterialsintheformofmolecules,their complexes,andnanoparticlesareavailableforimplementationasreportingunits intosensingtechnologies. Increasingdemandsfromtheseapplicationareasrequire developmentofnew?uorescencereportersbasedonassociationandaggregationof ?uorescencedyesandontheirincorporationintodifferentnanostructures. Inter- tionsbetweenthesedyesandtheirincorporatingmatricesleadtonewspectroscopic effectsthatcanbeactivelyusedforoptimizingthesensordesign. Oneofthese effects is a spectacular formation of J-aggregates with distinct and very sharp excitationandemissionbands. Byincorporationintonanoparticles,organicdyes offer dramatically increased brightness together with improvement of chemical stabilityandphotostability. Moreover,certaindyescanformnanoparticlesth- selvessothattheirspectroscopicpropertiesareimproved. Semiconductorquantum dotsaretheothertypeofnanoparticles thatpossessuniqueandveryattractive photophysicalandspectroscopicproperties. Manyinterestingandnotfullyund- stoodphenomenaareobservedinclusterscomposedofonlyseveralatomsofnoble metals. Inconjugatedpolymers,strongelectronicconjugationbetweenelementary chromophoricunitsresultsindramaticeffectsinquenchingandinconformati- dependentspectroscopicbehavior. Possessingsuchpowerfulanddiversearsenaloftools,wehavetoexplorethem innovelsensingandimagingtechnologiesthatcombineincreasedbrightnessand sensitivityinanalytedetectionwithsimplicityandlowcostofproduction. The present book overviews the pathways for achieving this goal. In line with the discussion on monomeric ?uorescence reporters in the accompanying book (Vol. 8ofthisseries),aninsightfulanalysisofphotophysicalmechanismsbehind the ?uorescence response of composed and nanostructured materials is made. Based on the progress in understanding these mechanisms, their realization in differentchemicalstructuresisoverviewed. vii viii Preface Demonstratingtheprogressinaninterdisciplinary?eldofresearchanddev- opment,thisbookisprimarilyaddressedtospecialistswithdifferentbackground- physicists, organic and analytical chemists, and photochemists - to those who developandapplynew?uorescencereporters. Itwillalsobeusefultospecialists inbioanalysisandbiomedicaldiagnostics. Kyiv,Ukraine AlexanderP. Demchenko June2010 Contents PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersusMolecularFluorescent LabelsasReportersforBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison ...3 UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke, andThomasNann OptimizationoftheCouplingofTargetRecognition andSignalGeneration ...41 AnaB. Descalzo,ShengchaoZhu,TobiasFischer,andKnutRurack CollectiveEffectsIn?uencingFluorescenceEmission ...107 AlexanderP. Demchenko PartII EncapsulatedDyesandSupramolecularConstructions FluorescentJ-AggregatesandTheirBiologicalApplications ...135 MykhayloYu. LosytskyyandValeriyM. Yashchuk Conjugates,Complexes,andInterlockedSystems BasedonSquarainesandCyanines ...159 LeonidD. Patsenker,AnatoliyL. Tatarets,OleksiiP. Klochko, andEwaldA. Terpetschnig PartIII Dye-DopedNanoparticlesandDendrimers Dye-DopedPolymericParticlesforSensingandImaging ...193 SergeyM. Borisov,TorstenMayr,Gu..nterMistlberger,andIngoKlimant ix x Contents Silica-BasedNanoparticles:DesignandProperties ...229 SongLiang,CarrieL. John,ShupingXu,JiaoChen,YuhuiJin, QuanYuan,WeihongTan,andJuliaX. Zhao LuminescentDendrimersasLigandsandSensors ofMetalIons ...2 53 GiacomoBergamini,EnricoMarchi,andPaolaCeroni ProspectsforOrganicDyeNanoparticles ...285 HiroshiYao PartIV LuminescentMetalNanoclusters Few-AtomSilverClustersasFluorescentReporters ...307 IsabelD?'ezandRobinH. A. Ras LuminescentQuantumClustersofGoldasBio-Labels ...333 M. A. HabeebMuhammedandT. Pradeep PartV ConjugatedPolymers Structure,EmissiveProperties,andReportingAbilities ofConjugatedPolymers ...357 MaryA. Reppy OpticalReportingbyConjugatedPolymers viaConformationalChanges ...389 RozalynA. SimonandK. PeterR. Nilsson FluorescenceReportingBasedonFRETBetweenConjugated PolyelectrolyteandOrganicDyeforBiosensorApplications ...417 Kan-YiPuandBinLiu Index ...455 PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersus MolecularFluorescentLabelsasReporters forBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke,andThomasNann Abstract At the core of photoluminescence techniques are suitable ?uorescent labels and reporters, the spectroscopic properties of which control the limit of detection,thedynamicrange,andthepotentialformultiplexing.

This book focuses on the characterisation of the chiral and topological nature of magnetic skyrmions in noncentrosymmetric helimagnets. In these materials, the skyrmion lattice phase appears as a long-range-ordered, close-packed grid of nearly millimetre-level correlation length, while the size of a single skyrmion is 3-100 nm. This is a very challenging range of length scales (spanning 5 orders of magnitude from tens of nm to mm) for magnetic characterisation techniques, and, to date, extensive information on this fascinating, magnetically ordered state has remained elusive. In response, this work develops novel resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) techniques, which allow the magnetic structure, including the long-range order and domain formation, as well as microscopic skyrmion parameters, to be measured across the full range of length scales. Most importantly, using circular dichroism in REXS, the internal structure of a given skyrmion, the topological winding number, and the skyrmion helicity angle can all be unambiguously determined. These new techniques are applicable to many materials systems, and allow us to retrieve information on modulated spin structures, multiferroic order, spin-density-waves, and other forms of topological magnetic order.

This thesis addresses fundamental scientific questions such as: How are complex natural products synthesized in vivo? Can we replicate these conditions in a laboratory environment? What is the biological function of such secondary metabolites? What are the biological origins of chirality? These issues are explored in an accessible manner using a multidisciplinary approach spanning chemistry, biology and physics to investigate an interesting family of complex natural products isolated from marine molluscs - the tridachiahydropyrones. The work has achieved: Elegant biomimetic syntheses of a number of the tridachiahydropyrone compounds in vitro using organic synthesis techniques The characterization of the interactions between these compounds and a range of model membrane systems using a series of fluorescence spectroscopic studies The investigation of the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of the compounds by means of biophysical assay techniques The synthesis of tridachiahydropyrone utilizing the model membrane systems as biomimetic reaction media.

Leading researchers discuss the past and present of chromatography

More than one hundred years after Mikhail Tswett pioneered adsorption chromatography, his separation technique has developed into an important branch of scientific study. Providing a full portrait of the discipline, "Chromatography: A Science of Discovery" bridges the gap between early, twentieth-century chromatography and the cutting edge of today's research.

Featuring contributions from more than fifty award-winning chromatographers, "Chromatography" offers a multifaceted look at the development and maturation of this field into its current state, as well as its importance across various scientific endeavors. The coverage includes:

Consideration of chromatography as a unified science rather than just a separation method

Key breakthroughs, revolutions, and paradigm shifts in chromatography

Profiles of Nobel laureates who used chromatography in their research, and the role it played

Recent advances in column technology

Chromatography's contributions to the agricultural, space, biological/medical sciences; pharmaceutical science; and environmental, natural products, and chemical analysis

Future trends in chromatography

With numerous references and an engaging series of voices, "Chromatography: A Science of Discovery" offers a diverse look at an essential area of science. It is a unique and invaluable resource for researchers, students, and other interested readers who seek a broader understanding of this field.

This book provides an essential overview of existing state-of-the-art quantitative imaging methodologies and protocols (intensity-based ratiometric and FLIM/ PLIM). A variety of applications are covered, including multi-parametric quantitative imaging in intestinal organoid culture, autofluorescence imaging in cancer and stem cell biology, Ca2+ imaging in neural ex vivo tissue models, as well as multi-parametric imaging of pH and viscosity in cancer biology. The current state-of-the-art of 3D tissue models and their compatibility with live cell imaging is also covered. This is an ideal book for specialists working in tissue engineering and designing novel biomaterial.

Proceedings of the 4th Joint International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, HFI/NQI 2012 held in Beijing, China, September 10-14, 2012. The hyperfine interaction between the atomic nucleus and the surrounding charge distribution and the magnetic fields at the site of the nucleus remains a topic of high scientific interest. To this we have to add the field of nuclear quantum optics where the hyperfine interaction takes place between the atomic nucleus and synchrotron radiation. The study of this hyperfine interaction allows to shift the existing borders of scientific insight both in the properties of the atomic nucleus as in the properties of the solids and liquids in which it is imbedded. The 47 scientific contributions in this book describe studies presented at the HFI/NQI2012 conference. These studies are devoted to topics such as nuclear moments, nuclear polarization, fundamental interactions, magnetism and magnetic materials, semiconductors, metals, insulators, practical applications, developments in methodology and new directions in the field of hyperfine interactions.

The book is devoted to the modern theory and experimental manifestation of Polarization Bremsstrahlung (PB) which arises due to scattering of charged particles from various targets: atoms, nanostructures (including atomic clusters, nanoparticle in dielectric matrix, fullerens, graphene-like two-dimensional atomic structure) and in condensed matter (monocrystals, polycrystals, partially ordered crystals and amorphous matter) The present book addresses mainly researchers interested in the radiative processes during the interaction between fast particles and matter. It also will be useful for post-graduate students specializing in radiation physics and related fields.

Advances in the synthesis of new materials with often complex, nano-scaled structures require increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques that can probe the electronic states, the atomic magnetic moments and the magnetic microstructures responsible for the properties of these materials.

At the same time, progress in synchrotron radiation techniques has ensured that these light sources remain a key tool of investigation, e.g. synchrotron radiation sources of the third generation are able to support magnetic imaging on a sub-micrometer scale.

With the Fifth Mittelwihr School on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation the tradition of teaching the state-of-the-art on modern research developments continues and is expressed through the present set of extensive lectures provided in this volume. While primarily aimed at postgraduate students and newcomers to the field, this volume will also benefit researchers and lecturers actively working in the field.

The book is based on lectures presented on the International Summer School on Biophysics held in Croatia in September 2009. The advantage of the School is that it provides advanced training in very broad scope of areas related to biophysics contrary to other similar schools or workshops that are centered mainly on one topic or technique. In this volume, tenth in the row, the papers in the field of biophysics are presented. The topics are biological phenomena from single protein to macromolecular aggregations structure by using variant physical methods (NMR, EPR, FTIR, Mass Spectrometry, etc.). The interrelationship of supramolecular structures and their functions is enlightened by applications of principals of these physical methods in the biophysical and molecular biology context.

By selecting the ?rst week of June 2008 for the Nobel Symposium "Single Molecular Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology", Rudolf Rigler, Jerker Widengren and Astrid Grasl .. und have once again won the top prize for Meeting Organizers, providing us with a Mediterranean climate on top of the warm hospitality that is unique to Sweden. The S? anga Sab .. y Conference Center was an ideal place to spend this wonderful week, and the comfort of this beautiful place blended perfectly with the high calibre of the scienti?c programme. It was a special privilege for me to be able to actively participate in this meeting on a ?eld that is in many important ways complementary to myownresearch. Iwasimpressedbytheinterdisciplinarywaysinwhichsingle molecule spectroscopy has evolved and is currently pursued, with ingredients originating from physics, all branches of chemistry and a wide range of b- logical and biomedical research. A beautiful concert by Semmy Stahlhammer and Johan Ull' en further extended the interdisciplinary character of the s- posium. I would like to combine thanks to Rudolf, Jerker and Astrid with a glance into a future of other opportunities to enjoy top-levelscience combined with warm hospitality in the Swedish tradition. Z.. urich, Kurt Wuth .. rich April 2009 Participants of the Nobel-Symposium 138: First row: Sarah Unterko?er, Anders Liljas, Xiao-Dong Su, Birgitta Rigler, Carlos Bus- mante, Toshio Yanagida, Steven Block, Xiaowei Zhuang, Sunney Xie. Second row: Ivan Scheblykin, Lars Thelander, Petra Schwille, Watt W.

The major theme of this book is analytical approaches to trace metal and speciation analysis in biological specimens. The emphasis is on the reliable determination of a number of toxicologically and environmentally important metals. It is essentially a handbook based on the practical experience of each individual author. The scope ranges from sampling and sample preparation to the application of various modern and well-documented methods, including quality assessment and control and statistical treatment of data. Practical advice on avoiding sample contamination is included.

In the first part, the reader is offered an introduction into the basic principles and methods, starting with sampling, sample storage and sample treatment, with the emphasis on sample decomposition. This is followed by a description of the potential of atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, voltammetry, neutron activation analysis, isotope dilution analysis, and the possibilities for metal speciation in biological specimens. Quality control and all approaches to achieve reliable data are treated in chapters about interlaboratory and intralaboratory surveys and reference methods, reference materials and statistics and data evaluation.

The chapters of the second part provide detailed information on the analysis of thirteen trace metals in the most important biological specimens. The following metals are treated in great detail: Aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, selenium, manganese, nickel, mercury, thallium, vanadium and zinc.

The book will serve as a valuable aid for practical analysis in biomedical laboratories and for researchers involved with trace metal and species analysis in clinical, biochemical and environmental research.

Rapid advances in chromatographic procedures, spectroscopic techniques and pharmacological assay methods have resulted in the discovery of an increasing number of new and interesting natural products from terrestrial and marine sources. The present volume contains comprehensive reviews on some of the major advances in this field which have taken place in recent years. The reviews include those on: novel metabolites from marine gastropods; the chemistry of marine natural products of the Halenaquinol family; secondary metabolites from Echinoderms and Bryozoans; triterpenoids and aromatic compounds from medicinal plants; chemistry and activity of sesquiterpenes from the genus Lactarius; the chemistry of bile alcohols; antifungal sesquiterpene dialdehydes; annonaceous acetogenins; nargenicin macrolides; and lignans and diarylheptanoids. Tropane alkaloids and phenolides formed by root cultures are also reviewed. Articles on natural Diels-Alder type adducts, the use of computer aided overlay for modelling the substrate binding domain of HLADH, applications of 170 NMR spectroscopy to natural product chemistry and the role of biological raw materials in synthesis are included. Volume 17 provides material of interest to natural products chemists.

This book presents the principle ideas of combining different analytical techniques in multi-dimensional analysis schemes. It reviews the basic principles and instrumentation of multi- dimensional chromatography and the hyphenation of liquid chromatography with selective spectroscopic detectors and presents experimental protocols for the analysis of complex polymers. It is the consequent continuation of "HPLC of Polymers" from 1999 by the same authors. Like its 'predecessor', this book discusses the theoretical background, equipment, experimental procedures and applications for each separation technique, but in contrast treats multi-dimensional and coupled techniques. "Multidimensional HPLC of Polymers" intends to review the state of the art in polymer chromatography and to summarize the developments in the field during the last 15 years. With its tutorial and laboratory manual style it is written for beginners as well as for experienced chromatographers, and will enable its readers (polymer chemists, physicists and material scientists, as well as students of polymer and analytical sciences) to optimize the experimental conditions for their specific separation problems.

In the first volume, Professors Poole and Farach provided one of the first definitive reference tools for this field. In this second volume, the authors present a comprehensive source for subfields of ESR not covered in the first volume, including: * Sensitivity * Field Swept versus Frequency Swept Spectra * Resonators * Line Shapes * Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation * Hamiltonian types and symmetries * ESR Imaging * High Magnetic Fields and High Frequencies. Written by recognized experts in the field, and intended for students and researchers, these handbooks bring together wide-ranging data from diverse disciplines within ESR, and then integrate it into a comprehesive and definitive resource. An invaluable reference for all those involved in ESR research.

This book discusses the scientific mechanism of copper electrodeposition and it's wide range of applications. The book will cover everything from the basic fundamentals to practical applications. In addition, the book will also cover important topics such as: * ULSI wiring material based upon copper nanowiring * Printed circuit boards * Stacked semiconductors * Through Silicon Via * Smooth copper foil for Lithium-Ion battery electrodes. This book is ideal for nanotechnologists, industry professionals, and practitioners.

Since the original publication of Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy in 2002, the noncontact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM) has achieved remarkable progress. This second treatment deals with the following outstanding recent results obtained with atomic resolution since then: force spectroscopy and mapping with atomic resolution; tuning fork; atomic manipulation; magnetic exchange force microscopy; atomic and molecular imaging in liquids; and other new technologies. These results and technologies are now helping evolve NC-AFM toward practical tools for characterization and manipulation of individual atoms/molecules and nanostructures with atomic/subatomic resolution. Therefore, the book exemplifies how NC-AFM has become a crucial tool for the expanding fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Written for: Scientists, practitioners, graduate students

This thesis presents optical methods to split the energy levels of electronic valleys in transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) by means of coherent light-matter interactions. The electronic valleys found in monolayer TMDs such as MoS2, WS2, and WSe2 are among the many novel properties exhibited by semiconductors when thinned down to a few atomic layers, and have have been proposed as a new way to carry information in next generation devices (so-called valleytronics). These valleys are, however, normally locked in the same energy level, which limits their potential use for applications. The author describes experiments performed with a pump-probe technique using transient absorption spectroscopy on MoS2 and WS2. It is demonstrated that hybridizing the electronic valleys with light allows one to optically tune their energy levels in a controllable valley-selective manner. In particular, by using off-resonance circularly polarized light at small detuning, one can tune the energy level of one valley through the optical Stark effect. Also presented within are observations, at larger detuning, of a separate contribution from the so-called Bloch--Siegert effect, a delicate phenomenon that has eluded direct observation in solids. The two effects obey opposite selection rules, enabling one to separate the two effects at two different valleys.

This book provides a concise survey of modern theoretical concepts of X-ray materials analysis. The principle features of the book are: basics of X-ray scattering, interaction between X-rays and matter and new theoretical concepts of X-ray scattering. The various X-ray techniques are considered in detail: high-resolution X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray residual stress analysis. All the theoretical methods presented use the unified physical approach. This makes the book especially useful for readers learning and performing data analysis with different techniques. The theory is applicable to studies of bulk materials of all kinds, including single crystals and polycrystals as well as to surface studies under grazing incidence. The book appeals to researchers and graduate students alike.

This thesis sheds new light on the fascinating properties of composite quantum systems. Quantum systems of different sizes, ranging from small bipartite systems to large many-body ensembles, can be studied with the help of modern quantum optical experiments. These experiments make it possible to observe a broad variety of striking features, including nonclassical correlations, complex dynamics and quantum phase transitions. By adopting the complementary perspectives of quantum information theory, quantum chemistry and many-body theory, the thesis develops new methods for the efficient characterization and description of interacting, composite quantum systems.

The fundamental properties of deep luminescence centres in Si associated with transition metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, and Pt have been a focus of interest for decades, both as markers for these deleterious contaminants, and also in the quest for efficient Si-based light emission. This dissertation presents the results of ultra-high resolution photoluminescence studies of these centres in specially prepared, highly enriched 28-Si samples. The greatly improved spectral resolution due to this enrichment led to the discovery of isotopic fingerprints. These fingerprints have revealed that the detailed constituents of all of the centres previously studied had been identified incorrectly. They also revealed the existence of several different families of impurity complexes containing either four or five atoms chosen from Li, Cu, Ag, Au, and Pt. These centres' constituents have been determined, together with no-phonon transition energies, no-phonon isotope shifts, local vibrational mode energies, and the isotope shifts of the local vibrational mode energies. The data presented here for these centres should prove useful for the currently sought theoretical explanations of their formation, stability, and properties.

Light Microscopic Analysis of Mitochondrial Heterogeneity in Cell Populations and Within Single Cells, by S. Jakobs, S. Stoldt, and D. Neumann
*

Advanced Microscopy of Microbial Cells, by J. A. J. Haagensen, B. Regenberg, and C. Sternberg

*

Algebraic and Geometric Understanding of Cells, Epigenetic Inheritance of Phenotypes Between Generations, by K. Yasuda

*

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Single Microbial Cells, by C. R. Thomas, J. D. Stenson, and Z. Zhang
*

Single Cell Analytics: Pushing the Limits of the Doable,
by H. Kortmann, L.M. Blank, and A. Schmid

*
Cultivation-Independent Assessment of Bacterial Viability, by F. Hammes, M. Berney, and T. Egli
*

Resolution of Natural Microbial Community Dynamics by Community Fingerprinting, Flow Cytometry and Trend Interpretation Analysis, by P. Bombach, T. Hubschmann, I. Fetzer, S. Kleinsteuber, R. Geyer, H. Harms, and S. Muller
*Multivariate Data Analysis Methods for the Interpretation of Microbial Flow Cytometric Data, by

H.M. Davey, and C.L. Davey

*

From Single Cells to Microbial Population Dynamics:

Modelling in Biotechnology Based on Measurements of Individual Cells, by T. Bley"

The reader will find here a timely update on new THz sources and detection schemes as well as concrete applications to the detection of Explosives and CBRN. Included is a method to identify hidden RDX-based explosives (pure and plastic ones) in the frequency domain study by Fourier Transformation, which has been complemented by the demonstration of improvement of the quality of the images captured commercially available THz passive cameras. The presented examples show large potential for the detection of small hidden objects at long distances (6-10 m). Complementing the results in the short-wavelength range, laser spectroscopy with a mid-infrared, room temperature, continuous wave, DFB laser diode and high performance DFB QCL have been demonstrated to offer excellent enabling sensor technologies for environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial and security applications. From the new source point of view a number of systems have been presented - From superconductors to semiconductors, e.g. Detection of Terahertz Waves from Superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ Intrinsic Josephson Junctions.The quest for a compact room temperature THz source and the recent advances in high power mid-IR QCLs lead to the development of a semiconductor THz source based on intracavity difference frequency generation. Furthermore, alternative electrically pumped THz sources based on the high emission efficiency predicted for polaritonic states in the ultra-strong coupling regime led to the demonstration of electroluminescent devices. Finally, antipolaritons in dispersive media were discussed and different aspects of the interaction of THz radiation with biomatter were presented."

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a well-established elemental analysis technology. It remains one of the most popular and cost-effective analysis tools used by chemists, physicists, and materials scientists worldwide. This second edition offers a concise introduction to AAS concepts, essential methodologies, and important applications. It has been comprehensively updated for the latest advances in AAS techniques and instruments. Highlights include: - Overviews of all basic atomic absorption concepts, including atomic line spectra theory, common sampling techniques, radiation sources, spectrometers, and detectors; - Coverage of hydride generation, cold vapor generation and electrothermal generation, as well as flow injection analysis (FIA) to enhance AAS analytical performance; - New sections on troubleshooting and quality control guidelines, chemometrics, and emerging fields of applications, including analysis of nanoparticles; and - Selected examples of standards for chemical analysis.