This reference/text presents a complete and thorough examination of the latest advances in the instrumentation, evaluation, and implementation of UV technology for reliable and efficient data acquisition and analysis-providing real-world applications in expanding fields such as chemical physics, plasma science, photolithography, laser spectroscopy, astronomy, and atmospheric science, and highlighting important UV and VUV laser light generation issues. Discusses the LIF technique for studying organic molecules at low vibrational temperatures Supplemented with more than 1000 contemporary references, Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and UV Lasers is a clear and authoritative reference for spectroscopists, optical physicists and engineers; photolithography specialists; analytical chemists; biochemists; atmospheric specialists; biophysicists; astronomers; laser and solid-state laser material specialists; and an excellent text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Completely revised and expanded to reflect the most recent innovations in HPLC from the past decade, this authoritative reference presents practical strategies for the evaluation and analysis of proteins, peptides, and polynucleotides and offers class-specific applications for the characterization and fractionation of biological macromolecules. Contains updated material on organic supports, size exclusion, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and metal interaction chromatography With more than 2200 contemporary references-over 1000 more than the previous edition- HPLC of Biological Macromolecules, Second Edition is an essential source for biochemists and analytical biochemists, molecular and cell biologists, biophysicists, geneticists, chemical and biotechnological engineers, biochemical neuroendocrinologists, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Arguably the first book of its kind, Computational Bioengineering explores the power of multidisciplinary computer modeling in bioengineering. Written by experts, the book examines the interplay of multiple governing principles underlying common biomedical devices and problems, bolstered by case studies. It shows you how to take advantage of the latest computational capabilities to deal with biomedical problems using an integrative approach. This approach fosters an integrative problem-solving mentality for the generation of new and novel solutions to future biomedical problems. Each chapter begins with a brief review of the advances in computational efforts in the selected topic area and ends with case studies with detailed technical information. The approach provides a relevant overview of the selected topic area and demonstrates, with case studies, the power of computational modeling in offering predictive capabilities to assess new surgical concepts and medical devices and post-operative surgical outcomes. The book illustrates the expanded capabilities of computational bioengineering through discussions of bioengineering problems and discusses an image-based bioengineering modeling technique. Although computer modeling has been used to tackle bioengineering problems for decades, a systematic study of computational bioengineering not only addresses many critical challenges facing bioengineering but also sets a new direction for advancing the field. In a long run, this book is expected to foster an integrative problem-solving mentality that will help you generate new and novel solutions to future biomedical problems.

Characterizing bulk organic matter in seawater and bay water by various analytical techniques and linking these measurements with fouling in membrane systems. Furthermore, it aimed for the development of the Modified Fouling Index - ultrafiltration (MFI-UF) at constant flux filtration as an accurate test to measure the particulate fouling potential of a feed water and predict the rate of fouling in reverse osmosis systems. A new semi-portable set-up has been successfully developed to perform MFI-UF tests at constant flux filtration. A significant effect of the filtration flux on the fouling potential was found. Consequences of this effect for reverse osmosis systems are that the fouling potential at low flux drops dramatically; for ultrafiltration systems it implicates that the rate of fouling increases at high fluxes. The observed effect of flux on the fouling potential has significant implications for fouling potential measurements. Deposition factors in RO systems varied between 0 and 1, depending on location and MFI pore size, which indicates differences in properties of the particles present. Fouling potential results in RO fouling rates of 0.2-1 bar/month depending on the pore size of the membranes used for MFI measurements. The fouling potential of the analysed raw waters is substantially reduced by conventional pre-treatment systems and ultrafiltration: for conventional pre-treatment 37 % - 74 % and ultrafiltration 60 % - 95 %, depending on the location and the MFI pore size.

For more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied upon the Advances in Chromatography Series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. Covering the state of the art in separation science, this volume continues to present timely, cutting-edge reviews on chromatography in the fields of bio-, analytical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemistry. Compiled by leading researchers from around the world, new chapters cover topics related to countercurrent chromatography and large-scale genotyping as well as cyclic voltammetry detection, a powerful tool for determining the electrochemical characteristics of organic compounds.

This volume details the principles and instrumentation of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS), and outlines industrial, environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, forensic and food-related applications, revealing findings from the laboratories of 40 contributing scientists around the world using GC-MS in practice. It describes upstream and downstream applications of GC-MS in the petroleum industry and identifies chlorinated compounds in the environment with quadrupole ion-trap technology and high-resolution sector instruments.

This book provides a balanced blend of fundamental concepts of fabrication, characterization of conventional ceramics, extending to present the recent advances in ceramic membranes. It covers the basic concepts of ceramic membranes as well as practical and theoretical knowledge in conventional and advanced ceramic membranes combined with unorthodox ideas for novel approaches in ceramic membranes. Book includes lot of real time examples derived largely from research work by authors. Aimed at researchers, students and academics in the field of membrane engineering around the globe, it has following key features: Guides readers through manufacturing, characterizing and using low-cost ceramic technology. Provides an overview of the different types of ceramic membranes, catalytic reactors and their uses. Covers industrial application, separation and purification. Includes recent developments and advances in membrane fabrication. Discusses new raw materials for ceramic membranes.

NMR Spectroscopy in Liquids and Solids provides an introduction of the general concepts behind Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and its applications, including how to perform adequate NMR experiments and interpret data collected in liquids and solids to characterize molecule systems in terms of their structure and dynamics. The book is composed of ten chapters. The first three chapters consider the theoretical basis of NMR spectroscopy, the theory of NMR relaxation, and the practice of relaxation measurements. The middle chapters discuss the general aspects of molecular dynamics and their relationships to NMR, NMR spectroscopy and relaxation studies in solutions, and special issues related to NMR in solutions. The remaining chapters introduce general principles and strategies involved in solid-state NMR studies, provide examples of applications of relaxation for the determination of molecular dynamics in diamagnetic solids, and discuss special issues related to solid state NMR including NMR relaxation in paramagnetic solids. All chapters are accompanied by references and recommended literature for further reading. Many practical examples of multinuclear NMR and relaxation experiments and their interpretations are also presented. The book is ideal for scientists new to NMR, students, and investigators working in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pharmaceutical sciences, or materials science.

From forensics and security to pharmaceuticals and environmental applications, spectroscopic detection is one of the most cost-effective methods for identifying chemical compounds in a wide range of disciplines. For spectroscopic information, correlation charts are far more easily used than tables, especially for scientists and students whose own areas of specialization may lie elsewhere. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts provides a collection of spectroscopic information and unique correlation charts for use in the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements. The handbook presents useful analysis and assignment of spectra and structural elucidation of organic and organometallic molecules. The correlation charts are compiled from an extensive search of spectroscopic literature and contain current, detailed information that includes new results for many compounds. The handbook includes graphical data charts for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the most useful nuclei, as well as infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Because mass spectrometry data is not best represented graphically, the data are presented in tabular form, where mass spectrometry can be used for analyses and structural determinations in tandem with other techniques. In addition to presenting absorption bands and intensities for a variety of important functional groups and chemical families, the book also discusses instrument calibration, diagnostics, common solvents, fragmentation patterns, several practical conversion tables, and laboratory safety. Not intended to replace reference works that provide exhaustive spectral charts on specific compound classes, this book fills the need for fundamental charts that are needed on a general, day-to-day basis. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts is an ideal laboratory companion for students and professionals in academic, industrial, and government labs.

The CRC Handbook of Chromatography is a series of work-bench references for scientists and researchers using chromatographic systems for the analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. This handbook is an assemblage of tables where, besides data obtained by modern separation methods, older sources often difficult to access have been included to give maximum information. For use in scientific research and routine analysis where the exact determination of plant pigments, because of their light absorbing properties and defined tasks, is necessary.

This book addresses Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), which has gained worldwide acceptance as an analytical technique. FAAS offers 100-1000 times better determination and detection limits than other techniques for a majority of the elements. This technique requires a small sample size, and demands less sample-preparation time than others. The handbook is a collection of thousands of references for detection and determination of various elements in agricultural products, biological and clinical samples, and metallurgical and electronic materials. Each chapter is devoted to an element or a similar group of elements. Included are instrumental setup parameters, references, and author and subject indexes. Also presented are detailed appendixes covering glossary, list of manufacturers of spectrophotometers and its accessories, list of chemical suppliers, and list of reviews and abstracts. The handbook covers topics such as heavy metals, clinical products, and trace metal analysis. This desk-top reference is meant for chemists who handle day-to-day analysis problems in laboratories in government, clinical, industrial and academic settings. It is invaluable for those involved in research in environmental science, analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry and forensic science.

Nanocomposite Membrane Technology: Fundamentals and Applications is the first book to deliver an extensive exploration of nanocomposite membrane technology. This groundbreaking text offers an eloquent introduction to the field as well as a comprehensive overview of fundamental aspects and application areas. Approaching the subject from the materials point of view, this book: Discusses the history, synthesis, and characterization of nanocomposite membranes Examines water treatment, gas separation, and biomedical applications Addresses health, environmental, safety, and societal implications Considers processing challenges, including scalability issues Provides case studies of real-world implementations Nanocomposite Membrane Technology: Fundamentals and Applications covers each topic with enough clarity and detail to be a valuable source of information for beginners and experts alike. Thus, this book is the guide of choice for scientists and engineers in both industry and academia.

The First Book on CRS Microscopy Compared to conventional Raman microscopy, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) allows label-free imaging of living cells and tissues at video rate by enhancing the weak Raman signal through nonlinear excitation. Edited by pioneers in the field and with contributions from a distinguished team of experts, Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy explains how CRS can be used to obtain a point-by-point chemical map of live cells and tissues. In color throughout, the book starts by establishing the foundation of CRS microscopy. It discusses the principles of nonlinear optical spectroscopy, particularly coherent Raman spectroscopy, and presents the theories of contrast mechanisms pertinent to CRS microscopy. The text then provides important technical aspects of CRS microscopy, including microscope construction, detection schemes, and data analyses. It concludes with a survey of applications that demonstrate how CRS microscopy has become a valuable tool in biomedicine. Due to its label-free, noninvasive examinations of living cells and organisms, CRS microscopy has opened up exciting prospects in biology and medicine-from the mapping of 3D distributions of small drug molecules to identifying tumors in tissues. An in-depth exploration of the theories, technology, and applications, this book shows how CRS microscopy has impacted human health and will deepen our understanding of life processes in the future.

The growth in the world's nuclear industry, motivated by peaking world oil supplies, concerns about the greenhouse effect, and domestic needs for energy independence, has resulted in a heightened focus on the need for next-generation nuclear fuel-cycle technologies. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances, Volume 19 provides a comprehensive look at the state of the science underlying solvent extraction in its role as the most powerful separation technique for the reprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel. Capturing the current technology and scientific progress as it exists today and looking ahead to potential developments, the book examines the overall state of solvent extraction in reprocessing, new molecules for increased selectivity and performance, methods for predicting extractant properties, and actinide-lanthanide group separation. The contributors also explore the simultaneous extraction of radionuclides by mixing extractants, the cause and nature of third-phase formation, the effects of radiation on the solvent and its performance, analytical techniques for measuring process concentrations, new centrifugal contactors for more efficient processing, and new chemistry using novel media. The long-term vision of many professionals in the field entails a proliferation-free nuclear energy economy in which little or no waste is stored or released into the environment and all potential energy values in spent nuclear fuel are recycled. This text opens a window on that possibility, offering insight from world leaders on the cutting edge of nuclear research.

For a host of reasons, nonlinear optical spectroscopy is a valuable tool for biochemical applications where minimally invasive diagnostics is desired. Biochemical Applications of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy presents the latest technological advances and offers a perspective on future directions in this important field. Written by an international panel of experts, this volume begins with a comparison of nonlinear optical spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The text examines the use of multiphoton fluorescence to study chemical phenomena in the skin, the use of nonlinear optics to enhance traditional optical spectroscopy, and the multimodal approach, which incorporates several spectroscopic techniques in one instrument. Later chapters explore Raman microscopy, third-harmonic generation microscopy, and non-linear Raman microspectroscopy. The text explores the promise of beam shaping and the use of broadband laser pulse generated through continuum generation and an optical pulse shaper. Lastly, the book discusses the effects of spatial beam shaping on the generated nonlinear Raman signals in a tightly focused geometry and provides insight into the extension of nonlinear optical spectroscopy to the nanoscale through the use of plasmonic tip-enhanced arrangement. With novel experimental approaches to this technology expanding day-by-day, the book's balanced coverage from a wide range of international contributors not only elucidates important achievements, but also outlines future directions in this dynamic and promising field.

This comprehensive reference work details the latest developments in fluorescence imaging and related biological quantification. It explores the most recent techniques in this imaging technology through the utilization and incorporation of quantification analysis which makes this book unique. It also covers super resolution microscopy with the introduction of 3D imaging and high resolution fluorescence. Many of the chapter authors are world class experts in this medical imaging technology.

A concise introduction, Optical Astronomical Spectroscopy appeals to the newcomer of astronomical spectroscopy and assumes no previous specialist knowledge. Beginning from the physical background of spectroscopy with a clear explanation of energy levels and spectroscopic notation, the book proceeds to introduce the main techniques of optical spectroscopy and the range of instrumentation that is available. With clarity and directness, it then describes the applications of spectroscopy in modern astronomy, such as the solar system, stars, nebulae, the interstellar medium, and galaxies, giving an immediate appeal to beginners.

Over recent years electronic spectroscopy has developed significantly, with key applications in atmospheric chemistry, astrophysics and astrochemistry. High Resolution Electronic Spectroscopy of Small Molecules explores both theoretical and experimental approaches to understanding the electronic spectra of small molecules, and explains how this information translates to practice. Professors Geoffrey Duxbury and Alexander Alijah present the links between spectroscopy and photochemistry, and discuss theoretical treatments of the interaction between different electronic states. They provide a thorough discussion of experimental techniques, and explore practical applications. This book will be an indispensable reference for graduate students and researchers in physics and chemistry working on theoretical and practical aspects of electronic spectra, as well as atmospheric scientists, photochemists, kineticists and professional spectroscopists.

Covering definitions, concepts, and applications, Countercurrent Chromatography recounts the developments in two types of liquid-liquid chromatography termed countercurrent-high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC)-as well as the HSCCC-derived cross-axis CCC, a versatile technique for purification in biotechnology applications. The text investigates mechanisms for mixing liquid phases, particularly hydrostatic techniques for CPC and hydrodynamic for coil planet centrifuges. It also explores the use of countercurrent chromatography in inorganic analysis, chiral separation, and the separation of natural products.

This practical guide to the trace analysis of metals and alloys details minor, trace, and ultratrace methods; addresses the essential stages that precede measurement; and highlights the measurement systems most likely to be used by the pragmatic analyst. Features key material on inclusion and phase isolation, never-before published in any English-language reference Designed to provide useful maps and signposts for metals analysts who must verify that stringent trace level compositional specifications have been met, Trace Elemental Analysis of Metals examines sampling, contamination control, isolation, and preconcentration covers molecular absorption, atomic absorption, atomic emission, mass spectrometry, and other measurement systems discusses the critical importance of inclusions and phases in obtaining accurate trace determinations explores quality issues surrounding method validation, analytical control verification, and reference material needs defines a style for treating results slightly above the noise limit of the instrumentation provides painstakingly referenced, step-by-step instructions for specific alloy systems and methodologies supplies a concise overview of the chemical and instrumental techniques widely available in industrial laboratories includes an easy-to-use glossary defining terms, specialized usage, and jargon related to trace work in metals and alloys reviews the conventions of reporting at, and near, the detection and quantification limits of a procedure and more Offering direction to analysts seeking consistent data while working within the limits of available technology, Trace Elemental Analysis of Metals is a valuable guide suited to analytical, inorganic, and materials chemists; spectroscopists; environmental scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy is an emerging approach to characterize the electronic structure of catalysts and enzymes, and it is either installed or planned for intense synchrotron beam lines and X-ray free electron lasers. This type of spectroscopy requires high-energy resolution spectroscopy not only for the incoming X-ray beam but also, in most applications, for the detection of the outgoing photons. Thus, the use of high-resolution X-ray crystal spectrometers whose resolving power E/E is typically about 10-4, is mandatory. High-Resolution XAS/XES: Analyzing Electronic Structures of Catalysts covers the latest developments in X-ray light sources, detectors, crystal spectrometers, and photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy techniques. It also addresses photon-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy applications for the study of catalytic systems, highlighting hard X-ray measurements primarily due to probe high penetration, enabling in situ studies. This first-of-its-kind book: Discusses high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in terms of time-resolved and surface enhancement Supplies an understanding of catalytic reactivity essential for capitalizing on core level X-ray spectroscopy at fourth-generation light sources (XFELs) Describes all spectrometers developed to perform core level X-ray spectroscopy, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each Details methods to elucidate aspects of catalysts under working conditions, such as active sites and molecule adsorption Introduces theoretical calculations of spectra and explores biological as well as heterogeneous catalysts Complete with guidelines and warnings for the use of this type of spectroscopy, High-Resolution XAS/XES: Analyzing Electronic Structures of Catalysts provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of this exciting field.

Reflecting the substantial increase in popularity of quadrupole ion traps and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers, Practical Aspects of Trapped Ion Mass Spectrometry, Volume IV: Theory and Instrumentation explores the historical origins of the latest advances in this expanding field. It covers new methods for trapping ions, such as the Orbitrap (TM), the digital ion trap (DIT), the rectilinear ion trap (RIT), and the toroidal ion trap; the development and application of the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and the quadrupole linear ion trap (LIT); and the introduction of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). After a combined appreciation and historical survey of mass spectrometry and a discussion of how improved capabilities for microfabrication have led to interest in arrays of ion traps, the book examines the theory and practice of the Orbitrap mass analyzer, the rectangular waveform-driven DIT mass spectrometer, FAIMS, and ion traps with circular geometries. It next discusses ion accumulation for increasing sensitivity in FT-ICR spectrometry, a radio frequency-only-mode event for Penning traps in FT MS, and an FT operating mode applied to a 3D-QIT. The text then presents three behavioral aspects of quadrupole rod sets, before illustrating the development of the 3D-QIT in recent years. The final chapters explore photodissociation in ion traps and the chemical and photochemical studies of metal dication complexes in a 3D-QIT. In this volume that spans twenty-one chapters, a stellar panel of leading experts and up-and-coming researchers presents a cohesive, global, and up-to-date view of the practical aspects of using trapped ion devices. A companion to Volume V: Applications of Ion Trapping Devices, the book authoritatively covers the theory involved as well as the instrumentation currently used in this dynamic field.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used across many fields of science because of the rich data it produces, and some of the most valuable data come from studies of nuclear spin relaxation in solution. The first edition of this book, published more than a decade ago, provided an accessible and cohesive treatment of the field. The present second edition is a significant update, covering important new developments in recent years. Collecting relaxation theory, experimental techniques, and illustrative applications into a single volume, this book clarifies the nature of the phenomenon, shows how to study it and explains why such studies are worthwhile. Coverage ranges from basic to rigorous theory and from simple to sophisticated experimental methods. Topics include cross-relaxation, multispin phenomena, relaxation studies of molecular dynamics and structure and special topics such as relaxation in systems with quadrupolar nuclei, in paramagnetic systems and in long-living spin states. Avoiding overly demanding mathematics, the authors explain spin relaxation in a manner that anyone with a familiarity with NMR can follow. The focus is on illustrating and explaining the physical nature of relaxation phenomena. Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids: Theory, Experiments and Applications, 2nd edition, provides useful supplementary reading for graduate students and is a valuable reference for NMR spectroscopists, whether in chemistry, physics or biochemistry.

The analytical power of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) instruments is poised to advance this technology from research to analytical laboratories. Exploring these developments at this critical juncture, Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Theory and Applications covers the tools, techniques, and applications involved when molecular size and shape information is combined with the well-known analytical advantages of high-performance mass spectrometry. One of the Most Exciting Developments in Contemporary Mass Spectrometry After presenting an overview chapter and the fundamentals, the book focuses on instrumentation and ionization sources. It describes an ion-mobility-capable quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the differential mobility analyzer, a cryogenic-temperature ion mobility mass spectrometer, the atmospheric solids analysis probe method, and laserspray ionization. In the final applications-oriented chapters, the contributors explore how homebuilt and commercial instruments using electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) methods are employed to solve biological and synthetic issues. Harness the Power of IMS-MS for Analyzing Complex Substances This work helps readers unfamiliar with IMS-MS to understand its fundamental theory and practical applications. It also encourages them to investigate the potential analytical uses of IMS-MS and further explore the power of this method. Numerous color figures are included on downloadable resources.

Foam fractionation is a separation process in which proteins and other amphipathic species adsorb to the surface of bubbles. The bubbles are then removed from the solution in the form of foam at the top of a column. Due to its cost-effectiveness, foam fractionation has the potential for rapid commercial growth, especially in biotechnology. To assist in the widespread adoption of this highly affordable yet powerful process, Foam Fractionation: Principles and Process Design: Provides a systematic explanation of the underlying physics of foam fractionation Discusses the fundamentals of molecular adsorption to gas liquid interfaces and the dynamics of foam Describes foam fractionation process intensification strategies Supplies design guidance for plant-scale installations Contains the latest knowledge of foam fractionation transport processes Presents a case study of the world's largest commercial foam fractionation plant producing the food preservative Nisin Foam Fractionation: Principles and Process Design capitalizes on the authors' extensive practical experience of foam fractionation and allied processes to give process engineers, industrial designers, chemical engineers, academics, and graduate students alike a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis and real-world applications of foam fractionation.