This book shows the electronic, optical and lattice-vibration properties of the two-dimensional materials which are revealed by the Raman spectroscopy. It consists of eleven chapters covering various Raman spectroscopy techniques (ultralow-frequency, resonant Raman spectroscopy, Raman imaging), different kinds of two-dimensional materials (in-plane isotropy and anisotropy materials, van der Waals heterostructures) and their physical properties (double-resonant theory, surface and interface effect). The topics include the theory origin, experimental phenomenon and advanced techniques in this area. This book is interesting and useful to a wide readership in various fields of condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering.

In virtually all types of experiments in which a response is analyzed as a function of frequency (e. g., a spectrum), transform techniques can significantly improve data acquisition and/or data reduct ion. Research-level nuclear magnet ic resonance and infra-red spectra are already obtained almost exclusively by Fourier transform methods, because Fourier transform NMR and IR spectrometers have been commercially available since the late 1960.s. Similar transform techniques are equally valuable (but less well-known) for a wide range of other chemical applications for which commercial instruments are only now becoming available: for example, the first corrmercial Fourier transform mass spectrometer was introduced this year (1981) by Nicolet Instrument Corporation. The purpose of this volume is to acquaint practicing chemists with the basis, advantages, and applica of Fourier, Hadamard, and Hilbert transforms in chemistry. For tions almost all chapters, the author is the investigator who was the first to apply such methods in that field. The basis and advantages of transform techniques are described in Chapter 1. Many of these aspects were understood and first applied by infrared astronomers in the 1950.s, in order to improve the otherwise unacceptably poor signal-to-noise ratio of their spec tra. However, the computations required to reduce the data were painfully slow, and required a 1 arge computer."

Presents chemical state imaging methods useful on distance scales ranging from individual atoms to millimeters. This work is intended for chemists familiar with modern spectroscopies, but includes tutorial material on basic imaging processes for those with little background in the field.

A technique that is useful in the study of pharmaceutical products and biological molecules, polarization IR spectroscopy has undergone continuous development since it first emerged almost 100 years ago. Capturing the state of the science as it exists today, Linearly Polarized IR Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications for Structural Analysis demonstrates how the technique can be properly utilized to obtain important information about the structure and spectral properties of oriented compounds. The book starts with the theoretical basis of linear-dichroic infrared (IR-LD) spectroscopy and then moves on to examine the background of the orientation method of colloid suspensions in a nematic host. It explores the orientation procedure itself, experimental design, and mathematical tools for the interpretation of the IR spectroscopic patterns. Next, the authors describe the structural elucidation of inorganic and organic compounds and glasses. Finally, they discuss applications in pharmaceutical analysis and the chemistry of dyes. Filled with more than 140 illustrations along with a color insert, the book explains both the scope of the polarized IR spectroscopy method as well as its limitations. A powerful source of information not only for specialists in IR spectroscopy, but also for those working in the field of structural analysis, this volume moves the field closer to developing an inherently classical method for the structural characterization of compounds.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy has become a mainstream technique for imaging and analysis at atomic resolution and sensitivity, and the authors of this book are widely credited with bringing the field to its present popularity. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy(STEM): Imaging and Analysis will provide a comprehensive explanation of the theory and practice of STEM from introductory to advanced levels, covering the instrument, image formation and scattering theory, and definition and measurement of resolution for both imaging and analysis. The authors will present examples of the use of combined imaging and spectroscopy for solving materials problems in a variety of fields, including condensed matter physics, materials science, catalysis, biology, and nanoscience. Therefore this will be a comprehensive reference for those working in applied fields wishing to use the technique, for graduate students learning microscopy for the first time, and for specialists in other fields of microscopy.

"Solid-State Theory - An Introduction" is a textbook for graduate students of physics and material sciences. Whilst covering the traditional topics of older textbooks, it also takes up new developments in theoretical concepts and materials that are connected with such breakthroughs as the quantum-Hall effects, the high-Tc superconductors, and the low-dimensional systems realized in solids. Thus besides providing the fundamental concepts to describe the physics of the electrons and ions comprising the solid, including their interactions, the book casts a bridge to the experimental facts and gives the reader an excellent insight into current research fields. A compilation of problems makes the book especially valuable to both students and teachers.

Increased environmental consciousness within the scientific community has spurred the search for environmentally friendly processes as alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In the past two decades, numerous advances-including the use of ionic liquids-have made it possible to develop substitutes for some toxic solvents. Ionic liquids are widely recognized as suitable for use in organic reactions and can also improve the control of product distribution, enhanced reactivity, ease of product recovery, catalyst immobilization, and recycling. Environmentally Friendly Syntheses Using Ionic Liquids presents the latest developments in the field. It also reviews the latest applications in a wide range of fields including biotechnology, nuclear science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and organic and inorganic chemistry-all from the standpoint of green sustainable chemistry. Growing interest in the field of ionic liquids will define newer and unexplored areas of applications, expanding possible use of these environmentally friendly chemicals. The information presented in this book will undoubtedly help motivate readers to further explore the field.

Describes the thermodynamics and kinetics underlying hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. Outlines use of a kinetic model in the predictive modeling of evaporation processes that eliminates the need to know the composition and identity of the chemical constituents in the sample. Explores building and employing QSRR models in cyclodextrin modified high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Reviews chemometric methods commonly paired with comprehensive 2D separations and key instrumental and preprocessing considerations.

The CRC Handbook of Chromatography is a series of work-bench references for scientists and researchers using chromatographic systems for the analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. This handbook is an assemblage of tables where, besides data obtained by modern separation methods, older sources often difficult to access have been included to give maximum information. For use in scientific research and routine analysis where the exact determination of plant pigments, because of their light absorbing properties and defined tasks, is necessary.

This handbook is intended to serve as a working manual and reference book for carbohydrate chemists and biochemists using the chromatographic methods that are indispensable in this field. Emphsis is on newer methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other automated liquid chromatography systems; and the material included was compiled mainly from literature published during the years 1970 to 1978. Data appearing in Volumes I and II of the Handbook of Chromatography are not repeated here, but references to relevant tables in Volumes I and II are given at the start of corresponding sections of this handbook. In some cases material published before 1970 that was omitted from Volumes I and II of the series is included here: this applies particularly to the sections dealing with paper chromatography and electrophoresis.

CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Carbohydrates, Volume II updates the first volume, continuing coverage of literature published from 1979 to 1989. Tabulated for easy reference and thoroughly documented, it presents the comprehensive data for all chromatographic techniques applicable to carbohydrates. It features glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, as well as mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. This important text emphasizes novel chromatographic methods. Highlights of this superb work include the diversity of HPLC methods applicable to carbohydrates, and the use of some new techniques, including supercritical fluid chromatography and ion chromatography in carbohydrate analysis. Readers discover the latest detection methods, degradative processes, and derivatization techniques. Detailed chapters cover topics such as spectroscopic techniques, electrochemistry, and gas chromatography. This easy-to-use volume provides an excellent working manual and reference book for researchers in the fields of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. CRC Handbook of Chromatography, Carbohydrates: Volume II is an absolute must for all analysts working for industries concerned with carbohydrates.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) a highly promising new technique for bulk explosives detection: relatively inexpensive, more compact than NMR, but with considerable selectivity. Since the NQR frequency is insensitive to long-range variations in composition, mixing explosives with other materials, such as the plasticizers in plastic explosives, makes no difference. The NQR signal strength varies linearly with the amount of explosive, and is independent of its distribution within the volume monitored. NQR spots explosive types in configurations missed by the X-ray imaging method.

But if NQR is so good, why it is not used everywhere? Its main limitation is the low signal-to-noise ratio, particularly with the radio-frequency interference that exists in a field environment, NQR polarization being much weaker than that from an external magnetic field. The distinctive signatures are there, but are difficult to extract from the noise. In addition, the high selectivity is partly a disadvantage, as it is hard to build a multichannel system necessary to cover a wide range of target substances. Moreover, substances fully screened by metallic enclosures, etc. are difficult to detect. A workshop was held at St Petersburg in July 2008 in an attempt to solve these problems and make NQR the universal technique for the detection of bombs regardless of type. This book presents the essentials of the papers given there.

This informative book offers a wide range of knowledge on the technologies and applications of the cutting-edge field of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in different areas of analysis. HRMS has changed the nature of experimentation and investigation in so many analytical realms. Determining exact mass determination, high resolution, and specificity-via the special features provided by HRMS instruments-is now possible for determining the composition of the analyte of interest, both qualitatively and quantitatively. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Its Diverse Applications: Cutting-Edge Techniques and Instrumentation begins with an overview of the basic instrumentation techniques and goes on to present research on diverse new uses of HRMS in clinical testing, such as for therapeutic drug designing, discovery, and development; in forensic studies and investigations; in quality management systems; for analysis of pesticides; for analysis of single cells; in analysis of fossil fuels; for use in space and planetary science; and more. Chapters relay how HRMS plays an important role in the structure elucidation and unknown determination in many fields and is a great measure to be used for quantitative analyses. The book considers how these properties make the technique a strong aid in many areas. This volume highlights how HRMS can be a useful tool for scientists and researchers, faculty and students, and industry professionals in many scientific areas of study.

This volume on Ultrafast Magnetism is a collection of articles presented at the international "Ultrafast Magnetization Conference" held at the Congress Center in Strasbourg, France, from October 28th to November 1st, 2013. This first conference, which is intended to be held every two years, received a wonderful attendance and gathered scientists from 27 countries in the field of Femtomagnetism, encompassing many theoretical and experimental research subjects related to the spins dynamics in bulk or nanostructured materials. The participants appreciated this unique opportunity for discussing new ideas and debating on various physical interpretations of the reported phenomena. The format of a single session with many oral contributions as well as extensive time for poster presentations allowed researchers to have a detailed overview of the field. Importantly, one could sense that, in addition to studying fundamental magnetic phenomena, ultrafast magnetism has entered in a phase where applied physics and engineering are playing an important role. Several devices are being proposed with exciting R&D perspectives in the near future, in particular for magnetic recording, time resolved magnetic imaging and spin polarized transport, therefore establishing connections between various aspects of modern magnetism. Simultaneously, the diversity of techniques and experimental configurations has flourished during the past years, employing in particular Xrays, visible, infra-red and terahertz radiations. It was also obvious that an important effort is being made for tracking the dynamics of spins and magnetic domains at the nanometer scale, opening the pathway to exciting future developments. The concerted efforts between theoretical and experimental approaches for explaining the dynamical behaviors of angular momentum and energy levels, on different classes of magnetic materials, are worth pointing out. Finally it was unanimously recognized that the quality of the scientific oral and poster presentations contributed to bring the conference to a very high international standard.

Molecular recognition, also known as biorecognition, is the heart of all biological interactions. Originating from protein stretching experiments, dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) allows for the extraction of detailed information on the unbinding process of biomolecular complexes. It is becoming progressively more important in biochemical studies and is finding wider applications in areas such as biophysics and polymer science. In six chapters, Dynamic Force Spectroscopy and Biomolecular Recognition covers the most recent ideas and advances in the field of DFS applied to biorecognition: Chapter 1: Reviews the basic and novel aspects of biorecognition and discusses the emerging capabilities of single-molecule techniques to disclose kinetic properties and molecular mechanisms usually hidden in bulk measurements Chapter 2: Describes the basic principle of atomic force microsocopy (AFM) and DFS, with particular attention to instrumental and theoretical aspects more strictly related to the study of biomolecules Chapter 3: Overviews the theoretical background in which experimental data taken in nonequilibrum measurements of biomolecular unbinding forces are extrapolated to equilibrium conditions Chapter 4: Reviews the most common and efficient strategies adopted in DFS experiments to immobilize the interacting biomolecules to the AFM tip and to the substrate Chapter 5: Presents and discusses the most representative aspects related to the analysis of DFS data and the challenges of integrating well-defined criteria to calibrate data in automatic routinary procedures Chapter 6: Overviews the most relevant DFS applications to study biorecognition processes, including the biotin/avidin pair, and selected results on various biological complexes, including antigen/antibody, proteins/DNA, and complexes involved in adhesion processes Chapter 7: Summarizes the main results obtained by DFS applied to study biorecognition processes with forthcoming theoretical and experimental advances Although DFS is a widespread, worldwide technique, no books focused on this subject have been available until now. Dynamic Force Spectroscopy and Biomolecular Recognition provides the state of the art of experimental data analysis and theoretical procedures, making it a useful tool for researchers applying DFS to study biorecognition processes.

This book is a comprehensive summary of 50 years of research from theoretical predictions to experimental confirmation of the manifestation of spin exchange in EPR spectroscopy. The author unfolds the details of comprehensive state of the art of theoretical calculations, which have been proven to become the core of the paradigm shift in spin exchange and set the direction for the future of spin exchange research. The book refers to important experimental data that confirms the theory. It describes the modern protocol for determining the bi-molecular spin exchange rate from the EPR spectra, which will be especially interesting for experimentalists. Given its scope, the book will benefit all researchers engaged in theory and experiments in the area of spin exchange and its manifestations in EPR spectroscopy, where many remarkable applications of the spin probe have been developed.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

This thesis presents the discovery of a surprising phase transition between a topological and a broken symmetry phase. Phase transitions between broken symmetry phases involve a change in symmetry and those between topological phases require a change in topological order; in rare cases, however, transitions may occur between these two broad classes of phases in which the vanishing of the topological order is accompanied by the emergence of a broken symmetry. This thesis describes observations of such a special phase transition in the two-dimensional electron gas confined in the GaAs/AlGaAs structures. When tuned by hydrostatic pressure, the = 5/2 and = 7/2 fractional quantum Hall states, believed to be prototypical non-Abelian topological phases of the Pfaffian universality class, give way to an electronic nematic phase. Remarkably, the fractional quantum Hall states involved are due to pairing of emergent particles called composite fermions. The findings reported here, therefore, provide an interesting example of competition of pairing and nematicity. This thesis provides an introduction to quantum Hall physics of the two-dimensional electron gas, contains details of the high pressure experiments, and offers a discussion of the ramifications and of the origins of the newly reported phase transition.

This book is an essential reference guide to spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, by the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Impedance Spectroscopy is a powerful measurement method used in many application fields such as electro chemistry, material science, biology and medicine, semiconductor industry and sensors. Using the complex impedance at various frequencies increases the informational basis that can be gained during a measurement. It helps to separate different effects that contribute to a measurement and, together with advanced mathematical methods, non-accessible quantities can be calculated. This book is the second in the series Lecture Notes on Impedance Spectroscopy (LNIS). The series covers new advances in the field of impedance spectroscopy including fundamentals, methods and applications. It releases scientific contributions as extended chapters including detailed information about recent scientific research results.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides serves as an essential reference guide containing spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, according to the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides serves as an essential reference guide containing spectroscopic, physical and biological activity data of over 3500 steroid glycosides, offering the structures and the data of the naturally occurring glycosides of steroids. All compounds are arranged according to the structure of the aglycone, and, in its own class, according to the increasing molecular weight, making Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides extremely useful for the structure elucidation of new natural products, particularly glycosides.

Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides offers a practical desk reference for all scientists and students interested in steroid glycosides and their biological and medicinal importance.

The following data of the steroid glycosides, as available in published literature, are included: - Name of the compound, Chemical name of compound and its structure, - Source, name of the genus, species, authors, family of the biological source from which the glycoside has been isolated, - Melting point, - Specific rotation, - Molecule weight, - Molecular formula, - UV spectral data: maxima, e or log e, solvent, - IR peaks in cm-1 with medium in which the spectrum was taken e.g. KBr, nujol, etc, - Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) chemical shifts, multiplicity of the peaks, coupling constants with assignments, - 13C-NMR (CMR) chemical shifts with assignments, - Mass spectral data with the technique used (e.g. Electron Impact (E.I.), Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB), positive ion or negative ion mode or any other technique, - CD or ORD data, - Biological Activity, - Full reference from which data have been taken.

The thesis contains several pioneering results at the intersection of state-of-the-art materials characterization techniques and machine learning. The use of machine learning empowers the information extraction capability of neutron and photon spectroscopies. In particular, new knowledge and new physics insights to aid spectroscopic analysis may hold great promise for next-generation quantum technology. As a prominent example, the so-called proximity effect at topological material interfaces promises to enable spintronics without energy dissipation and quantum computing with fault tolerance, yet the characteristic spectral features to identify the proximity effect have long been elusive. The work presented within permits a fine resolution of its spectroscopic features and a determination of the proximity effect which could aid further experiments with improved interpretability. A few novel machine learning architectures are proposed in this thesis work which leverage the case when the data is scarce and utilize the internal symmetry of the system to improve the training quality. The work sheds light on future pathways to apply machine learning to augment experiments.

Quantum Chemistry of Solids delivers a comprehensive account of the main features and possibilities of LCAO methods for the first principles calculations of electronic structure of periodic systems. The first part describes the basic theory underlying the LCAO methods applied to periodic systems and the use of Hartree-Fock(HF), Density Function theory(DFT) and hybrid Hamiltonians. The translation and site symmetry consideration is included to establish connection between k-space solid -state physics and real-space quantum chemistry. The inclusion of electron correlation effects for periodic systems is considered on the basis of localized crystalline orbitals. The possibilities of LCAO methods for chemical bonding analysis in periodic systems are discussed.
The second part deals with the applications of LCAO methods for calculations of bulk crystal properties, including magnetic ordering and crystal structure optimization. In the second edition two new chapters are added in the application part II of the book.
Chapter 12 deals with the recent LCAO calculations and illustrates the efficiency of the scalar-relativistic LCAO method for solids, containing heavy atoms. Chapter 13 deals with the symmetry properties and the recent applications of LCAO method to inorganic nanotubes.
New material is added to chapter 9 devoted to LCAO calculations of perfect-crystal properties. The possibilities of LCAO method for calculation of the high-frequency dielectric constants of crystals and the description of phase transitions in solids are discussed. The efficiency of LCAO method in the quantum-mechanics-molecular dynamics approach to the interpretation of x-ray absorption and EXAFS spectra is illustrated. A new section is devoted to recent LCAO calculations of electronic, vibrational and magnetic properties of tungstates MeWO4 (Me: Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd)."