This volume contains most of the invited talks of the 2001 meeting of the Solid State Physics Section of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft held from March 26 to 30 in Hamburg, Germany. The topics covered reflect the present activities in this lively domain of modern physics and are thus supposed to flashlight the state-of-the-art in condensed matter physics in Germany in the year 2001.

The thesis contains several pioneering results at the intersection of state-of-the-art materials characterization techniques and machine learning. The use of machine learning empowers the information extraction capability of neutron and photon spectroscopies. In particular, new knowledge and new physics insights to aid spectroscopic analysis may hold great promise for next-generation quantum technology. As a prominent example, the so-called proximity effect at topological material interfaces promises to enable spintronics without energy dissipation and quantum computing with fault tolerance, yet the characteristic spectral features to identify the proximity effect have long been elusive. The work presented within permits a fine resolution of its spectroscopic features and a determination of the proximity effect which could aid further experiments with improved interpretability. A few novel machine learning architectures are proposed in this thesis work which leverage the case when the data is scarce and utilize the internal symmetry of the system to improve the training quality. The work sheds light on future pathways to apply machine learning to augment experiments.

Emphasis on improved quality and performance of distilled products and the demand for reduced operating costs place a heavy burden on both the personnel responsible for profitability and the manufacturing department charged with operating the processing equipment. There have been dramatic improvements in the computer software and hardware used to simulate and model the distillation process and potential response to experimentation, but mastering the art of distillation process and control still requires solid understanding of a large body of information. With a focus on achieving product purity at low cost, Distillation Control, Optimization, and Tuning: Fundamentals and Strategies highlights core concepts. These include process variables for continuous binary distillation columns and the four basic control strategies, the distillate and bottoms product quality performance objectives, and the tuning of process control loops. Without dwelling on complex mathematical descriptions, the book presents the fundamentals of process control of a distillation column as a separation and purification unit operation. It covers the concepts and functional criteria that are critical to successful implementation of process control, as well as measurement and improvement of product quality performance. It describes how process control loops for distillation columns can be tuned for stable operation, with a balance between minimum variability from setpoint changes and excellent response to load disturbances. Designed for students, engineers, technicians, and plant operators alike, this book emphasizes the prevailing need to strike a balance between the details of hypotheses and good engineering judgment. The author outlines learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter and includes chapter-end summaries, exercises, and references to help readers acquire essential knowledge and understanding. The result is a resource that will inform future decisions for the design, operation, and troubleshooting of distillation process control systems.

This edited volume provides an extensive overview of how nuclear magnetic resonance can be an indispensable tool to investigate molecular ordering, phase structure, and dynamics in complex anisotropic phases formed by liquid crystalline materials. The chapters, written by prominent scientists in their field of expertise, provide a state-of-the-art scene of developments in liquid crystal research. The fantastic assortment of shape anisotropy in organic molecules leads to the discoveries of interesting new soft materials made at a rapid rate which not only inject impetus to address the fundamental physical and chemical phenomena, but also the potential applications in memory, sensor and display devices. The review volume also covers topics ranging from solute studies of molecules in nematics and biologically ordered fluids to theoretical approaches in treating elastic and viscous properties of liquid crystals. This volume is aimed at graduate students, novices and experts alike, and provides an excellent reference material for readers interested in the liquid crystal research. It is, indeed, a reference book for every science library to have.

This book is designed to collect and review the research covering main directions in investigations of aromatic nitroso compounds in last decades, and to present both, the academic aspects of this chemistry, as well as the open field of its applicability. The book is divided in five chapters. The basic structural properties of the nitroso aromatic molecules are described in the first chapter. The second chapter is an overview of the methods of preparations of aromatic nitroso and polynitroso compounds, including classical synthetic methods and some new preparative approaches. The third part deals with the physico-chemical properties of nitroso aromates and azodioxides, its structure, crystallography, quantum chemical calculations, spectroscopy, typical reactions, and especially it is focused on the dimerizations in the solid-state. In the fourth chapter is represented organometallic chemistry of nitroso aromatic molecules and its applications in catalysis. The last part of the book deals with the behavior of this class of compounds in the biological systems, reactions with biomolecules and the use in toxicology.

Of related interest… Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC Satinder Ahuja Written by a leading scientist in the field, this monograph provides the first definitive and technically up-to-date treatment of the theory, equipment, and applications of chemistry’s most powerful reliable analytical technique. Coverage includes an encyclopedic compendium of common substances that require trace and ultratrace analysis, and features clear discussion of such important topics as considerations for HPLC equipment, sensitive detectors, sample preparation, method development, selectivity and computer-based optimizations, optimizing detectability, and much more. 1991 (0 471-51419-5) 432 pp. High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Biotechnology Edited by William S. Hancock Analytical chemists, biochemists, and chemical engineers will find this up-to-date guide to HPLC’s recent developments essential for enhancing on-the-job technical expertise. Extensive coverage includes the broad applications of HPLC, ranging from major chromatographic techniques (including reversed phase, ion exchange, affinity and hydrophobic interaction chromatography) to specific separations such as those in monoclonal antibody and nucleic acid purification. Techniques for quality control programs and advanced technology are also discussed. 1990 (0 471-82584-0) 564 pp. Unified Separation Science J. Calvin Giddings This advanced text/monograph brings together for the first time the variety of techniques used for chemical separations by outlining their common underlying mechanisms. The mass transport phenomena underlying all separation processes are developed in a simple physical-mathematical form, facilitating analysis of alternative separation techniques and the factors integral to separation power. The first six chapters provide background material applicable to a wide range of separation methods, while the final five chapters illustrate specific techniques and methods. 1991 (0 471-52089-6) 320 pp.

Activation Spectrometry in Chemical Analysis Susan J. Parry In clear, easy-to-read language, Activation Spectrometry in Chemical Analysis provides a straightforward review of just what activation analysis can do, describing the technique as it is currently applied to biomedical, environmental, geological, and industrial analytical problems. The book outlines the specifics of the procedures that have proven critical to the technique’s success and describes the current status of activation spectrometry in a concise, three-part format: principles, techniques, and applications. Written for undergraduates and postgraduates in universities, research institutes, government, or industry, the book provides the first definitive look at the day-to-day and key uses of the method that is at once challenging and intriguing, yet simple to grasp. 1991 (0 471-63844-7) 264 pp. Principles and Practice of Spectroscopic Calibration Howard Mark Clearly linking theory with applications, this unique guide to spectroscopic calibration advances an approach that is understandable, free of the usual uncertainties, and simple to execute. The book details the practical aspects of generating a calibration equation, as well as the basics of recognizing and dealing with different types of problems affecting calibration. Most of the procedures are applicable to such sophisticated and popular approaches as Principal Component Calibration (PCA), Partial Least Squares Calibration (PLS), and Fourier Transform Calibration. 1991 (0 471-54614-3) 192 pp. Analytical Raman Spectroscopy Edited by Jeanette G. Grasselli and Bernard J. Bulkin Analytical Raman Spectroscopy charts, through a series of contributed articles, the spectacular versatility of the method and its applications in semiconductor characterization, synthetic organic polymer analysis, organic and petrochemical analysis, heterogeneous catalysts, and biological studies. Chapters feature an outline structure which systematically details the critical aspects of each subject discussed. The book provides a unique look at the field’s fundamental operational techniques, instrumentation, and up-to-the-minute advances: components of modern Raman spectrometers; Raman spectroscopy of inorganic species in solution; quantitative analysis by Raman spectroscopy; and much more. 1991 (0 471-51955-3) 480 pp.

The primary objective of this volume, the first in a new series entitled Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, is to survey some effective approaches to understanding, describing and predicting ways in which solutes and solvents interact and the effects they have upon each other. The treatment of solute/solvent interactions that is presented emphasizes a synergism between theory and experiment. Data obtained experimentally are used as a basis for developing quantitative theoretical models that permit the correlation and interpretation of the data, and also provide a predictive capability. The latter being of course a key motivation for these efforts. Linear solvation energy relationships have been quite successful in this respect and accordingly receive considerable attention. Other effective approaches, including computational ones, are also being pursued, and are discussed in several chapters. This is an area that is continually evolving, and it is hoped that the present volume will convey a sense of its dynamic nature.

Drawing on the author's practical work from the last 20 years, Techniques in High Pressure Neutron Scattering is one of the first books to gather recent methods that allow neutron scattering well beyond 10 GPa. The author shows how neutron scattering has to be adapted to the pressure range and type of measurement. Suitable for both newcomers and experienced high pressure scientists and engineers, the book describes various solutions spanning two to three orders of magnitude in pressure that have emerged in the past three decades. Many engineering concepts are illustrated through examples of real high pressure devices that have demonstrated their capacity and have produced scientific results. After introducing basic engineering concepts related to the elastic and plastic behavior of cylindrical pressure devices, the text emphasizes mechanical and neutronic properties of construction materials. Subsequent chapters describe numerous high pressure techniques, including liquid/gas, clamp, and McWhan cells. The book also focuses on Paris-Edinburgh devices, high pressure metrology, and scientific applications.

All microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can be classified and identified by matching a few peptides known to be unique to each organism. Identifying Microbes by Mass Spectrometry Proteomics describes ways to identify microorganisms using powerful new techniques combining hardware and software and yielding highly accurate methods for detection, identification, and classification of microbes. This straightforward technology can be used to detect unknown and unsequenced microorganisms as well as microbes in complex environmental samples. This book reviews various mass analyzers used for detection and describes ionization methods frequently used for analysis of microbial constituents, a necessary step in the preparation of mass spectrometry (MS) samples. The text also discusses diverse processing methods, which are used to analyze MS files for matching mass spectral profiles, and examines protein and nucleic acid sequence-based methods capable of classification and identification of microbial agents. The book also covers sample collection methods and specific sample preparation techniques. The text addresses using computer software and bioinformatics approaches for data mining to discriminate microbes using mass spectrometry proteomics (MSP). It also discusses historical pattern recognition-based methods and other approaches such as analysis of pyrolysis products, chemical ionization (CI) of fatty acid methyl esters, and MALDI-MS. The text contains examples of the application of the MSP technique for microbe detection and includes a survey of suitable and commercially available MS-based platforms. Successful applications include the identification of unknown microbes in honey bees associated with colony collapse disorder and the analysis of virus strains from the 2009 influenza pandemic. The final chapter outlines future trends in these groundbreaking uses of MS techniques, which are fast, not limited by sample type, and show potential in answering complex environmental questions.

For more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. For Volume 53, the series editors have invited established, well-known chemists to offer cutting-edge reviews of chromatographic methods with applications in the life sciences. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.

The history of the application of semiconductors for controlling currents goes back all the way to 1926, in which Julius Lilienfeld led a patent for a "Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents" [1], which is considered the rst work on metal/semiconductor eld-effect transistors. More well-known is the work of William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in the 1940s [2, 3], after which the development of semiconductor devices commenced. In 1958, independent work from Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce ledto the invention of integrated circuits. A few milestones in IC design are the rst monolithic operational ampli er in 1963 (Fairchild?A702, Bob Widlar) and the rst o- chip 4-bit microprocessor in 1971 (Intel 4004). Ever since the start of the semiconductor history, integration plays an imp- tant role: starting from single devices, ICs with basic functions were developed (e. g. opamps, logic gates), followed by ICs that integrate larger parts of a s- tem (e. g. microprocessors, radio tuners, audio ampli ers). Following this trend of system integration, this eventually leads to the integration of analog and d- ital components in one chip, resulting in mixed-signal ICs: digital components are required because signal processing is preferably done in the digital - main; analog components are required because physical signals are analog by nature. Mixed-signal ICs are already widespread in many applications (e. g. - dio, video); for the future, it is expected that this trend will continue, leading to a larger scale of integration.

This book focuses on the most recent, relevant, comprehensive and significant aspects in the well-established multidisciplinary field Laboratory Astrophysics. It focuses on astrophysical environments, which include asteroids, comets, the interstellar medium, and circumstellar and circumplanetary regions. Its scope lies between physics and chemistry, since it explores physical properties of the gas, ice, and dust present in those systems, as well as chemical reactions occurring in the gas phase, the bare dust surface, or in the ice bulk and its surface. Each chapter provides the necessary mathematical background to understand the subject, followed by a case study of the corresponding system. The book provides adequate material to help interpret the observations, or the computer models of astrophysical environments. It introduces and describes the use of spectroscopic tools for laboratory astrophysics. This book is mainly addressed to PhD graduates working in this field or observers and modelers searching for information on ice and dust processes.

The use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) techniques in the study of enzymatic reactions has grown significantly since the publication of the first edition of this highly successful book: the role of enzymes in biological research has expanded; the application of HPLC and enzymes has extended to more disciplines; advances in separation techniques and instrumentation have increased the capability of HPLC; and the discovery of new enzymes has spawned new methods of analysis.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Enzymatic Analysis, Second Edition addresses these developments in its coverage of the refinements of HPLC methods and their use in a wide range of laboratory applications. It offers the same practical approach found in the first edition, incorporates a wealth of new information into existing chapters, and adds new chapters to deal with new applications, including capillary electrophoresis, forensic chemistry, microdialysis, and the polymerase chain reaction. Topics include:
* Application of HPLC to the assay of enzymatic activities
* Concepts and principles of HPLC, including the latest technological advances
* Concepts and principles of capillary electrophoresis (CE)
* Strategy for design of an HPLC/CE system for assay of enzyme activity
* Preparation of enzymatic activities from tissues and single cells
* Analysis of enzymatic activities in body fluids, including chromatobiosis
* HPLC for the identification of new enzymatic activities
* Fundamentals of the polymerase chain reaction
* HPLC in forensics
* Survey of enzymatic activities assayed by the HPLC method, including many new categories
* Multienzymesystems, including many new examples
* HPLC in the analysis of contaminated food
"It is the ability of HPLC to accomplish separations completely and rapidly that led to its original application to problems in the life sciences, particularly those related to purification. An analysis of the literature revealed that this technique was used primarily for the purification of small molecules, macromolecules such as peptides and proteins, and more recently, antibodies. This application to purification has all but dominated the use of the method, and there has been a plethora of books, symposia, and conferences on the use of HPLC for these purposes. However, it was only a matter of time before others began to look beyond and to explore the possibilities that result from the capacity to make separations quickly and efficiently." --from the preface to the First Edition
Easy to read and full of practical advice and hundreds of diagrams and examples, High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Enzymatic Analysis, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and laboratory workers in analytical chemistry and biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology, and for anyone interested in keeping up with this fast-growing field.

Algebraic Theory of Molecules presents a fresh look at the mathematics of wave functions that provide the theoretical underpinnings of molecular spectroscopy. Written by renowned authorities in the field, the book demonstrates the advantages of algebraic theory over the more conventional geometric approach to developing the formal quantum mechanics inherent in molecular spectroscopy. Many examples are provided that compare the algebraic and geometric methods, illustrating the relationship between the algebraic approach and current experiments. The authors develop their presentation from a basic level so as to enable newcomers to enter the field while providing enough details and concrete examples to serve as a reference for the expert. Chemical physicists, physical chemists, and spectroscopists will want to read this exciting new approach to molecular spectroscopy.

The advent of non-invasive imaging technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has allowed biologists and clinicians to make great strides in unraveling the secrets of the brain. In Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field provide a comprehensive collection of experimental MRI protocols that can be used to non-invasively interrogate the healthy and diseased brain. The chapters are divided into general techniques, such as the measurement of relaxivity, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and MR reporter genes, as well as specific applications in brain imaging, for example, phenotyping transgenic animals, detecting amyloid plaques, and fMRI in psychiatry. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology(TM) series, this work contains the type of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Thorough and cutting-edge, Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging: Methods and Protocols serves neuroscientists, clinical neurologists, psychiatrists, and radiologists with an excellent compendium of methods easily applied to both animal and human studies and certain to be an excellent resource for translational research.

For more than five decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-todate information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill. Key Features: Includes a chapter dedicated to Izaak Maurits Kolthoff, offering a unique look at his non-professional life as well as his impact and legacy in Analytical Chemistry. Discusses recent advances in two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. Reviews solvation processes, methodologies of their measurement, and parameters influenced solvation Explores recent advances in TLC analysis of natural colorings, determination of synthetic dyes, and determination of EU-permitted natural colors, in foods. Offers comprehensive and critical insights on the key aspects of CE-MS analysis of intact proteins

Unlike traditional NMR textbooks for chemists, this fresh look at the topic combines theory, technology and application in a wide range of fields, targeting biochemists, medicinal chemists, and structural biologists, as well as organic chemists. The text has been developed from a one-semester graduate-level course taught by the authors at the University of Zurich, and offers numerous intuitive illustrations, training exercises and plain-language explanations of complex theory. Divided into four major parts, the first introduces the theory, providing a profound understanding of why experiments work, without a rigorous mathematical treatment of all the physico-chemical computations and deliberately shorter than in most other NMR textbooks. Part two discusses current instrumentation and practical aspects, including sample preparation, processing of raw data and the use of databases, while the third part focuses on the main application of NMR, with examples and training spectra taken from a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds. Part four introduces a selection of modern NMR applications in chemistry, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, explaining the protocols used and how to interpret the results. With its focus on practical aspects and applications, this text will prove useful long after leaving college, by helping users to select experimental methods and in setting up and running their own NMR experiments.

This volume gives a comprehensive insight into established and novel methods to analyze the structure and function of lipid rafts. This book covers topics such as isolation of lipid rafts and their functional analysis using biochemical methods; visualization of lipid rafts and their interaction with proteins using fluorescence-related methods; preparation of giant lipid vesicles and fluorescence spectroscopy; FRET and FRAP; and using photo-activated cross-linking of a ceramide analog combined with proximity ligation assay. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and cutting-edge, Lipid Rafts: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both novice and expert researchers interested in learning more about the function of lipid rafts in many areas of cell biology and medicine.

This unique book stands as the only comprehensive introduction to vibrational optical activity (VOA) and is the first single book that serves as a complete reference for this relatively new, but increasingly important area of molecular spectroscopy.

Key features: A single-source reference on this topic that introduces, describes the background and foundation of this area of spectroscopy.Serves as a guide on how to use it to carry out applications with relevant problem solving.Depth and breadth of the subject is presented in a logical, complete and progressive fashion.

Although intended as an introductory text, this book provides in depth coverage of this topic relevant to both students and professionals by taking the reader from basic theory through to practical and instrumental approaches.

This monograph of Electro-Optical E?ects to Visualize Field- and Current- Distributions in Semiconductors consists of ?ve parts, four of which are based ontheresearchofcadmiumsul?de, wherealargenumberofcontributionswere made between 1958 and the late 1960s to directly observe ?eld and current distributionsandinterprettheirresults.Thevisualizationof?elddistributions was accomplished by using the Franz Keldysh e?ect, and the visualization of currentinhomogeneitiesusestheshiftoftheopticalabsorptionedgebyJoule's heating. The ?fth part deals with a review of the explosively developing ?eld of N- and S-shaped current voltage characteristics causing inhomogeneities and instabilities in ?eld and current distributions. This part of the book was composed by Eckehard Sch] oll of the Technical University in Berlin. A major emphasis is given to the ?rst part of the book in which s- tionary high-?eld domains are described. These domains can be used as an essential tool to determine unambiguously certain semiconductor properties, such as the electron density and its mobility as the function of the actual electric ?eld. It is also helpful to determine changes of the work function and electron a?nities between di?erent materials, such as for electrodes and h- erojunctions. Finally, it gives direct information about certain doping and their spacial pro?le."

This unique book demonstrates the current status, and future potential, of millimetre wavelength (MMW) spectrometry as a means of quantitative analysis of gaseous mixtures. After outlining the spectroscopic theory required, the authors then go on to discuss the components of an MMW cavity spectrometer, concentrating on compact, automatic, low-cost instruments. Other topics covered include solid state MMW sources with both cryogenically cooled and room temperature detectors. Post-detector signal processing, smoothing, filtering and spectral profile fitting are also discussed. The book concludes with a look at the future of the technique, in areas such as millimetre wave-over-fibre technology. Quantitative Millimetre Wavelength Spectrometry will be welcomed by practitioners in both industry and academia.

Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry focuses on a relatively new approach to chemical analysis in general, and to separation science in particular. It is the first book to systemically cover the theoretical background, techniques, instrumentation, and practical applications of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry as a hyphenated tool of analytical chemistry. It also examines the high and as-yet unexploited potential of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry for analytical use in scientific investigations. This book overviews the combination of planar chromatography, a relatively simple and cost-effective separation step for determining complex mixtures of compounds, with mass spectrometry, an efficient, highly instrumental, and relatively expensive technique that enables rapid identification of separated chemical species. It covers electrophoretic-mass spectrometry methods and applications, which are considered planar chromatographic techniques and are increasingly being exploited in proteomic and molecular biology studies as well as for medical diagnostic purposes. It also provides a selection of applications, such as drug control and forensic and food analysis, including more difficult substances such as carbohydrates and lipids. The book advocates growth in using planar chromatography-mass spectrometry in laboratories that have appropriate equipment but have not yet employed the techniques in combination. It also describes the use of a relatively inexpensive commercial system that can be adopted by laboratories currently working without the coupled methodology. Aiming to improve power and efficiency when other analytical methods are inadequate, Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry encourages separation science practitioners in academia and industry to combine the two methods for enhanced results.

Volume 9: Historical Perspectives, Part A: The Development of Mass Spectrometry of The Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry describes and analyzes the development of many aspects of Mass Spectrometry. Beginning with the earliest types of Mass Analyzers, Historical Perspectives explores the development of many different forms of analytical processes and methods. The work follows various instruments and interfaces, to the current state of detectors and computerization. It traces the use of Mass Spectrometry across many different disciplines, including Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Proteomics; Environmental Mass Spectrometry; Forensic Science; Imaging; Medical Monitoring and Diagnosis; Earth and Planetary Sciences; and Nuclear Science. Finally, the book covers the history of manufacturers and societies as well as the professionals who form the Mass Spectrometry community. Also available: Volume 9: Historical Perspectives, Part B: Notable People in Mass Spectrometry briefly reviews the lives and works of many of the major people who carried out this development.

This volume details protocols on mass spectrometry and associated techniques. Chapters guide readers through micro- and macronutrients analysis, mass spectrometry-related methodologies, direct insertion, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), gas chromatography (uni- and bi-dimensional), liquid chromatography, plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and analyses in food samples. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Mass Spectrometry for Food Analysis aims to provide comprehensive and updated state-of-art methodologies and models for food analysis.