The behavior of nanoscale materials can change rapidly with time either because the environment changes rapidly or because the influence of the environment propagates quickly across the intrinsically small dimensions of nanoscale materials. Extremely fast time resolution studies using X-rays, electrons and neutrons are of very high interest to many researchers and is a fast-evolving and interesting field for the study of dynamic processes. Therefore, in situ structural characterization and measurements of structure-property relationships covering several decades of length and time scales (from atoms to millimeters and femtoseconds to hours) with high spatial and temporal resolutions are crucially important to understand the synthesis and behavior of multidimensional materials. The techniques described in this book will permit access to the real-time dynamics of materials, surface processes and chemical and biological reactions at various time scales. This book provides an interdisciplinary reference for research using in situ techniques to capture the real-time structural and property responses of materials to surrounding fields using electron, optical and x-ray microscopies (e.g. scanning, transmission and low-energy electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy) or in the scattering realm with x-ray, neutron and electron diffraction.

This book describes the various aspects of microbore column chromatography. It provides readers with an in-depth understanding of the supercritical fluid chromatography and microbore high-performance liquid chromatography.

High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has become a powerful tool for astrophysics since the launch of Chandra and XMM-Newton, ten years ago. The grating spectrometers on both instruments still continue to provide excellent data, while imaging calorimeters are being prepared for future missions like Astro-H and IXO. The synergy with other wavelength bands like the UV has been boosted by the addition of COS to HST. X-ray spectroscopy offers unique diagnostics to study almost any object in the Universe. This book contains review papers on highlights and the state-of-the-art of X-ray spectroscopy for a broad range of objects and on the prospects for future studies.

This book offers an elementary introduction to optical spectroscopy with polarized light. It is written at a level suitable for undergraduate students in chemistry and undergraduate or graduate students in related disciplines such as biochemistry, biology, chemical engineering and materials science. It emphasizes the qualitative concepts and deemphasizes mathematics, yet provides sufficient information and practical hints for experiments.
With this book in hand, anyone who can measure an ordinary infrared, ultraviolet or visible absorption or fluorescence emission spectrum can measure a polarized one as well and learn far more about the sample.

There is a dramatic rise of novel drug use due to the increased popularity of so-called designer drugs. These synthetic drugs can be illegal in some countries, but legal in others and novel compounds unknown to drug chemistry emerge monthly. This thoughtfully constructed edited reference presents the main chromatographic methodologies and strategies used to discover and analyze novel designer drugs contained in diverse biological materials. The methods are based on molecular characteristics of the drugs belonging to each individual class of compounds, so it will be clear how the current methods are adaptable to future new drugs that appear in the market.

High brightness metal vapor lasers have become the most bright and powerful in the visible spectral range among all existing laser types, resulting in numerous applications ranging from purely fundamental research to practical application in large-scale commercial problems such as isotope selection. This book presents a full series of fundamental problems on the development of physical fundamentals and mathematical models for practical realization of a high-power laser radiation on self-contained transitions in metal atoms. It is the first fundamental review on physics and the technique of high-brightness metal vapor lasers.

HPLC is the principal separation technique for identification of the pesticides in environmental samples and for quantitative analysis of analytes. At each stage of the HPLC procedure, the chromatographer should possess both the practical and theoretical skills required to perform HPLC experiments correctly and to obtain reliable, repeatable, and reproducible results. Developed to serve as a detailed practical guide, High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Pesticide Residue Analysis is a comprehensive source of information and training on state-of-the-art pesticide residue methods performed with the aid of HPLC. The book presents the pros and cons of HPLC as a flexible and versatile separation and analysis tool with multiple purposes and advantages in investigations of pesticides for food and plant drugs standardization, promotion of health, protection of new herbal medicines, and more.

Comprehensive, Up-to-Date Coverage of Spectroscopy Theory and its Applications to Biological Systems Although a multitude of books have been published about spectroscopy, most of them only occasionally refer to biological systems and the specific problems of biomolecular EPR (bioEPR). Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy provides a practical introduction to bioEPR and demonstrates how this remarkable tool allows researchers to delve into the structural, functional, and analytical analysis of paramagnetic molecules found in the biochemistry of all species on the planet. A Must-Have Reference in an Intrinsically Multidisciplinary Field This authoritative reference seamlessly covers all important bioEPR applications, including low-spin and high-spin metalloproteins, spin traps and spin lables, interaction between active sites, and redox systems. It is loaded with practical tricks as well as do's and don'ts that are based on the author's 30 years of experience in the field. The book also comes with an unprecedented set of supporting software designed with simple graphical user interfaces that allow readers to tackle problems they will likely encounter when engaged in spectral analysis. Breaking with convention, the book broaches quantum mechanics from the perspective of biological relevance, emphasizing low-symmetry systems. This is a necessary approach since paramagnets in biomolecules typically have no symmetry. Where key topics related to quantum mechanics are addressed, the book offers a rigorous treatment in a style that is quick-to-grasp for the non expert. Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy is a practical, all-inclusive reference sure to become the industry standard.

Chemometrics uses advanced mathematical and statistical algorithms to provide maximum chemical information by analyzing chemical data, and obtain knowledge of chemical systems. Chemometrics significantly extends the possibilities of chromatography and with the technological advances of the personal computer and continuous development of open-source software, many laboratories are interested in incorporating chemometrics into their chromatographic methods. This book is an up-to-date reference that presents the most important information about each area of chemometrics used in chromatography, demonstrating its effective use when applied to a chromatographic separation.

Membrane technologies play an increasingly important role in unit operations for resource recovery, pollution prevention, and energy production, as well as environmental monitoring and quality control. They are also key component technologies of fuel cells and bioseparation applications. Membrane Technologies and Applications provides essential data and background information on various dimensions of membrane technologies, with a major focus on their practical application. Membranes of inorganic materials offer cost-effective solutions for simple to complex separation problems. This book is designed for anyone interested in water and wastewater treatment, membrane suppliers, as well as students and academics studying the field.

Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy discusses the principles and applications of newly emerging two-dimensional vibrational and optical spectroscopy techniques. It provides a detailed account of basic theory required for an understanding of two-dimensional vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. It also bridges the gap between the formal development of nonlinear optical spectroscopy and the application of the theory to explain experimental results. Focusing on time-domain spectroscopy, the book presents detailed discussions on the underlying physics and interpretation methods of a variety of two-dimensional optical spectroscopic methods. It illustrates how novel diagrammatic techniques are useful in graphically describing the associated nonlinear optical transition pathways and involved population or coherence evolutions. The author also explains the basics of quantum dynamics and time-dependent perturbation theories that are required in describing nonlinear optical processes. From the development of the theory to novel applications, this book covers a gamut of topics in this field, including perturbation theory, coherent Raman scattering, pump-probe spectroscopy, photon echo spectroscopy, IR-visible four-wave mixing, and linear and nonlinear optical activity spectroscopy. It shows how to apply the recently developed tools of vibrational and electronic spectroscopy in two dimensions.

Over the last decade, scientific and engineering interests have been shifting from conventional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Nonlinear Ion Transport and Fundamentals of FAIMS explores this new analytical technology that separates and characterizes ions by the difference between their mobility in gases at high and low electric fields. It also covers the novel topics of higher-order differential IMS and IMS with alignment of dipole direction. The book relates the fundamentals of FAIMS and other nonlinear IMS methods to the physics of gas-phase ion transport. It begins with the basics of ion diffusion and mobility in gases, covering the main attributes of conventional IMS that are relevant to all IMS approaches. Building on this foundation, the author reviews diverse high-field transport phenomena that underlie differential IMS. He discusses the conceptual implementation and first-principles optimization of FAIMS as a filtering technique, emphasizing the dependence of FAIMS performance metrics on instrumental parameters and properties of ion species. He also explores ion reactions in FAIMS caused by field heating and the effects of inhomogeneous electric field in curved FAIMS gaps. Written by an accomplished scientist in the field, this state-of-the-art book supplies the foundation to understand the new technology of nonlinear IMS methods.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is increasingly used in the fields of plant chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Advantages such as speed, versatility, and low cost make it one of the leading techniques used for locating and analyzing bioactive components in plants. Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry is the first source devoted to supplying state-of-the-art information on TLC as it applies to the separation, identification, quantification, and isolation of medicinal plant components. Renowned scientists working with laboratories around the world demonstrate the applicability of TLC to a remarkable diversity of fields including plant genetics, drug discovery, nutraceuticals, and toxicology. Elucidates the role of plant materials in the pharmaceutical industry... Part I provides a practical review of techniques, relevant materials, and the particular demands for using TLC in phytochemical applications. The text explains how to determine the biological activity of metabolites and assess the effectiveness of herbal medicines and nutritional supplements. Part II concentrates on TLC methods used to analyze specific plant-based metabolite classes such as carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. Organized by compound type, each chapter discusses key topics such as sample preparation, plate development, zone detection, densitometry, and biodetection. Demonstrates practical methods that can be applied to a wide range of disciplines... From identification to commercial scale production and quality control, Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry is an essential bench-top companion and reference on using TLC for the study of plant-based bioactive compounds.

Enhanced concern for the quality and safety of food products, increased preference for natural products, and stricter regulations on the residual level of solvents, all contribute to the growing use of supercritical fluid technology as a primary alternative for the extraction, fractionation, and isolation of active ingredients. As a solvent-free process, supercritical fluid technology is a popular answer for the functional foods and nutraceutical sector, one of the fastest growing consumer driven markets. Recent advancements in the technology and increased utilization of the process demand a comprehensive, single-source review of current and future trends in supercritical fluid technology. Compiling contributions from international experts in the field, Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds presents the state-of-the-science in the extraction and fractionation of bioactive ingredients by supercritical fluids. Focusing on implemented industrial processes and trends, it reviews the fundamentals of the technology and examines the economics of supercritical fluid extraction systems and processes. Over the course of twelve chapters, the book presents the supercritical fluid extraction processes in edible oils, including fish oils and specialty oils; herbs, such as Latin American plants and those used in Traditional Chinese Medicine; algae; spices; antioxidants and essential oils; as well as the processing of micro and nano-scale materials by supercritical fluid technology. Each chapter covers the major active components in the target material, including chemical, physical, nutritional, and pharmaceutical properties; an analysis of the specific supercritical fluid process used; a comparison of traditional processing methods versus supercritical fluid technology; and a set of conclusions with supporting data and insight.

Summarizing our present knowledge of the structures and chemistry of small organic cations in the gas phase, Assigning Structures to Ions in Mass Spectrometry presents the methods necessary for determining gas-phase ion structures. It is a comprehensive resource of background material that is essential for the interpretation and understanding of organic mass spectra. Following a historical introduction of chief discoveries, the book surveys current experimental methods for ion production and separation as well as those designed to reveal qualitative and quantitative aspects of gas-phase ions. It also examines the computational chemistry and theoretical calculations that provide complementary thermochemical, structural, and mechanistic information. Five selected case studies illustrate specific challenges associated with ion structure assignment and thermochemical problems. The last major section of the book contains the data for describing or identifying all ions containing C alone and C with H, O, N, S, P, halogens, and small organic cations. Presenting material written by leading researchers in the field, Assigning Structures to Ions in Mass Spectrometry underscores the importance of understanding the behavior of small organic ions and gas-phase ion chemistry for making new ion structure assignments

A constructive evaluation of the most significant developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its uses for quantitative bioanalysis and characterization for a diverse range of disciplines, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition offers a well-rounded coverage of the latest technological developments and applications. As the technology itself has matured into a reliable analytical method over the last 15 years, the most exciting developments occur in LC-MS augments research into new applications. This edition places a stronger emphasis than previous editions on the impact of LC-MS methods, dedicating two-thirds of the text to small-molecule and biomolecular applications such as proteomics, pharmaceutical drug discovery and development, biochemistry, clinical analysis, environmental studies, and natural products research. Supported by the most relevant literature available, each chapter examines how the strategies, technologies, and recent advances-from sample pretreatment to data processing-in LC-MS helped to shape these disciplines. Featuring new chapters and extensive revisions throughout the book, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition continues to provide scientists with a definitive guide and reference to the most important principles, strategies, and experimental precedents for applying LC-MS to their research.

The biopharmaceutical industry has become an increasingly important player in the global economy, and the success of these products depends on the development and implementation of cost-effective, robust and scaleable production processes. Bioseparations-also called downstream processing- can be a key source of competitive advantageto biopharmaceutical developers. Process Scale Bioseparations for the Biopharmaceutical Industry brings together scientific principles, empirical approaches, and practical considerations for designing industrial downstream bioprocesses for various classes of biomolecules. Using clear language along with numerous case studies, examples, tables, flow charts, and schematics, the book presents perspectives from experienced professionals involved in purification processes and industrial downstream unit operations. The authors provide useful experimental design strategies and guidelines for developing application-specific process scale bioseparations. Chapter topics include harvest by centrifugation and filtration, expanded bed chromatography, protein refolding, modes of preparative chromatography, methodologies for resin screening, membrane chromatography, protein crystallization, viral filtration, ultrafiltration/diafiltration, implementing post-approval downstream process changes for an antibody product, and future trends. Ideal for both new and experienced scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry and students, Process Scale Bioseparations for the Biopharmaceutical Industry is a comprehensive resource for all topics relevant to industrial process development.

Preparative Layer Chromatography explains how this method is used for separating large quantities of mixtures containing a wide variety of important compounds. It offers a broad review of preparative layer chromatography (PLC) applications and adaptable working procedures for microseparations involving organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. The book contains theoretical background, chemical principles, and relevance of preparative layer chromatography (PLC) to a wide range of applications, particularly in the study of pharmaceuticals and biochemistry. Written by many of the best known and most knowledgeable specialists in the field, the chapters describe all the necessary techniques, current procedures, and superior strategies for selecting the most suitable eluents and designing application-specific PLC systems based on the data being sought. They provide comprehensive instructions, surrounding issues, and suggestions for optimizing optional working techniques within the framework of PLC. The book also provides a complete coverage of bulk sorbents and precoated chromatographic plates available on the international market. A comprehensive, yet accessible source of information, Preparative Layer Chromatography is a relevant and practical text for experienced as well as novice researchers and practitioners involved in analytical, environmental, geochemical, biological, medicinal, and pharmaceutical analysis.

Used primarily for characterizing polymers and biological systems, vibrational spectroscopy continues to uncover structural information pertinent to a growing number of applications. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biological and Polymeric Materials compiles the latest developments in advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques that are applicable to both polymeric materials and biological compounds. It also presents instrumentation and experimental details that can be used by polymer chemists and biochemists in the design of their own experiments. The text starts by describing the application of static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopies to liquid crystalline polyurethanes, including a clear exposition of the theory behind the experiments. It discusses the measurement of static and dynamic linear dichroism and stress or strain in both single and multiple fiber composite materials. The book explains the roles of vibrational spectroscopy and the Langmuir-Blodgett technique in the study and preparation of high-quality ultrathin materials. Chapters rich in both theoretical and experimental details describe two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and vibrational circular dichroism. Biomedically-oriented chapters describe the advances in IR imaging of tissues made possible by focal-plane arrays; as well as the use of ligand-gated FT-IR difference spectroscopy in neuropharmacology, particularly in identifying ligands and modes of action for the large number of membrane receptors recently identified in the human genome. The final chapter discusses the application of time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy to biological materials, providing a detailed guide to the use of commercial step-scan instrumentation for examining sub-millisecond mechanistic details of photobiological processes. Written by eminent experts in these fields, Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biological and Polymeric Materials is an ideal and practical reference for the broad spectrum of researchers interested in the analysis and integration of biological and polymeric materials.

A complete and up-to-date presentation of the fundamental theoretical principles and many applications of solvent extraction, this enhanced Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, Second Edition includes new coverage of the recent developments in solvent extraction processes, the use of solvent extraction in analytical applications and waste recovery, and computational chemistry methods for modeling the solvent extraction of metal ions. Offering sound scientific and technical descriptions in a format accessible to students and expedient for researchers and engineers, this edition also features a new chapter on ionic strength corrections and contains more than 850 up-to-date literature citations.

Used routinely in drug control laboratories, forensic laboratories, and as a research tool, thin layer chromatography (TLC) plays an important role in pharmaceutical drug analyses. It requires less complicated or expensive equipment than other techniques, and has the ability to be performed under field conditions. Filling the need for an up-to-date, complete reference, Thin Layer Chromatography in Drug Analysis covers the most important methods in pharmaceutical applications of TLC, namely, analysis of bulk drug material and pharmaceutical formulations, degradation studies, analysis of biological samples, optimization of the separation of drug classes, and lipophilicity estimation. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to general topics related to TLC in the context of drug analysis, including the chemical basis of TLC, sample pleparation, the optimization of layers and mobile phases, detection and quantification, analysis of ionic compounds, and separation and analysis of chiral substances. The text addresses the newest advances in TLC instrumentation, two-dimensional TLC, quantification by slit scanning densitometry and image analysis, statistical processing of data, and various detection and identification methods. It also describes the use of TLC for solving a key issue in the drug market-the presence of substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products. Part II provides an in-depth overview of a wide range of TLC applications for separation and analysis of particular drug groups. Each chapter contains an introduction about the structures and medicinal actions of the described substances and a literature review of their TLC analysis. A useful resource for chromatographers, pharmacists, analytical chemists, students, and R&D, clinical, and forensic laboratories, this book can be utilized as a manual, reference, and teaching source.

Protein NMR Spectroscopy combines a comprehensive theoretical treatment of NMR spectroscopy with an extensive exposition of the experimental techniques applicable to proteins and other biological macromolecules in solution. Beginning with simple theoretical models and experimental techniques, Protein NMR Spectroscopy develops the complete repertoire of theoretical principles and experimental techniques necessary for understanding and implementing the most sophisticated NMR experiments.
Important new techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy have emerged since the first edition of this extremely successful book was published in 1996. The second edition includes new sections describing measurement and use of residual dipolar coupling constants for structure determination, TROSY and deuterium labeling for application to large macromolecules, and experimental techniques for characterizing conformational dynamics. In addition, the treatments of instrumentation and signal acquisition, field gradients, multidimensional spectroscopy, and structure calculation are updated and enhanced.
Protein NMR Spectroscopy is written as a graduate-level textbook and will be of interest to biochemists, chemists, biophysicists, and structural biologists who utilize NMR spectroscopy or who wish to understand the latest developments in this field.
. Provides an understanding of the theoretical principles important for biological NMR spectroscopy
. Demonstrates how to implement, optimize and troubleshoot modern multi-dimensional NMR experiments
. Allows for the capability of designing effective experimental protocols for investigations of protein structures and dynamics
. Includes a comprehensive set of example NMR spectra of ubiquitin provides a reference for validation of experimental methods"

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an analytical tool used by chemists and physicists to study the structure and dynamics of molecules. In recent years, no other technique has grown to such importance as NMR spectroscopy. It is used in all branches of science where precise structural determination is required and where the nature of interactions and reactions in solution is being studied. Annual Reports on NMR has established itself as a premier means for the specialist and nonspecialist alike to become familiar with new techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy.
* Provides updates on the latest developments in NMR spectroscopy
* Includes comprehensive review articles
* Highlights the increasing importance of NMR spectroscopy as a technique for structural determination

This book provides in-depth knowledge about the fabrications, structures, properties and applications of three outstanding electrochemically engineered nanoporous materials including porous silicon, nanoporous alumina and nanotubular titania. The book integrates three major themes describing these materials. The first theme is on porous silicon reviewing the methods for preparation by electrochemical etching, properties and methods for surface functionalization relevant for biosensing applications. Biomedical applications of porous silicon are major focus, described in several chapters reviewing recent developments on bioanalysis, emerging capture probes and drug delivery. The second theme on nanoporous alumina starts with describing the concept of self-organized electrochemical process used for synthesis nanopore and nanotube structures of valve metal oxides and reviewing recent development and progress on this field. The following chapters are focused mainly on optical properties and biosensing application of nanoporous alumina providing the reader with the depth of understanding of the structure controlled optical and photonic properties and design of optical biosensing devices using different detection principles such as photoluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, reflective spectrometry, wave guiding, Raman scattering etc. The third theme is focused on nanotubular titania reviewing three key applications including photocatalysis, solar cells and drug delivery. The book represents an important resource for academics, researchers, industry professionals, post-graduate and high-level undergraduate students providing them with both an overview of the current state-of-the-art on these materials and their future developments.

Choice Recommended Title, April 2021 Bioimaging: Imaging by Light and Electromagnetics in Medicine and Biology explores new horizons in biomedical imaging and sensing technologies, from the molecular level to the human brain. It explores the most up-to-date information on new medical imaging techniques, such as the detection and imaging of cancer and brain diseases. This book also provides new tools for brain research and cognitive neurosciences based on new imaging techniques. Edited by Professor Shoogo Ueno, who has been leading the field of biomedical imaging for 40 years, it is an ideal reference book for graduate and undergraduate students and researchers in medicine and medical physics who are looking for an authoritative treatise on this expanding discipline of imaging and sensing in medicine and biology. Features: Provides step-by-step explanations of biochemical and physical principles in biomedical imaging Covers state-of-the art equipment and cutting-edge methodologies used in biomedical imaging Serves a broad spectrum of readers due to the interdisciplinary topic and approach Shoogo Ueno, Ph.D, is a professor emeritus of the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include biomedical imaging and bioelectromagnetics, particularly in brain mapping and neuroimaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He was the President of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, BEMS (2003-2004) and the Chairman of the Commission K on Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine of the International Union of Radio Science, URSI (2000-2003). He was named the IEEE Magnetics Society Distinguished Lecturer during 2010 and received the d'Arsonval Medal from the Bioelectromagnetics Society in 2010.