This is the second volume of textbooks on atomic, molecular and optical physics, aiming at a comprehensive presentation of this highly productive branch of modern physics as an indispensable basis for many areas in physics and chemistry as well as in state of the art bio- and material-sciences. It primarily addresses advanced students (including PhD students), but in a number of selected subject areas the reader is lead up to the frontiers of present research. Thus even the active scientist is addressed. This volume 2 introduces lasers and quantum optics, while the main focus is on the structure of molecules and their spectroscopy, as well as on collision physics as the continuum counterpart to bound molecular states. The emphasis is always on the experiment and its interpretation, while the necessary theory is introduced from this perspective in a compact and occasionally somewhat heuristic manner, easy to follow even for beginners.

The fourth edition of this work emphasizes the general practices and instrumentation involving TLC and HPTLC, as well as their applications based on compound types, while providing an understanding of the underlying theory necessary for optimizing these techniques. The book details up-to-date qualitative and quantitative densitometric experiments on organic dyes, lipids, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, organic acids, insecticides, and more.

This author's second volume introduces basic principles of interpreting infrared spectral data, teaching its readers to make sense of the data coming from an infrared spectrometer. Contents include spectra and diagnostic bands for the more common functional groups as well as chapters on polyester spectra and interpretation aids.
Discussions include:
o science of infrared interpretation
o light and molecular vibrations
o how and why molecules absorb infrared radiation
o peak heights, intensities, and widths
o hydrocarbons, carbonyl groups, and molecules with C-N bonds
o polymers and inorganic molecules
o the use of atlases, library searching, spectral subtraction, and the Internet in augmenting interpretation
Each chapter presents an introduction to the nomenclature and structure of a specific functional group and proceeds with the important diagnostic bands for each group.
Infrared Spectral Interpretation serves both novices and experienced practitioners in this field.

This book deals with chromatographic and electrophoretic methods applied for the separation (quantitation and identification) of biologically relevant compounds. It is assumed that the potential reader is familiar with the basics of chromatographic and electromigration methods. Individual separation modes are dealt with to an extent which follows their applicability for biomedical purposes: liquid chromatography and electromigration methods are therefore highlighted.

Each chapter is completed with a list of recent literature covering the 1987-1997 period, which can be used for further guidance of the reader in his/her own field. The chapters have been written by specialists in a particular area and with an emphasis on applications to the biomedical field. This implies that theoretical and instrumental aspects are kept to a minimum which allows the reader to understand the text. Considerable attention is paid to method selection, detection and derivatization procedures and troubleshooting. The majority of examples given represent the analyses of typical naturally-occurring mixtures. Adequate attention is paid to the role of the biological matrix and sample pretreatment, and special attention is given to forensic, toxicological and clinical applications. The book is completed with an extensive Index of Compounds Separated.

This book discusses the latest investigations into the electronic structure of narrow-gap semiconductors in extreme conditions, and describes in detail magnetic field and pressure measurements using two high-quality single crystals: black phosphorus (BP) and lead telluride (PbTe). The book presents two significant findings for BP and PbTe. The first is the successful demonstration of the pressure-induced transition from semiconductor to semimetal in the electronic structure of BP using magnetoresistance measurements. The second is the quantitative estimation of how well the Dirac fermion description works for electronic properties in PbTe. The overviews on BP and PbTe from the point of view of material properties help readers quickly understand the typical electronic character of narrow-gap semiconductor materials, which has recently attracted interest in topological features in condensed matter physics. Additionally the introductory review of the principles and methodology allows readers to understand the high magnetic field and pressure experiments.

Whole Pattern Fitting, Rietveld Analysis, and Calculated Diffraction Patterns. Quantitative Phase Analysis by XRay Diffraction (XRD). Thin Film and Surface Characterization by XRD. Lattice Defects and XRay Topography. Texture Analysis by XRD. XRD Instrumentation, Techniques, and Reference Materials. Stress Determination by Diffraction Methods. XRD Profile Fitting, Crystallite Size and Strain Determination. XRD Applications: Detection Limits, Superconductors, Organics, Minerals. Mathematical Methods in XRay Spectrometry (XRS). Thin Film and Surface Characterization by XRS and XPS. Total Reflection XRS. XRS Techniques and Instrumentation. XRS Applications. XRay Imaging and Tomography. 161 articles. Index.

Many books and reviews about scanning probe microscopies (SPM) cover the basics of their performance, novel developments, and state-of-the-art applications. Taking a different approach, Hybridizing Surface Probe Microscopies: Towards a Full Description of the Meso- and Nanoworlds encompasses the technical efforts in combining SPM with spectroscopic and optical complementary techniques that, altogether, provide a complete description of nanoscale and mesoscale systems and processes from corrosion to enzymatic reactions. The book is organized into eight chapters, following a general scheme that revolves around the two main capabilities of SPM: imaging and measuring interactions. Each chapter introduces key theoretical concepts and basic equations of the particular stand-alone technique with which the scanning probe microscopies are combined. Chapters end with the SPM-technique combination and some real-world examples in which the combination has been devised or used. Most chapters include a historical review of the techniques and numerous illustrations to support key ideas and provide the reader with intuitive understanding. To understand the limitations of any technique also means to understand how this technique works. This book has devoted a considerable amount of space in explaining the basics of each technique as they are being introduced. At the same time, it avoids explaining the particularities of each SPM-based technique and opts for a rather generalized approach. In short, the book's focus is not on what SPM can do, but rather on what SPM cannot do and, most specifically, on presenting the experimental approaches that circumvent these limitations.

Shows how to choose the most effective techniques for assessing the toxicity of chemicals in both food and the environment. examines a wide range of volatile compounds from toxic aldehydes and pesticides to micotoxins and dioxins.

Covering the principles of chromatographic separation, the chromatographic process from a physical chemical perspective, instrumentation for performing analyses, and operational procedures, this second edition offers information needed for the successful practice of gas chromatography. It contains examples of available apparatus, detectors, columns, stationary phases and operating conditions.

Raman spectroscopy is now well established as one of the most versatile techniques for the chemical analysis of molecular species. Major advances have been made in a number of areas in the field in recent years which enable the researcher and practising analytical scientist to solve the complex chemical problems of today. The ten chapters in Modern Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy cover some of the most exciting fields of research in modern Raman techniques, and illustrate the power of modern Raman spectroscopy for molecular analysis in both theoretical and practical problems. The volume opens with chapters on signal expressions and instrumentation in Raman spectroscopy, and then goes on to discuss in detail Fourier and Hadamard Transform Raman spectroscopies, micro-Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Raman optical activity, coherent and time-resolved techniques and the use of optical fibres in Raman spectroscopy. The chapters are written by leading researchers from a broad range of disciplines. Throughout, applications of the various techniques are discussed. Modern Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy will be of great interest to all those involved in molecular spectroscopy, in both industry and academia. The inclusion of a wide range of modern techniques in a single volume will make this a particularly valuable work to researchers across the whole field of Raman spectroscopy.

Second Edition provides up-to-the-minute discussions on the application of mass spectrometry to the biological sciences. Shows how and why experiments are performed and furnishes details to facilitate duplication of results.

From Hiroshima to the Iceman: The Development and Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry presents a fascinating account of a breakthrough in science and the insights it has brought that would not have been possible without it. Involved since its invention, Harry Gove recounts the story of the development of accelerator mass spectrometry and its use as an ultrasensitive detection technique in many fields of science and the arts. A key advantage of the technique is that it requires only very small samples of material. The book explores the areas where the technique has increased understanding and provided solutions to problems, including the clean-up and storage of nuclear waste, the effects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, biomedical research, the settling of the Americas, and carbon dating of many precious artifacts. Objects dated include the Turin Shroud, the Iceman, the elephant bird egg, and the Dead Sea scrolls.

"Volume 38 covers band dispersion in chromatography; structural stochastic concepts, applications to peak shape analysis, and the characteristic function method in the stochastic theory of chromatography; the capabilities and applications of solvating gas chromatography; and more."

In this authoritative review, leading international researchers explore the growing range of applications of stable isotope techniques for probing and integrating biological processes and palaeoclimatic cycles. The interdisciplinary approach covers a wide range of issues, opportunities and developments, setting interactions with plants in the context of water and nutrient cycles, exchanges with the atmosphere and modelling past and present climate change.
This important book will appeal to those requiring an overview of the use of stable isotopes in aquatic, terrestrial and climatic processes and is in tune with current global concerns. In addition postgraduates and research scientists will find an extensive guide to more specialist disciplines, including developing mass spectrometer technologies, compound-specific and cellular-discrimination processes or whole organism and ecosystem responses.

This volume dedicated to the memory of Marcel Sergent who was a leader in this field for many years, addresses past achievements and recent developments in this vibrant area of research. Large classes of ligated transition metal clusters are produced either exclusively or most reliably by means of high-temperature solid-state reactions. Among them, the Chevrel-Sergent phases and related materials have generated enormous interest since their discovery in 1971. Today, these materials and their numerous derivatives still constitute a vivid area of research finding some applications not only in superconductivity, but also in catalysis, optics or thermoelectricity to mention a few.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the area of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), focusing on its application to biological, forensic and materials sciences. LIBS, which was previously mainly used by physicists, chemists and in the industry, has now become a very useful tool with great potential in these other fields as well. LIBS has a unique set of characteristics including minimal destructiveness, remote sensing capabilities, potential portability, extremely high information content, trace analytical sensitivity and high throughput. With its content divided into two main parts, this book provides not only an introduction to the analytical capabilities and methodology, but also an overview of the results of recent applications in the above fields. The application-oriented, multidisciplinary approach of this work is also reflected in the diversity of the expert contributors. Given its breadth, this book will appeal to students, researchers and professionals interested in solving analytical/diagnostic/material characterization tasks with the application of LIBS.

The First Book on CRS Microscopy Compared to conventional Raman microscopy, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) allows label-free imaging of living cells and tissues at video rate by enhancing the weak Raman signal through nonlinear excitation. Edited by pioneers in the field and with contributions from a distinguished team of experts, Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy explains how CRS can be used to obtain a point-by-point chemical map of live cells and tissues. In color throughout, the book starts by establishing the foundation of CRS microscopy. It discusses the principles of nonlinear optical spectroscopy, particularly coherent Raman spectroscopy, and presents the theories of contrast mechanisms pertinent to CRS microscopy. The text then provides important technical aspects of CRS microscopy, including microscope construction, detection schemes, and data analyses. It concludes with a survey of applications that demonstrate how CRS microscopy has become a valuable tool in biomedicine. Due to its label-free, noninvasive examinations of living cells and organisms, CRS microscopy has opened up exciting prospects in biology and medicine-from the mapping of 3D distributions of small drug molecules to identifying tumors in tissues. An in-depth exploration of the theories, technology, and applications, this book shows how CRS microscopy has impacted human health and will deepen our understanding of life processes in the future.

The accurate interpretation of infrared spectra of organic structures is an extremely important tool for the analytical chemist. Using up-to-date source material, this volume presents a compilation of the infrared absorption regions of ninety of the most important organic molecular fragments. This highly practical guide introduces the reader to a straightforward technique for determining all the fundamental vibrations of a molecular fragment. The set of normal vibrations and the infrared absorption regions of ninety molecular fragments are then discussed and tabulated. The discussion of each fragment is accompanied by a large number of references. A Guide to the Complete Interpretation of Infrared Spectra of Organic Structures offers the analytical chemist the possibility of a more profound interpretation of infrared spectra. In addition, it assumes only a basic knowledge of infrared spectra, and so will prove very useful for non-specialists who use infrared spectroscopy in analysis.

For more than five decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. For Volume 55, established, well-known chemists offer cutting-edge reviews of chromatographic methods to pay tribute to the late Eli Grushka, beloved series editor, who inspired and mentored many in the field of separation science. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.

"Volume 36 examines timely subjects such as multilinear regression, canonical correlation, and facor and principal component methods of analysis in the evaluation of retention data matrices, molecular recognition mechanisms in the liquid chromatographic separation of fullerenes, the latest techniques in the use of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for sequencing antisense oligonucleotides, and more."

Fundamentals of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry presents an account of the development and theory of the quadrupole ion trap and its utilization as an ion storage device, a reactor for ion/molecular reactions, and a mass spectrometer. It also expands the appreciation of ion traps from that of a unique arrangement of electrodes of hyperbolic form (and having a pure quadrupole field) to a series of ion traps having fields with hexapole and octopole components and introduces the practical ion trapping device in which electrode spacing has been increased.
The fundamentals of ion trap are covered in four chapters, beginning with the origin of the ion trap, its development and operating principles, and improvements in performance. The second part focuses on the environment within the ion trap -- the movement of ions within the trap -- and how this movement is modified by repeated collisions of the ions with buffer gas atoms of helium, and on the collisions of ions with molecules that lead to chemical change. The critical role of collisions in focusing the ion cloud for subsequent operations is emphasized.
This important reference presents a coherent picture of the present status of research in the ion trapping field to facilitate the entree of potential ion trappers and provide a backdrop for ion trap research and development in the future.

By delivering concentrated information in three different volumes, the editors of the Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry mini-series present in-depth reviews on mainstream developments in each active and popular area. Contributing authors provide concise reports illustrating successful approaches to difficult analytical problems across the basic scientific disciplines.
Ion Trap Instrumentation, the second volume in the series, conveys an appreciation of the ion trap as a versatile instrument which is used successfully in research and in applications, often in tandem with other instruments or components, such as external ion sources and lasers.
The book begins with a discussion of high resolution mass spectrometry and mass measurement accuracy. It then demonstrates that trajectories of high kinetic energy ions can be controlled so that such ions are confined. It provides applications of lasers to the study of trapped ions the laser photodissociation of gaseous ions confined within the ion trap. The book concludes with physics applications of the ion trap, in particular, the Penning trap and the Paul trap.

This book embraces all physiochemical aspects of the structure and molecular dynamics of water, focusing on its role in biological objects, e.g. living cells and tissue, and in the formation of functionally active structures of biological molecules and their ensembles. Water is the single most abundant chemical found in all living things. It offers a detailed look into the latest modern physical methods for studying the molecular structure and dynamics of the water and provides a critical analysis of the existing literature data on the properties of water in biological objects. Water as a chemical reagent and as a medium for the formation of conditions for enzymatic catalysis is a core focus of this book. Although well suited for active researchers, the book as a whole, as well as each chapter on its own, can be used as fundamental reference material for graduate and undergraduate students throughout chemistry, physics, biophysics and biomedicine.

This work covers important aspects of X-ray spectrometry, from basic principles to the selection of instrument parameters and sample preparation. This edition explicates the use of combined X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction data, and features new applications in environmental studies, forensic science, archeometry and the analysis of metals and alloys, minerals and ore, ceramic materials, catalysts and trace metals.;This work is intended for spectroscopists, analytical chemists, materials scientists, experimental physicists, mineralogists, biologists, geologists and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Packed with reviews plus new results from the author's laboratories, the first-of-its-kind work offers a timely and authoritative treatise on the use of mass spectral techniques in organic stereochemistry.
Featuring 22 chapters contributed by eminent and active researchers in the field, this unique sourcebook offers comparative information on the use of a variety of mass-spectral techniques to characterize stereoisomers and conformers of both large and small biologically important organic molecules. It also discusses techniques for studying gas-phase conformational equilibria in conformationally mobil systems.
Applications of Mass Spectrometry to Organic Stereochemistry will dramatically aid the lab applications of organic, biological, pharmaceutical, and analytical chemists in university and industrial laboratories.