This is an enlarged and revised second edition of a book first published in 1978 and reprinted twice since then. The new edition includes updates to all the original chapters, plus two new chapters on developments in superresolution techniques and their application to direction-finding arrays. Modern direction finders, capable of measuring elevation angles as well as azimuth angles on the components of multi-ray wavefields, have become powerful tools for research in ionospheric physics and HF radio propagation. The complexity of the problem of resolving closely-spaced rays requires the combined use of wide aperture antenna arrays, multichannel receiving systems and sophisticated digital processing techniques. Published research papers over the last 12 years provide a rich source of information on the development of superresolution algorithms for use in radar, sonar, geophysics and spectral analysis, as well as radio direction finding. Dr Gething reviews the important methods and results, showing how some of the new techniques are related to the wavefront analysis methods described in the first edition. The text is illustrated with computer plots of model wavefields and contain important results on the loci of constant phase and amplitude, and on the statistical properties of bearing-error distributions for specified models. The collection and interpretation of ionospheric data for the purpose of mode identification, and the statistical theory of DF plotting algorithms, are also discussed. Wavefront analysis and superresolution may be regarded as extensions to classical array theory. The basic principles are widely applicable and should therefore be of interest to research workers in radar, sonar, radioastronomy and adaptive array theory, as well as HF radio direction finding.

The material presented in this book is intended to provide the reader with a practical treatment of Weibull distribution as applied to radar systems. Topics include general derivation of Weibull distribution, measurements of Webull-distributed clutter, comparison of Webull distribution with various distributions including Rayleigh, gamma, log-normal and k- distributions, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors for Weibull clutter, non-parametric CFAR detectors, and signal detection in the time and frequency domains. In particular, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), which is a rigorously mathematical fit of the hypothetical distribution to the data, is emphasised. This book is written primarily for radar engineers. It is hoped that it will also be of value to teachers and graduate students and of interest to all who are working with Weibull distribution in various fields.

Radar has become an essential factor in air and sea travel, has affected all areas of military science and, most important of all perhaps, has considerably influenced the progress of electronic engineering. This book is the first general history of radar to be published, and one which covers the independent but more or less simultaneous emergence of radar in several countries in the 1930s. Some of the earliest proposals for the use of radio waves to detect objects at a distance are first dealt with. The narrative ranges from the concepts of Nikola Tesler in 1900 and the experiments of Christian Hulsmeyer in 1904 right through, in chronological order, to the commercially sponsored experiments of the pre-war days. The historical events and the military influences, which shaped the ultimate development of radar in each country, are then considered. The book also sets out to explain the basic principles of radar and, where applicable, historical aspects of the evolution of these principles are dealt with. The study, while underlining the significance of the cavity magnetron, purposely restricts itself to the cavity magnetron era of radar. Abundant references, which could facilitate further research, are given.

Tactical Persistent Surveillance Radar with Applications introduces technologists to the essential elements of persistent surveillance of tactical targets from both a hardware and software point of view, using simple Mathcad, Excel and Basic examples with real data. It is based on the type of surveillance done by drones like Scan Eagle, Predator, Reaper, Global Hawk, and manned aircraft like U-2, ASTOR, and JSTARS as well as spacecraft. The general topic is cellphone and datalink intercept, ground moving target radar, synthetic aperture radar, navigation, tracking, electronic scanning and cueing electro-optical sensors for activity based surveillance. Examples are taken from a wide range of technologies and techniques including passive detection, radar detection, antenna monopulse, active electronic scanned antennas (AESA), moving target tracking (MTT), motion compensation, tactical target spectral characteristics, moving target detection (MTI), space time adaptive processing (STAP), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, change detection (CCD), and synthetic monopulse. Over 120 example applications programs are included in the appendices and as downloads as well as over 100 SAR and GMTI raw IQ data files. These allow the curious to experiment with their own parameters and notions to achieve a greater understanding of the underlying behaviors. Based on the author's 55-year experience in engineering design, leadership, teaching and consulting, this book is an essential text for researchers, advanced students and technologists working in radar and related fields in computing and aerospace system design.

Active (imaging radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave systems are increasingly used for Arctic ecological research. Unfortunately, until now ecologists interested in remote sensing often lacked access to the full suite of physical and analytical techniques of microwave systems, data processing, and ecological applications because a suitable reference book did not exist. Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations answers this demand by summarizing the main microwave satellite applications for Arctic ecological research. This book is invaluable to specialists with a background in microwave techniques, as well as to other ecologists interested in applications of microwave active and passive remote sensing for tundra, boreal forest, and Arctic sea-ice habitat and marine mammal studies. It presents a brief introduction to Arctic ecological problems, the role of satellite sensing for monitoring Arctic ecosystems, and related data processing applications. The volume then examines results of Arctic sea-ice habitat studies using OKEAN-01 satellite data, then provides a comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of habitat using OKEAN-01, SSM/I and AVHRR satellite instruments. It also describes the evaluation of relative information content of ALMAZ-1, ERS-1, JERS-1 SAR, and Landsat-TM data for identifying wet tundra habitats. The book concludes with results of sensitive boreal forest type detection to monitor potential impacts of climate change on boreal forest structure.

Written for SAR system designers and remote sensing specialists, this practical reference shows you how to produce higher quality SAR images using data-driven algorithms, and how to apply powerful new techniques to measure and analyze SAR image content. The book describes how SAR imagery is formed, how SAR processing affects image properties, and gives you specific guidance in selecting and applying today's most sophisticated analytical techniques. By helping you to quickly assess which components of an SAR image should be measured, the book enables you to devote more time and energy to the real task of image interpretation and analysis. Now includes a CD-ROM featuring a 2-month free license to InfoPACK Version 1.2! InfoPACK, developed by Chris Oliver, is a SAR image interpretation software suite which exploits and extends the principles described in the book, enabling the user to run many of the algorithms. It features an easy to use GUI, image viewer and versatile scripting language, making applications development easy and fast. Particular aspects of interest include segmentation, classification (supervised and unsupervised), speckle reduction and a host of techniques for data fusion. Routines within InfoPACK include: * Intensity Segmentation (single image; multitemporal, multipolarization) * Speckle Reduction * Texture Segmentation * Segmentation Postprocessing * Classification * Edge Detection * Point Target Detection * Large Area Change Detection Also included are a variety of low-level filters and functions for image manipulation and arithmetic operations. Key Features of the Book * Filled with real-world examples from various SAR systems, the book reveals sophisticated, proven techniques for: * SAR filtering, parameter estimation, image reconstruction, segmentation, and classification * Evaluating measurement algorithms to help make better algorithm selections * Applying powerful speckle removal methods to airborne and spaceborne SAR data