An indispensable resource for all those who design, build, manage, and operate electronic navigation systems

Avionics Navigation Systems, Second Edition, is a complete guide to the art and science of modern electronic navigation, focusing on aircraft. It covers electronic navigation systems in civil and military aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and manned spacecraft. It has been thoroughly updated and expanded to include all of the major advances that have occurred since the publication of the classic first edition. It covers the entire field from basic navigation principles, equations, and state-of-the-art hardware to emerging technologies. Each chapter is devoted to a different system or technology and provides detailed information about its functions, design characteristics, equipment configurations, performance limitations, and directions for the future. You'll find everything you need to know about:

• Traditional ground-based radio navigation
• Satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, and their augmentations
• New inertial systems, including optical rate sensors, micromechanical accelerometers, and high-accuracy stellar-inertial navigators
• Instrument Landing System and its successors
• Integrated communication-navigation systems used on battlefields
• Airborne mapping, Doppler, and multimode radars
• Terrain matching
• Special needs of military aircraft
• And much more

Since the publication of Kayton and Fried's classic work, Avionics Navigation Systems, almost thirty years ago, tremendous strides have been made in the science and practice of navigation: satellite systems, improved sensors, new computer technology and software, interconnected avionics subsystems, and more. Completely updated to include the latest advances in navigation theory, hardware, and software, this brand-new edition provides comprehensive, unified coverage of the principles of modern navigation equipment and systems.

The initial chapters establish the conceptual and technical foundations of the subject, with a concise overview of electronic navigation and a review of crucial principles and equations. Each of the ensuing chapters provides in-depth treatment of a specific navigation technology, including ground-based radio-navigation aids; satellite-based radio-navigation aids; integrated communication-navigation systems; inertial and stellar-inertial navigation systems; air-data sensors and algorithms that derive airspeed, angles of attack and sideslip, and barometric altitude; attitude and heading sensors and displays; Doppler radars, radar altimeters, and mapping radars; and terrain map-matching. The book concludes with a description of land-based and aircraft-carrier-based landing aids, air-traffic management, and avionic interfaces.

Retaining the user-friendly organization of the first edition, each chapter presents basic functions and principles, and then discusses design characteristics and equipment configurations, performance limitations, and sources of error. Each chapter concludes with a prediction of future trends. Comparative performance levels, weights, power consumption, and costs are described where possible. A thorough index makes it easy to find material quickly.

Avionics Navigation Systems, Second Edition, is an indispensable resource for all engineers and systems analysts who design, build, and maintain navigation and avionics equipment, as well as for the pilots and operations staff who use it.

Waveguide Junction Circulators brings together for the first time all the design aspects of this class of device. In a typical application the circulator allows a single antenna to be used for both transmission and reception. Together with semiconductor, passive and electronic devices, the circulator constitutes an essential building block in modern radar, satellite and telecommunication equipment. Features include:
* Examination of the properties and adjustments of the 3-port junction circulator and focus on the gyromagnetic resonator
* Description of the design of practical classic circulator arrangements
* Discussion of aspects of filter theory in the design of the classic 3-port junction circulator
* Consideration of practical concerns such as insertion loss and commercial specifications
Written by a leading academic authority and experienced industrial consultant, Waveguide Junction Circulators is a vital information source for designers working in microwave engineering. This valuable guide provides the academic researcher with a firm foundation in the theoretical aspects of this class of device whilst offering the industrial engineer an experimental platform for commercial design.

This book presents the theory, analysis and design of microwave stepped-frequency radar sensors. Stepped-frequency radar sensors are attractive for various sensing applications that require fine resolution. The book consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the fundamentals of radar sensors including applications followed by a review of ultra-wideband pulsed, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW), and stepped-frequency radar sensors. The second chapter discusses a general analysis of radar sensors including wave propagation in media and scattering on targets, as well as the radar equation. The third chapter addresses the analysis of stepped-frequency radar sensors including their principles and design parameters. Chapter 4 presents the development of two stepped-frequency radar sensors at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies based on microwave integrated circuits (MICs), microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and printed-circuit antennas, and discusses their signal processing. Chapter 5 provides the electrical characterization and test results of the developed microwave and millimeter-wave stepped-frequency radar sensors. Finally, a summary and conclusion is provided.

Originally published in 1954, as a second edition of a 1947 original, this book explores in depth the rapid research and development of radar technology throughout the Second World War. Notably, the subject matter of radar falls into two distinct categories: the principles of the subject and their application to practical use. The principles are described in the first sixteen chapters of the book, whilst the last three chapters deal with the practical application of radar. The book also presents a description of military radar, the civil uses of radar and the extensive applications of radar technique in the physical sciences. Diagrams and photographs are included for reference. This book will be of great value to scholars of the history of physics.

Originally published in 1948, this book contains one man's story of working for the Telecommunications Research Establishment from 1934 until 1945. During this period, Rowe worked on many projects relating to air defence, particularly the development of radar. The text is simply and vividly written and illustrated with multiple photographs of relevant people and places mentioned in the narrative. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in WWII and the history of radar.

This work provides a detailed introduction to the principles of Doppler and polarimetric radar, focusing in particular on their use in the analysis of weather systems. The authors first discuss underlying topics such as electromagnetic scattering, polarization, and wave propagation. They then detail the engineering aspects of pulsed Doppler polarimetric radar, before examining key applications in meteorology and remote sensing. The book is aimed at graduate students of electrical engineering and atmospheric science as well as practitioners involved in the applications of polarimetric radar.

"Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles" is a comprehensive and modern textbook for courses in radar systems and technology at the college senior and graduate student level; a professional training textbook for formal in-house courses for new hires; a reference for ongoing study following a radar short course; and a self-study and professional reference book. "Principles of Modern Radar" focuses on four key areas: Basic concepts, such as the the radar range equation and threshold detection; radar signal phenomenology, such as radar cross section models, clutter, atmospheric effects, and Doppler effects; descriptions of all major subsystems of modern radars, such as the antenna, transmitter, receiver, including modern architectural elements such as exciters, and advanced signal processors; and signal and data processing basics, from digital signal processing (DSP) fundamentals, through detection, Doppler processing, waveforms and pulse compression, basic imaging concepts, and tracking fundamentals. While several established books address introductory radar systems, "Principles of Modern Radar" differs from these in its breadth of coverage, its emphasis on current methods (without losing sight of bedrock principles), and its adoption of an appropriate level of quantitative rigor for the intended audience of students and new professional hires. The manuscript for this book was reviewed by over 50 professionals in academia, military, and commercial enterprises. These reviewers were among thousands of potential users approached by the publisher and asked to share their expertise and experience in radar training and instruction. Their extensive comments, corrections, and insights ensure that "Principles of Modern Radar" will meet the needs of modern radar educators and students around the world. Written and edited by world-renowned radar instructors and critically reviewed by users before publication, this is truly a radar community-driven book.

This is the first book to bring together the increasingly complex radar automotive technologies and tools being explored and utilized in the development of fully autonomous vehicles - technologies and tools now understood to be an essential need for the field to fully mature. The book presents state-of-the-art knowledge as shared by the best and brightest experts working in the automotive radar industry today -- leaders who have "been there and done that." Each chapter is written as a standalone "master class" with the authors, seeing the topic through their eyes and experiences. Where beneficial, the chapters reference one another but can otherwise be read in any order desired, making the book an excellent go-to reference for a particular topic or review you need to understand. You'll get a big-picture tour of the key radar needs for fully autonomous vehicles, and how achieving these needs is complicated by the automotive environment's dense scenes, number of possible targets of interest, and mix of very large and very small returns. You'll then be shown the challenges from - and mitigations to - radio frequency interference (RFI), an ever-increasing challenge as the number of vehicles with radars - and radars per vehicle grow. The book also dives into the impacts of weather on radar performance, providing you with insights gained from extensive real-world testing. You are then taken through the integration and systems considerations, especially regarding safety, computing needs, and testing. Each of these areas is influenced heavily by the needs of fully autonomous vehicles and are open areas of research and development. With this authoritative volume you will understand: How to engage with radar designers (from a system integrator / OEM standpoint); How to structure and set requirements for automotive radars; How to address system safety needs for radars in fully autonomous vehicles; How to assess weather impact on the radar and its ability to support autonomy; How to include weather effects into specifications for radars. This is an essential reference for engineers currently in the autonomous vehicle arena and/or working in automotive radar development, as well as engineers and leaders in adjacent radar fields needing to stay abreast of the rapid developments in this exciting and dynamic field of research and development.

This book deals with the basic theory for design and analysis of Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar systems. The design of one such multi-frequency high resolution LPI radar, PANDORA, is covered. This work represents the first time that the topic of multi-frequency radars is discussed in such detail and it is based on research conducted by the author in The Netherlands. The book provides the design tools needed for development, design, and analysis of high resolution radar systems for commercial as well as military applications. Software written in MATLAB and C++ is provided to guide the reader in calculating radar parameters and in ambiguity function analysis. Some radar simulation software is also included.

Interest in the applications of ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems is increasing rapidly all over the world. This is evident from the number of monographs recently published on the subject and from the many papers presented at international conferences on the general problems involved in UWB radar and on its promising new applications. Conventional (classical) methods seem to have exhausted their potential and studies in the field are undergoing a profound change. This book presents some of the novel approaches to radar system analysis now being investigated. A good source of information on UWB signals is their structural analysis in the time domain. This allows a greater understanding of the specific features of UWB radar systems, such as the properties of receiving and transmitting antennas, and various characteristics of near- and far-range target scattering fields. It is shown how the systematic application of numerical procedures can provide new results in the evaluation of UWB radar target responses. The authors do not try to cover all of the possible solutions to the problem of multidimensional representation of target responses; rather they aim to give a general understanding of the techniques of confluent analysis, computer holography and adaptive synthesis of antenna apertures. These methods have great potential for solving conventional radar problems in target detection and recognition, and they are sure to stimulate the use of UWB signals in many fields such as subsurface probing and ecological monitoring.

Advances in Bistatic Radar updates and extends bistatic and multistatic radar developments since the publication of Willis' Bistatic Radar in 1991. New and recently declassified military applications are documented, civil applications are detailed including commercial and scientific systems and leading radar engineers provide expertise to each of these applications. Advances in Bistatic Radar consists of two major sections: Bistatic/Multistatic Radar Systems and Bistatic Clutter and Signal Processing. Starting with a history update, the first section documents the early and now declassified military AN/FPS-23 Fluttar DEW-Line Gap-filler, and high frequency (HF) bistatic radars developed for missile attack warning. It then documents the recently developed passive bistatic and multistatic radars exploiting commercial broadcast transmitters for military and civilian air surveillance. Next, the section documents scientific bistatic radar systems for planetary exploration, which have exploited data link transmitters over the last forty years; ionospheric measurements, again exploiting commercial broadcast transmitters; and 3-D wind field measurements using a bistatic receiver hitchhiking off doppler weather radars. This last application has been commercialized. The second section starts by documenting the full, unclassified bistatic clutter scattering coefficient data base, along with the theory and analysis supporting its development. The section then details two major clutter-related developments, spotlight bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which can now generate high resolution images using bistatic autofocus and related techniques; and adaptive moving target indication (MTI), which allows cancellation of nonstationary clutter generated by moving (i.e. airborne) platforms through the use of bistatic space-time adaptive processing (STAP).

This is an enlarged and revised second edition of a book first published in 1978 and reprinted twice since then. The new edition includes updates to all the original chapters, plus two new chapters on developments in superresolution techniques and their application to direction-finding arrays. Modern direction finders, capable of measuring elevation angles as well as azimuth angles on the components of multi-ray wavefields, have become powerful tools for research in ionospheric physics and HF radio propagation. The complexity of the problem of resolving closely-spaced rays requires the combined use of wide aperture antenna arrays, multichannel receiving systems and sophisticated digital processing techniques. Published research papers over the last 12 years provide a rich source of information on the development of superresolution algorithms for use in radar, sonar, geophysics and spectral analysis, as well as radio direction finding. Dr Gething reviews the important methods and results, showing how some of the new techniques are related to the wavefront analysis methods described in the first edition. The text is illustrated with computer plots of model wavefields and contain important results on the loci of constant phase and amplitude, and on the statistical properties of bearing-error distributions for specified models. The collection and interpretation of ionospheric data for the purpose of mode identification, and the statistical theory of DF plotting algorithms, are also discussed. Wavefront analysis and superresolution may be regarded as extensions to classical array theory. The basic principles are widely applicable and should therefore be of interest to research workers in radar, sonar, radioastronomy and adaptive array theory, as well as HF radio direction finding.

The material presented in this book is intended to provide the reader with a practical treatment of Weibull distribution as applied to radar systems. Topics include general derivation of Weibull distribution, measurements of Webull-distributed clutter, comparison of Webull distribution with various distributions including Rayleigh, gamma, log-normal and k- distributions, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors for Weibull clutter, non-parametric CFAR detectors, and signal detection in the time and frequency domains. In particular, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), which is a rigorously mathematical fit of the hypothetical distribution to the data, is emphasised. This book is written primarily for radar engineers. It is hoped that it will also be of value to teachers and graduate students and of interest to all who are working with Weibull distribution in various fields.

Based on the classic "Radar Range-Performance Analysis" from 1980, this practical volume extends that work to ensure applicability of radar equations to the design and analysis of modern radars. This unique book helps engineers identify what information on the radar and its environment is needed to predict detection range. Moreover, it provides equations and data to improve the accuracy of range calculations. Professionals find detailed information on propagation effects, methods of range calculation in environments that include clutter, jamming and thermal noise, as well as loss factors that reduce radar performance.

Radar cross section (RCS) is a comparison of two radar signal strengths. One is the strength of the radar beam sweeping over a target, the other is the strength of the reflected echo sensed by the receiver. This book shows how the RCS gauge can be predicted for theoretical objects and how it can be measured for real targets. Predicting RCS is not easy, even for simple objects like spheres or cylinders, but this book explains the two exact forms of theory so well that even a novice will understand enough to make close predictions. Weapons systems developers are keenly interested in reducing the RCS of their platforms. The two most practical ways to reduce RCS are shaping and absorption. This book explains both in great detail, especially in the design, evaluation, and selection of radar absorbers. There is also great detail on the design and employment of indoor and outdoor test ranges for scale models or for full-scale targets (such as aircraft). In essence, this book covers everything you need to know about RCS, from what it is, how to predict and measure, and how to test targets (indoors and out), and how to beat it.

In this monograph S.R. Cloude introduces, for the first time, the topics of radar polarimetry and interferometry. This topic was first developed in 1997 and has since developed into a major topic in radar sciences and its applications, in particular to space sciences. In its simplest form it concerns the study of interferograms formed by combining waves with different polarizations and their exploitation to infer important physical properties of the planetary surface being investigated.
Written in three main sections, the first four chapters provide a detailed coverage of all major topics of polarimetry, including its basis in electromagnetic scattering theory, decomposition theorems and a detailed analysis of the entropy/alpha approach. The next chapter offers a brief introduction to radar interferometry, before developing in three chapters the important new topic of polarimetric interferometry. In this way it provides a complete treatment of the subject, suitable for those working in interferometry who wish to know about polarimetry, or vice versa, as well as those new to the topic who are looking for a one-stop comprehensive treatment of the subject. The emphasis throughout is on the application of these techniques to remote sensing and the book concludes with a set of practical examples to illustrate the theoretical ideas.

Bistatic radar consists of a radar system which comprises a transmitter and receiver which are separated by a distance comparable to the expected target distance. This book provides a general theoretical description of such bistatic technology in the context of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation as well as processing theory. Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed with the application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques, and numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out. The authors suggest the program implementation of developed algorithms. A theoretical summary of the latest results in the field of bistatic radars is provided, before applying an analytical geometrical description of scenarios of bistatic synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars with cooperative and non-cooperative transmitters. Signal models with linear frequency and phase code modulation are developed, and special phase modulations with C/A (coarse acquisition) and P (precision) of GPS satellite transmitters are considered. The authors suggest Matlab implementations of all geometrical models and signal formation and processing algorithms. Contents 1. Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (BSAR) Survey. 2. BSAR Geometry. 3. BSAR Waveforms and Signal Models. 4. BSAR Image Reconstruction Algorithms. 5. Analytical Geometrical Determination of BSAR Resolution. 6. BSAR Experimental Results. 7. BSAR Matlab Implementation. A general theoretical description of bistatic technology within the scope of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation and processing theory. Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed in this title, with application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques. Numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out and the authors suggest program implementation for the algorithms developed.

Monopulse is a type of radar that sends additional information in the signal in order to avoid problems caused by rapid changes in signal strength. Monopulse is resistant to jamming which is one of the main reasons it is used in most radar systems today. This updated and expanded edition of an Artech House classic offers engineers a current and comprehensive treatment of monopulse radar principles, techniques, and applications. The second edition features two brand new chapters, covering monopulse countermeasures and counter-countermeasures and monopulse for airborne radar and homing seekers. This essential volume categorizes and describes the various forms of monopulse radar, and analyzes their capabilities and limitations. The book also devotes considerable space to monopulse circuits and hardware components, explaining their functions and performance. This practical resource features numerous photographs and illustrations drawn from actual radar systems and components. This book serves as a valuable reference for both experienced radar engineers and those new to the field.

This ground-breaking resource gives you the background theories and know-how you need to effectively design active phased array antennas with wider bandwidth and scan volume utilizing sparse array technology. The book shows you how to incorporate aperiodic arrays and sparse arrays as a solution for overcoming the restrictions faced in conventional phased antenna designs - such as blind spots, limited scan volume, large power and cooling requirements, RF path losses, and increased complexity - while adhering to the maintenance of SWAP-C resources widely used in aerospace and defence. Packed with step-by-step information and research results unavailable in any other single source to date, the book presents new concepts and techniques that potentially can be applied to many critical defense and commercial requirements such as: radars, satcom on move, sonars, weather monitoring, 5G and 6G for mobile communication, fault and crack detection in buildings and underground pipelines, automotive anti-collisions mechanism in automobiles, mine detection, through wall imaging, and more. The book helps you to understand the fundamental antenna technology being deployed in modern systems and equips you to design problem-solving sparse array models proven by electromagnetic simulations that can reduce the cost and overall complexity of the existing systems. Numerous design studies are documented to validate the theories presented. The book takes into account the functional constraints in designing commercial and military systems while demonstrating provable techniques that are practical and achievable. This is an important resource for phased array antenna designers interested in utilizing sparse array technology with wider bandwidth and scan volume. The book's straightforward approach and easy-to-follow language also make it accessible to students and those new to the field.

Real-time testing and simulation of open- and closed-loop radio frequency (RF) systems for signal generation, signal analysis and digital signal processing require deterministic, low-latency, high-throughput capabilities afforded by user reconfigurable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This comprehensive book introduces LabVIEW FPGA, provides best practices for multi-FPGA solutions, and guidance for developing high-throughput, low-latency FPGA based RF systems. Written by a recognized expert with a wealth of real-world experience in the field, this is the first book written on the subject of FPGAs for radar and other RF applications. The companion website for this book can be found at https://github.com/LVFPGABOOK/

During the 1930s the popular press were carrying stories of a death ray that could disable aircraft, and it became such a popular notion that an investigation was carried out by a government scientist, Robert Watson-Watt. His discovery was that it was not that electro-magnetic waves could interfere with aircraft, but that aircraft could interfere with radio transmissions. The strategic importance of this was appreciated and a secret establishment was set up to develop a means of using radio transmissions to detect the approach of enemy aircraft - the birth of radar. As World War II broke out Ian Goult joined this elite group of scientists - aged only sixteen - as a lab assistant, working on GEE, a navigational aid allowing accurate location of targets. Its success allowed Bomber command to effectively navigate as far as the Ruhr. In Secret Location, Goult describes taking part in work on radar and microwave techniques that gave Britain supremacy in the air, and greatly improved submarine detection during the Battle of the Atlantic, saving thousands of tons of materiel and many lives. Told in an engaging style, this book offers a unique insight in those men whose achievements during the war have been underappreciated, but whose efforts were a key factor in the Allied victory. Postwar, Ian Goult was closely involved in the development of ground proximity warning systems and and the very first ATOL.

This highly-anticipated second edition of an Artech House classic covers several key radar analysis areas: the radar range equation, detection theory, ambiguity functions, waveforms, antennas, active arrays, receivers and signal processors, CFAR and chaff analysis. Readers will be able to predict the detection performance of a radar system using the radar range equation, its various parameters, matched filter theory, and Swerling target models. The performance of various signal processors, single pulse, pulsed Doppler, LFM, NLFM, and BPSK, are discussed, taking into account factors including MTI processing, integration gain, weighting loss and straddling loss. The details of radar analysis are covered from a mathematical perspective, with in-depth breakdowns of radar performance in the presence of clutter. Readers will be able to determine the nose temperature of a multi-channel receiver as it is used in active arrays. With the addition of three new chapters on moving target detectors, inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and new MATLAB codes, this expanded second edition will appeal to the novice as well as the experienced practitioner.

This book covers the latest advances in optimal and adaptive MIMO radar for enhanced detection and target ID in challenging environments and demonstrates its utility in real-world applications. It discusses signal processing prerequisites, such as radar signals, orthogonal waveforms, matched filtering, multi-channel beam forming, and Doppler processing. It also outlines MIMO implantation challenges like computational complexity, adaptive clutter mitigation, calibration and equalization, and hardware constraints. The book contains exclusive flight testing data from DARPA, and digs into applications for GMTI radar, OTH radar, maritime radar, and automotive radar.

While previous EW exploited flaws in the analogue equipment to corrupt or degrade the sensor detection or localisation capabilities, EW is now an information battle. Modern autonomous threat sensors can readily detect and locate targets by incorporating state of the art high speed digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms that focus on the classification of targets via target physical features. As a result the autonomous threat has a significant advantage over attacking forces consisting of armoured vehicles, aircraft or ships. To elucidate the state of EW, this book focuses on the example of autonomous anti ship missiles (ASM) attacking a naval fleet rather than airborne battles, thus filling a significant gap in the EW literature. It describes modern DSP algorithms that have been published by ASM development personnel from several nations, including the People's Republic of China and the Russian federation and outlines instances where it has been successfully used against ships. The book elaborates on the mathematical techniques employed and the advantages of incorporating digital signal processing algorithms into the autonomous sensor. With straight forward DSP algorithms, ASM can rapidly identify and distinguish electronically generated false targets, passive decoys, chaff and true targets. Moreover, special sensor waveforms now proactively probe the targets for enhanced feature measurements, and modern multi-channel optimal DSP readily mitigates noise jamming.