This book gives a complete overview of the scientific and engineering aspects of radio and radar pertaining to studies of the Earth environment. The book opens with an analysis of wire antennas, antenna arrays, and aperture antennas suitable for radar applications. Following a treatment of sources of noise, the book moves on to give a detailed presentation of the most important scattering mechanisms exploited by radar. It then provides an overview of basic signal processing strategies, including coherent and incoherent strategies. Pulse compression, especially binary phase coding and frequency chirping, are then analyzed, and the radar range-Doppler ambiguity function is introduced. This is followed by a comprehensive treatment of radio wave propagation in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The remainder of the book deals with radar applications. The book will be valuable for graduate students and researchers interested in antenna and radar applications across the Earth and environmental sciences and engineering.

Novel Radar Techniques and Applications presents the state-of-the-art in advanced radar, with emphasis on ongoing novel research and development and contributions from an international team of leading radar experts. This volume covers: Real aperture array radar, including target parameter estimation and array radar features; robust direct data domain processing; and array radar operation management. Imaging radar, including VideoSAR imaging for real-time persistence; high-resolution wide-swath SAR; interferometric SAR imaging; space-based SAR-Ground moving target indication; 3D & tomographic SAR imaging; bi- and monostatic SAR-GMTI; multistatic and MIMO ISAR techniques; and focussing moving objects using the VSAR algorithm. Passive and multistatic radar, including bistatic clutter modeling; airborne passive radar; forward scatter radar; through the wall imaging radar; short-range passive radar potentialities; GNSS-based passive radar; passive radar with airborne receivers; multi-illuminator and multistatic passive radar; and passive MIMO radar networks.

Novel Radar Techniques and Applications presents the state-of-the-art in advanced radar, with emphasis on ongoing novel research and development and contributions from an international team of leading radar experts. Each section gives an overview of the latest research and perspectives of the future, and includes a number of chapters dedicated to specific techniques in conjunction with existing operational, experimental or conceptual applications. This volume covers: Waveform diversity and cognitive radar, including holistic design of physical radar emissions; waveform design for spectral coexistence; adaptive OFDM waveform design for spatio-temporal-sparsity exploited STAP radar; applications of noise radar; bioinspired radar techniques; concept of the intelligent radar network; clutter diversity; and cognitive radar management. Target tracking and data fusion, including posterior Cramer-Rao bounds for target tracking; tracking and fusion in log-spherical state space with application to collision avoidance and kinematic ranging; multistatic tracking for passive radar applications; radar-based ground surveillance; multiplatform radar surveillance for aerial and maritime surveillance; person tracking and data fusion for UWB radar applications; and sensor management for radar networks.

Nature presents examples of active sensing which are unique, sophisticated and incredibly fascinating. There are animals that sense the environment actively, for example through echolocation, which have evolved their capabilities over millions of years and that, as a result of evolution, have developed unique in-built sensing mechanisms that are often the envy of synthetic systems. This book presents some of the recent work that has been carried out to investigate how sophisticated sensing techniques used in nature can be applied to radar and sonar systems to improve their performance. Topics covered include biosonar inspired signal processing and acoustic imaging from echolocating bats; enhanced range resolution: comparison with the matched filter; air-coupled sonar systems inspired by bat echolocation; analysis of acoustic echoes from bat-pollinated plants; the biosonar arms race between bats and insects; biologically inspired coordination of guidance and adaptive radiated waveform for interception and rendezvous problems; cognitive sensor/ processor system framework for target tracking; the biosonar of the Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins; human echolocation; and polarization tensors and object recognition in weakly electric fish. Biologically-Inspired Radar and Sonar is essential reading for radar and sonar practitioners in academia and research, governmental and industrial organisations, engineers working in signal processing and sensing, and those with an underlying interest in the interaction between natural sciences and engineering.

Based on time-tested course material, this authoritative text examines the key topics, advanced mathematical concepts, and novel analytical tools needed to understand modern communication and radar systems. It covers computational linear algebra theory, VLSI systolic algorithms and designs, practical aspects of chaos theory, and applications in beamforming and array processing, and uses a variety of CDMA codes, as well as acoustic sensing and beamforming algorithms to illustrate key concepts. Classical topics such as spectral analysis are also covered, and each chapter includes a wealth of homework problems. This is an invaluable text for graduate students in electrical and computer engineering, and an essential reference for practitioners in communications and radar engineering.

Micro-Doppler Characteristics of Radar Targets is a monograph on radar target's micro-Doppler effect theory and micro-Doppler feature extraction techniques. The micro-Doppler effect is presented from two aspects, including micro-Doppler effect analysis and micro-Doppler feature extraction, with micro-Doppler effects induced by different micro-motional targets in different radar systems analyzed and several methods of micro-Doppler feature extraction and three-dimensional micro-motion feature reconstruction presented. The main contents of this book include micro-Doppler effect in narrowband radar, micro-Doppler effect in wideband radar, micro-Doppler effect in bistatic radar, micro-Doppler feature analysis and extraction, and three-dimensional micro-motion feature reconstruction, etc. This book can be used as a reference for scientific and technical personnel engaged in radar signal processing and automatic target recognition, etc. It is especially suitable for beginners who are interested in research on micro-Doppler effect in radar.

Recently, various algorithms for radar signal detection that rely heavily upon complicated processing and/or antenna architectures have been the subject of much interest. These techniques owe their genesis to several factors. One is revolutionary technological advances in high-speed signal processing hardware and digital array radar technology. Another is the stress on requirements often imposed by defence applications in areas such as airborne early warning and homeland security. This book explores these emerging research thrusts in radar detection with advanced radar systems capable of operating in challenging scenarios with a plurality of interference sources, both man-made and natural. Topics covered include: adaptive radar detection in Gaussian interference with unknown spectral properties; invariance theory as an instrument to force the Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) property at the design stage; one- and two-stage detectors and their performances; operating scenarios where a small number of training data for spectral estimation is available; Bayesian radar detection to account for prior information in the interference covariance matrix; and radar detection in the presence of non-Gaussian interference. Detector design techniques based on a variety of criteria are thoroughly presented and CFAR issues are discussed. Performance analyses representative of practical airborne, as well as ground-based and shipborne, radar situations are shown. Results on real radar data are also discussed. Modern Radar Detection Theory provides a comprehensive reference on the latest developments in adaptive radar detection for researchers, advanced students and engineers working on statistical signal processing and its applications to radar systems.

2013 Reprint of 1949 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. This is the second book by Norbert Wiener on time series and communication engineering. While the first one, "Cybernetics," treated the subject from a general standpoint and was more philosophical than mathematical, the present volume is more technical than theoretical, and forms a kind of companion piece to the first. It is intended as a tool for engineers working in the field of electrical communication and related subjects. The book consists of an introduction, five chapters, and three appendices. After explaining the general outline of the problem in the introduction, the author gives in Chapter I a review of generalized harmonic analysis which is necessary for the understanding of the following chapters. Chapters II and III are devoted to the problems of prediction and filtering respectively. In Chapter IV there is given a brief account of the theory of multiple prediction, that is, the theory of prediction when we deal with more than one time series at the same time. Finally, in Chapter V there is given a short discussion on the application of similar methods to a problem of approximate differentiation.

Analyzes and discusses the operating principle, signal processing method, and experimental results of this advanced radar technology This book systematically discusses the operating principle, signal processing method, target measurement technology, and experimental results of a new kind of radar called synthetic impulse and aperture radar (SIAR). The purpose is to help readers acquire an insight into the concept and principle of the SIAR, to know its operation mode, signal processing method, the difference between the traditional radar and itself, the designing ideals, and the developing method. It includes 10 chapters. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the basic principle of SIAR and its characteristic of four antis. Chapter 2 introduces the operating principles and system constitution of SIAR. Chapter 3 presents the main waveforms and the corresponding signal processing methods. Chapter 4 is about the long-time integration technique. Chapter 5 shows the high-accuracy measurement and tracking of 4D parameters of target in SIAR. The range-angle coupling and decoupling are introduced in Chapter 6, where a criteria for transmit frequency optimization of array elements is studied to overcome the coupling among range, azimuth and elevation. In Chapter 7, detection and tracking of targets in strong interference background is investigated. Chapter 8 analyzes quantitatively the influence of array error on the tracking accuracy of SIAR. Expansion of impulse and aperture synthesis to HF band and microwave band are introduced respectively in Chapter 9 and Chapter 10. The operating principle of the novel bi-static surface wave radar system, as well as the experimental system and the experimental results are included in Chapter 9. Written by a highly experienced author with extensive knowledge of SIAR (Chen), the book can be used as a reference for engineering technical personnel and scientific research personnel working in the research of SIAR, MIMO radar, digital radar or other new type of radar. It can also be a reference for teachers and students in universities who engage in related professional work. * Details the operating principle, signal processing method, target measurement technology, and experimental results of synthetic impulse and aperture radar (SIAR) * Expands the technique of impulse and aperture synthesisfrom the VHF band to the HF band and the microwave band * Written by a leading author with many years research and practical experience in sparse array SIAR, a typical MIMO radar Engineers, researchers and postgraduates working in radar engineering will find this an invaluable resource.

Did you ever get a radar or lidar speeding ticket even through you weren't speeding, chances are the officer was not properly setup or misinterpreted the radar reading. The radar was not measuring you but a different vehicle or a false alarm. In many cases the radar was setup in a way it could not possibly measure your vehicle. Microwave radars measure the strongest vehicle reflection, not always the closest vehicle. Microwave radars have sensitive receivers, nearby transmitters and high power sources can induce false signals and false speed readings. Moving mode radar has multiple sources for incorrect speed readings that depends on traffic close to the radar and reflective stationary objects, like guardrails or highway signs. Lidars can produce a false reading if the target vehicle is greater than about 500 feet, the beam spread is wide enough to cause problems. At closer ranges the narrow beam must be aimed at the same vehicle surface or risk a speed error from 1 to 25 mph. Additionally lidars will produce a false speed reading by scanning the ground, no moving targets required. The Police Radar Handbook has the answers as to why you might have received that undeserved citation. The book explains proper radar and lidar use, and results of improper use. In many instances errors are predictable knowing just the general setup.

"Radar Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) and NonCooperative Target Recognition (NCTR)" captures material presented by leading international experts at a NATO lecture series and explores both the fundamentals of classification techniques applied to data from a variety of radar modes and selected advanced techniques at the forefront of research. The ability to detect and locate targets by day or night, over wide areas, regardless of weather conditions has long made radar a key sensor in many military and civil applications. However, the ability to automatically and reliably distinguish different targets represents a difficult challenge, although steady progress has been made over the past couple of decades. This book explores both the fundamentals of classification techniques applied to data from a variety of radar modes and selected advanced techniques at the forefront of research. Topics include: the problem as applied to the ground, air and maritime domains; impact of image quality on the overall target recognition performance; performance of different approaches to the classifier algorithm; improvement in performance to be gained when a target can be viewed from more than one perspective; ways in which natural systems perform target recognition; impact of compressive sensing; advances in change detection, including coherent change detection; and challenges and directions for future research.

The book focuses on angle-of-arrival estimation using radar interferometry and provides a unique perspective to angle estimation. Typically radars perform poorly when estimating angle to a target as opposed to range estimation. The interferometer provides a means to improve angle estimation but is subject to unique error effects. This book presents a comprehensive understanding of various radar interferometer architectures and will quantify interferometer angle estimation accuracy. It features some new material and alternative derivations on radar target tracking and identifies and quantifies radar-based measurement errors on the performance of angle-of-arrival estimation. It also includes a basic digital interferometer, a monopulse interferometer, an orthogonal interferometer and signal processing algorithms. By exploring interferometry and beyond, this book offers a unique perspective and an in depth look at the derivation of angle error equations for a radar interferometer. This book would suit practicing radar design engineers and researchers within both the radar community and the military industrial sector.

This third and final volume in the Principles of Modern Radar series brings all the fundamentals and advanced techniques of the prior volumes to their logical conclusion by presenting the applications of radar. This unique book provides in-depth discussions of the most important areas in current radar practice, serving primarily radar practitioners and advanced graduate students. For those needing to become experts in an advanced technology or application area, Radar Applications should be the foundation of their research before they tackle in-depth, single topic advanced books and literature. These advanced books are suggested at the end of each chapter to guide readers toward the best published works. Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications provides concise descriptions of the purposes, principal issues, and radar methods found in a wide variety of current radar types with military, commercial, and civilian uses. These types of radar include continuous wave (CW) radar, weather and air traffic control, pulse Doppler, fire control, ground moving target indication, and unconventional applications such as materials and ground penetrating radar. This book combines the best attributes of edited and single-author references. It draws on the expertise of authors from academia and industry, active in both teaching and ongoing research. These specialists provide greater depth and experience over the broad range of radar topics than could any single author. As with the entire Principles of Modern Radar series, this book was community reviewed by experts from around the world for coherence and consistency.

Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas is a thorough introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on electronic steerable and active array antennas. Topics covered include array signal processing, array calibration, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, pulse compression, sequential detection, target detection with long pulse series, space-time adaptive processing (STAP), moving target detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), target imaging, energy management and system parameter relations. The discussed methods are confirmed by simulation studies and experimental array systems developed by the authors team at FGAN, now Fraunhofer. This new edition has been fully updated and revised, and includes discussion of compressed sensing and its possible application to beam forming, some results for phase-only-nulling against jammers, descriptions of further algorithms for superresolution for location and separation of radar targets and the reconnaissance of other radiating sources, extension and explanation of the basic ideas for MIMO-radar, and a new chapter on radar operation by passive coherent location. Providing many valuable lessons for designers of future high standard multifunction radar systems for military and civil applications, this book will appeal to graduate level engineers, researchers, and managers in the field of radar, aviation and space technology.

In November 1897, a twenty-three year old Italian inventor visited the Royal Needles Hotel that overlooked Alum Bay on the west coast of the Isle of Wight. The young Guglielmo Marconi's proposal to rent rooms to perform his 'experiments' over the deserted winter months was warmly welcomed by the hotels proprietors. Marconi used some of the working capital of his newly formed Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company to convert the hotel's billiard room and install his equipment and spark transmitter. Several small ships were hiredand fitted with wireless aerials and receivers while moored at the pier below. A huge mast, 168 feet high, had to be hauled up the cliff face of Alum Bay and raised in the hotel grounds, a feat that required the help of most of the able bodied men in Totland. On Monday 6th December 1897 Marconi started his wireless experiments from the Royal Needles Hotel, including a month of private demonstrations for Queen Victoria and the Royal family using wireless stations he installed at Osborne House and on board the Royal Yacht. For the next two and a half years the world's first permanent wirelessstation would be operated from the Isle of Wight. By 1900 Marconi realised he need more space, greater privacy and longer ranges to his new stations being built in Cornwall. He moved his equipment and aerial mast from Alum Bay across the Island to a new station built in Knowles farm in Niton. While there Marconi developed the vital science of tuning, enabling multiple wireless signals to be separated without interference. In January 1901 transmissions from Niton reached Marconi's new station at Lizard Point in Cornwall. This was 196 miles away, a world record for 'radio' waves, convincing Marconi that his system was now ready to attempt to transmit across the Atlantic ocean, over 2,100 miles. The science and art of wireless communication was born on the Isle of Wight. This is the story of a young Italian engineer, whose small experiments on a small Island grew to produce our modern world of instant global communication, radio broadcasting, mobile phones, television, satellite communication and even the internet. Marconi on the Isle of Wight changed the world forever.

The book provides a complete theoretical background, and then discusses in detail the Gauss-Newton filters. Of particular interest is a new approach to the tracking of maneuvering targets that is made possible by these filters. The book also covers the expanding and fading memory polynomial filters based on the Legendre and Laguerre orthogonal polynomials, and how these can be used in conjunction with Gauss-Newton. Fourteen carefully constructed computer programs cover the theoretical background, and also demonstrate the power of the Gauss-Newton and polynomial filters. Two of these programs include Kalman, Swerling and Gauss-Newton filters, all three processing identical data. These demonstrate Kalman and Swerling instability to which Gauss-Newton is immune, and also the fact that if an attempt is made to forestall Kalman and Swerling instability by the use of a Q matrix, then they are no longer Cramer-Rao consistent and become noticeably less accurate than the always Cramer-Rao consistent Gauss-Newton filters. This book will be of interest to filter engineering practitioners, to graduate-level newcomers wishing to learn about Gauss-Newton and polynomial filters and to university lecturers who might wish to include material on the Gauss-Newton and polynomial filters in graduate-level courses on tracking filter engineering."

This second of three volumes in the Principles of Modern Radar series offers a much-needed professional reference for practicing radar engineers. It provides the stepping stones under one cover to advanced practice with overview discussions of the most commonly used techniques for radar design, thereby bridging readers to single-topic advanced books, papers, and presentations. It spans a gamut of exciting radar capabilities from exotic waveforms to ultra-high resolution 2D and 3D imaging methods, complex adaptive interference cancellation, multi-target tracking in dense scenarios, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and much more. All of this material is presented with the same careful balance of quantitative rigor and qualitative insight of Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles. Each chapter is likewise authored by recognized subject experts, with the rigorous editing for consistency and suggestions of numerous volunteer reviewers from the radar community applied throughout. Advanced academic and training courses will appreciate the sets of chapter-end problems for students, as well as worked solutions for instructors. Extensive reference lists show the way for further study.

Includes full color and black and white illustrations, This handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in making general estimations regarding capabilities of systems. This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director of Electronic Warfare / Combat Systems. Chapters include: Fundamentals; Antennas; Radar Equations; Radar and Receiver Characteristics and Test; Microwave / RF Components; Electro-optics an IR; Aircraft Dynamics Considerations; Date Transfer Busses; Glossary; Abbreviations and Acronyms.

The phrase 'waveform design and diversity' refers to an area of radar research that focuses on novel transmission strategies as a way to improve performance in a variety of civil, defense and homeland security applications. Three basic principles are at the core of waveform diversity. First is the principle that any and all knowledge of the operational environment should be exploited in system design and operation. Second is the principle of the fully adaptive system, that is, that the system should respond to dynamic environmental conditions. Third is the principle of measurement diversity as a way to increase system robustness and expand the design trade space. Waveform design and diversity concepts can be found dating back to the mid-twentieth century. However, it has only been in the past decade or so, as academics and practitioners have rushed to exploit recent advances in radar hardware component technology, such as arbitrary waveform generation and linear power amplification, that waveform diversity has become a distinct area of research. The purpose of this book is to survey this burgeoning field in a way that brings together the diverse yet complementary topics that comprise it. The topics covered range from the purely theoretical to the applied, and the treatment of these topics ranges from tutorial explanation to forward-looking research discussions. The topics treated in this book include: classical waveform design and its extensions through information theory, multiple-input multiple-output systems, and the bio-inspired sensing perspective; the exploration of measurement diversity through distributed radar systems, in both cooperative and non-cooperative configurations; the optimal adaptation of the transmit waveform for target detection, tracking, and identification; and more. This representative cross-section of topics provides the reader with a chance to see the three principles of waveform diversity at work, and will hopefully point the way to further advances in this exciting area of research.

While many police departments effectively use radar to control traffic, there are still numerous instances of improper use. To operate traffic radar does not require genius, but it does require proper training as well as a basic understanding of this precision instrument. Unfortunately many people have the misperception that police radar is infallible, it is not. The "Police Traffic SPEED RADAR Handbook" is intended to familiarize the reader with the use and misuse of police radar by examining basic scientific and engineering principles in detail. There are numerous instances of unintentional (and a few intentional) abuses. Observing speed limits does not guarantee immunity from an undeserved ticket. Includes microwave and laser radar operation -- how radar works, proper use, limitations, potential operator errors, and common misreadings and mistakes. General situations are analyzed for potential, probable, and sometimes inevitable speed errors. In many instances errors are predictable knowing just the general setup. Basic radar theory, physics, and mathematics are used to prove all findings. All technical information and conclusions quantifiably described using illustrations, graphs, tables, or mathematical formulas -- based on or derived from fundamental scientific and engineering principles, published factory specifications, empirical data, or U.S. Government documents. Victims of microwave or laser police radar (or speed timing systems, pacing, visual estimate) as well as professionals involved with traffic law enforcement (Judges, attorneys, paralegals, police, prosecutors), accident reconstruction specialists, science and engineering professionals, educators and students will appreciate the detailed technical information and explanation.

It's easy to recognize improper radar or lidar use by first understanding basic operational procedures. Learn about microwave and laser radar limitations, errors, and misinterpretation of readings resulting from improper use or a lack of understanding. Microwave and laser radars are precision instruments that accurately measure speed - when used properly, as designed. Design constraints limit how the radar or lidar should be located and used. Some police operate outside design limits unknowingly or to hide from motorist, resulting in unreliable readings easy to misinterpret. This book includes a basic description of microwave and laser radars, and their differences. Correct setup procedures are explained, and results when protocol is not followed. Results vary from speed errors to mis-identified vehicles. Many errors are predictable knowing just the general setup. Victims of microwave radar or laser radar (lidar), and police, will appreciate the easy to follow and understand information not found in radar or lidar user manuals or specifications.

This book is a layman's guide to site surveying for security radars and cameras. The guide has an overview of current radar and camera technology and the basics physics behind them. The book avoids, however, complex jargon and forumlas. The tools of the trade and the pre-visit preparation are discussed in great detail. Useful "rules of thumb" are and references provided as well. The reader will be assured they have a sufficient knowledge base to perform site surveys for pulsed, pulsed Doppler, FMCW, and Pulse Compression security radar systems. In addition, they will be able to also perform quality recommendations for CCTV, thermal (both cooled and uncooled), and laser illuminated cameras. This is a must-have guide for security companys, prime contractors and security professionals. Software (Excel spreadsheets) can be downloaded after purchase from www.deepseapublishing.com to further assist the reader.

This book covers all aspects of foliage penetration (FOPEN) radar, concentrating on both airborne military radar systems as well as earth resource mapping radars. It is the first concise and thorough treatment of FOPEN, covering the results of a decade-long investment by DARPA in characterizing foliage and earth surface with ultrawideband UHF and VHF synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Comparisons of the technologies for radar design and signal processing are presented, as are specific design approaches for transmitter design for operation in a dense radio frequency spectrum. Adaptive processing to remove the effects of radio and television signals from the system are also covered. In 10 years, FOPEN systems will find use in crop monitoring, land mine remediation, and creating digital maps under trees. This book will be the foundation for continued research for years to come both for radar and systems engineers in defense and earth resources companies. Government researchers, program managers and planners who have an interest in the unique capabilities of this radar technology, as well as university staff and faculty teaching radar and signal processing will find this book a critical part of their learning for years to come.