While previous EW exploited flaws in the analogue equipment to corrupt or degrade the sensor detection or localisation capabilities, EW is now an information battle. Modern autonomous threat sensors can readily detect and locate targets by incorporating state of the art high speed digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms that focus on the classification of targets via target physical features. As a result the autonomous threat has a significant advantage over attacking forces consisting of armoured vehicles, aircraft or ships. To elucidate the state of EW, this book focuses on the example of autonomous anti ship missiles (ASM) attacking a naval fleet rather than airborne battles, thus filling a significant gap in the EW literature. It describes modern DSP algorithms that have been published by ASM development personnel from several nations, including the People's Republic of China and the Russian federation and outlines instances where it has been successfully used against ships. The book elaborates on the mathematical techniques employed and the advantages of incorporating digital signal processing algorithms into the autonomous sensor. With straight forward DSP algorithms, ASM can rapidly identify and distinguish electronically generated false targets, passive decoys, chaff and true targets. Moreover, special sensor waveforms now proactively probe the targets for enhanced feature measurements, and modern multi-channel optimal DSP readily mitigates noise jamming.

LiDAR is one of many active sensor technologies that uses electromagnetic radiation. Operating in the optical and infrared wavelengths, it is similar to more-familiar passive EO/IR sensor technology. It is also similar to radar in that it uses reflected electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sensor. LiDAR is commonly used for making high-resolution maps and has applications in geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics, laser guidance, airborne laser swath mapping, and laser altimetry. It is also being used for control and navigation of some autonomous cars. The first part of LiDAR Technologies and Systems introduces LiDAR and its history, and then covers the LiDAR range equation and the link budget (how much signal a LiDAR must emit in order to get a certain number of reflected photons back), as well as the rich phenomenology of LiDAR, which results in a diverse array of LiDAR types. The middle chapters discuss the components of a LiDAR system, including laser sources and modulators, LiDAR receivers, beam-steering approaches, and LiDAR processing. The last part covers testing, performance metrics, and significant applications, including how to build systems for some of the more popular applications.

This book discusses the active and passive radar cross section (RCS) estimation and techniques to examine the low observable aerospace platforms. It begins with the fundamentals of RCS, followed by the dielectric, magnetic and metamaterials parameters of the constituent materials and then explains various methods and the emerging trends followed in this area of study. The RCS estimation of phased array including the mutual coupling effect is also presented in detail in the book. The active RCS reduction is carefully touched upon through the performance of phased arrays, sidelobe cancellers and mitigation of multipath effect. Providing information on various adaptive algorithms like least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS) and weighted least square algorithms, the authors also mention the recent developments in the area of embedded antennas, conformal load bearing antenna, metamaterials and frequency selective surface (FSS) based RCS reduction.

Detailed closed-loop bandwidth and transient response approach is a subject rarely found in current literature. This innovative resource offers practical explanations of closed-loop radar tracking techniques in range, Doppler and angle tracking. To address analog closed loop trackers, a review of basic control theory and modeling is included. In addition, control theory, radar receivers, signal processors, and circuitry and algorithms necessary to form the signals needed in a tracker are presented. Digital trackers and multiple target tracking are also covered, focusing on g-h and g-h-k filters. Readers learn techniques for modeling digital, closed-loop trackers. The radar circuitry/block diagrams necessary for range, Doppler and angle tracking are presented and described, with examples and simulations included. Factors such as noise and Swerling type fluctuations are taken into account. In addition to numerous worked examples, this approachable reference includes MATLAB (R) code associated with analysis, simulations and figures. The book contains solutions to practical problems, making it useful for both novice and advanced radar practitioners. Software will be available for download on this page.

Radar Expert, Esteemed Author Gregory L. Charvat on CNN and CBS Author Gregory L. Charvat appeared on CNN on March 17, 2014 to discuss whether Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 might have literally flown below the radar. He appeared again on CNN on March 20, 2014 to explain the basics of radar, and he explored the hope and limitations of the technology involved in the search for Flight 370 on CBS on March 22, 2014. Get His Book Now Coupling theory with reality, from derivation to implementation of actual radar systems, Small and Short-Range Radar Systems analyzes and then provides design procedures and working design examples of small and short-range radar systems. Discussing applications from automotive to through-wall imaging, autonomous vehicle, and beyond, the practical text supplies high-level descriptions, theoretical derrivations, back-of-envelope calculations, explanations of processing algorithms, and case studies for each type of small radar system covered, including continuous wave (CW), ultrawideband (UWB) impulse, linear frequency modulation (FM), linear rail synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and phased array. This essential reference: Explains how to design your own radar devices Demonstrates how to process data from small radar sensors Provides real-world, measured radar data to test algorithms before investing development time Complete with downloadable MATLAB (R) scripts and actual radar measurements, Small and Short-Range Radar Systems empowers you to rapidly develop small radar technology for your application.

This book presents a comprehensive set of radar and electronic warfare principles including many of the latest applications in a clear and consistent manner. Following on from the 3rd edition of this book (2004) Radar and Electronic Warfare Principles for the Non-specialist, 4th Edition, remains true to the traditional strength of the book, providing radar principles for the non-specialist, and also now introducing EW principles. All radar-related material has been reviewed, revised and enhanced as necessary. New to this edition: Significant revisions to; target signal-to-noise ratio, target detection theory, array antennas, radar measurements and tracking, and target signatures The addition of new EW-related material addressing electronic support (ES), electronic attack (EA), and electronic protection (EP) The advanced radar concepts chapter has been revised, including the addition of a section on modern multi-function, -mode, -mission radar systems. Most of the chapters are stand-alone allowing the reader to be selective and still benefit from the content. Exercises at the end of each chapter are provided to reinforce the concepts presented and illustrate their applications, making this book ideal for academic learning, training courses or self-study. Topics covered include: electromagnetic propagation, target detection, antennas, measurements and tracking, radar cross section and system applications. By reading this book, you should expect to be able to conduct a respectable, first-order radar system design or analysis and perform a first-order EW system design or analysis. This book will also provide you with the skills to critique the designs or analysis of others.

Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas is a thorough introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on electronic steerable and active array antennas. Topics covered include array signal processing, array calibration, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, pulse compression, sequential detection, target detection with long pulse series, space-time adaptive processing (STAP), moving target detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), target imaging, energy management and system parameter relations. The discussed methods are confirmed by simulation studies and experimental array systems developed by the authors team at FGAN, now Fraunhofer. This new edition has been fully updated and revised, and includes discussion of compressed sensing and its possible application to beam forming, some results for phase-only-nulling against jammers, descriptions of further algorithms for superresolution for location and separation of radar targets and the reconnaissance of other radiating sources, extension and explanation of the basic ideas for MIMO-radar, and a new chapter on radar operation by passive coherent location. Providing many valuable lessons for designers of future high standard multifunction radar systems for military and civil applications, this book will appeal to graduate level engineers, researchers, and managers in the field of radar, aviation and space technology.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is critical for remote sensing. It works day and night, in good weather or bad. Bistatic SAR is a new kind of SAR system, where the transmitter and receiver are placed on two separate platforms. Bistatic SAR is one of the most important trends in SAR development, as the technology renders SAR more flexible and safer when used in military environments. Imaging is one of the most difficult and important aspects of bistatic SAR data processing. Although traditional SAR signal processing is fully developed, bistatic SAR has a more complex system structure, so signal processing is more challenging. Focusing on imaging aspects of bistatic SAR signal processing, this book covers resolution analysis, echo generation methods, imaging algorithms, imaging parameter estimation, and motion compensation methods. The book is ideal for researchers and engineers in SAR signal and data processing, as well as those working in bistatic and multistatic radar imaging, and in the radar sciences. Graduate students with a background in radar who are interested in bistatic and multistatic radar will find this book a helpful reference. * Gives a general and updated framework for image formation using signal processing aspects * Starts with an introduction to traditional SAR before moving on to more advanced topics * Offers readers a range of exhaustive tools to process signals and form images * Provides a solid reference for the imaging of other complicated SAR * Sample image synthesis exercises are available from the book's companion site

This second of three volumes in the Principles of Modern Radar series offers a much-needed professional reference for practicing radar engineers. It provides the stepping stones under one cover to advanced practice with overview discussions of the most commonly used techniques for radar design, thereby bridging readers to single-topic advanced books, papers, and presentations. It spans a gamut of exciting radar capabilities from exotic waveforms to ultra-high resolution 2D and 3D imaging methods, complex adaptive interference cancellation, multi-target tracking in dense scenarios, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and much more. All of this material is presented with the same careful balance of quantitative rigor and qualitative insight of Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles. Each chapter is likewise authored by recognized subject experts, with the rigorous editing for consistency and suggestions of numerous volunteer reviewers from the radar community applied throughout. Advanced academic and training courses will appreciate the sets of chapter-end problems for students, as well as worked solutions for instructors. Extensive reference lists show the way for further study.

The phrase 'waveform design and diversity' refers to an area of radar research that focuses on novel transmission strategies as a way to improve performance in a variety of civil, defense and homeland security applications. Three basic principles are at the core of waveform diversity. First is the principle that any and all knowledge of the operational environment should be exploited in system design and operation. Second is the principle of the fully adaptive system, that is, that the system should respond to dynamic environmental conditions. Third is the principle of measurement diversity as a way to increase system robustness and expand the design trade space. Waveform design and diversity concepts can be found dating back to the mid-twentieth century. However, it has only been in the past decade or so, as academics and practitioners have rushed to exploit recent advances in radar hardware component technology, such as arbitrary waveform generation and linear power amplification, that waveform diversity has become a distinct area of research. The purpose of this book is to survey this burgeoning field in a way that brings together the diverse yet complementary topics that comprise it. The topics covered range from the purely theoretical to the applied, and the treatment of these topics ranges from tutorial explanation to forward-looking research discussions. The topics treated in this book include: classical waveform design and its extensions through information theory, multiple-input multiple-output systems, and the bio-inspired sensing perspective; the exploration of measurement diversity through distributed radar systems, in both cooperative and non-cooperative configurations; the optimal adaptation of the transmit waveform for target detection, tracking, and identification; and more. This representative cross-section of topics provides the reader with a chance to see the three principles of waveform diversity at work, and will hopefully point the way to further advances in this exciting area of research.

This book describes the application of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar to earth remote sensing based on research at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This book synthesizes all current research to provide practical information for both the newcomer and the expert in radar polarimetry. The text offers a concise description of the mathematical fundamentals illustrated with many examples using SAR data, with a main focus on remote sensing of the earth.

The book begins with basics of synthetic aperture radar to provide the basis for understanding how polarimetric SAR images are formed and gives an introduction to the fundamentals of radar polarimetry. It goes on to discuss more advanced polarimetric concepts that allow one to infer more information about the terrain being imaged. In order to analyze data quantitatively, the signals must be calibrated carefully, which the book addresses in a chapter summarizing the basic calibration algorithms. The book concludes with examples of applying polarimetric analysis to scattering from rough surfaces, to infer soil moisture from radar signals.

This book provides an authoritative account of the current understanding of radar sea clutter, describing its phenomenology, EM scattering and statistical modelling and simulation, and their use in the design of detection systems and the calculation and practical evaluation of radar performance. The book pays particular attention to the compound K distribution model developed by the authors during the past 20 years. The evidence for this model, its mathematical formulation and development and practical application to the specification, design and evaluation of radar systems are all discussed. In addition, the book sets the previously empirical development of the K distribution model in the wider context of recent advances in the calculation of low grazing angle electromagnetic scattering and oceanographic modelling of the statistics of the sea surface. The authors discuss in detail the prediction of the performance of specified radar systems; at the same time, their presentation of the underlying physical principles and analytic and computational techniques employed in these calculations is sufficiently comprehensive for the reader to be well equipped to tackle related problems with confidence. These features, and appendices reviewing pertinent mathematical background material and the calculation of low grazing angle scattering by corrugated surfaces, make this book invaluable to specialist radar engineers and academic researchers, while being of considerable interest to the wider applied physics and mathematics communities.

Radar cross section (RCS) is a comparison of two radar signal strengths. One is the strength of the radar beam sweeping over a target, the other is the strength of the reflected echo sensed by the receiver. This book shows how the RCS gauge can be predicted for theoretical objects and how it can be measured for real targets. Predicting RCS is not easy, even for simple objects like spheres or cylinders, but this book explains the two exact forms of theory so well that even a novice will understand enough to make close predictions. Weapons systems developers are keenly interested in reducing the RCS of their platforms. The two most practical ways to reduce RCS are shaping and absorption. This book explains both in great detail, especially in the design, evaluation, and selection of radar absorbers. There is also great detail on the design and employment of indoor and outdoor test ranges for scale models or for full-scale targets (such as aircraft). In essence, this book covers everything you need to know about RCS, from what it is, how to predict and measure, and how to test targets (indoors and out), and how to beat it.

What is radar? What systems are currently in use? How do they work? Understanding Radar Systems provides engineers and scientists with answers to these critical questions, focusing on actual radar systems in use today. It's the perfect resource for those just entering the field or a quick refresher for experienced practitioners. The book leads readers through the specialized language and calculations that comprise the complex world of modern radar engineering as seen in dozens of state-of-the-art radar systems. The authors stress practical concepts that apply to all radar, keeping math to a minimum. Most of the book is based on real radar systems rather than theoretical studies. The result is a valuable, easy-to-use guide that makes the difficult parts of the field easier and helps readers do performance calculations quickly and easily.

Interest in the applications of ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems is increasing rapidly all over the world. This is evident from the number of monographs recently published on the subject and from the many papers presented at international conferences on the general problems involved in UWB radar and on its promising new applications. Conventional (classical) methods seem to have exhausted their potential and studies in the field are undergoing a profound change. This book presents some of the novel approaches to radar system analysis now being investigated. A good source of information on UWB signals is their structural analysis in the time domain. This allows a greater understanding of the specific features of UWB radar systems, such as the properties of receiving and transmitting antennas, and various characteristics of near- and far-range target scattering fields. It is shown how the systematic application of numerical procedures can provide new results in the evaluation of UWB radar target responses. The authors do not try to cover all of the possible solutions to the problem of multidimensional representation of target responses; rather they aim to give a general understanding of the techniques of confluent analysis, computer holography and adaptive synthesis of antenna apertures. These methods have great potential for solving conventional radar problems in target detection and recognition, and they are sure to stimulate the use of UWB signals in many fields such as subsurface probing and ecological monitoring.

This is an enlarged and revised second edition of a book first published in 1978 and reprinted twice since then. The new edition includes updates to all the original chapters, plus two new chapters on developments in superresolution techniques and their application to direction-finding arrays. Modern direction finders, capable of measuring elevation angles as well as azimuth angles on the components of multi-ray wavefields, have become powerful tools for research in ionospheric physics and HF radio propagation. The complexity of the problem of resolving closely-spaced rays requires the combined use of wide aperture antenna arrays, multichannel receiving systems and sophisticated digital processing techniques. Published research papers over the last 12 years provide a rich source of information on the development of superresolution algorithms for use in radar, sonar, geophysics and spectral analysis, as well as radio direction finding. Dr Gething reviews the important methods and results, showing how some of the new techniques are related to the wavefront analysis methods described in the first edition. The text is illustrated with computer plots of model wavefields and contain important results on the loci of constant phase and amplitude, and on the statistical properties of bearing-error distributions for specified models. The collection and interpretation of ionospheric data for the purpose of mode identification, and the statistical theory of DF plotting algorithms, are also discussed. Wavefront analysis and superresolution may be regarded as extensions to classical array theory. The basic principles are widely applicable and should therefore be of interest to research workers in radar, sonar, radioastronomy and adaptive array theory, as well as HF radio direction finding.

The material presented in this book is intended to provide the reader with a practical treatment of Weibull distribution as applied to radar systems. Topics include general derivation of Weibull distribution, measurements of Webull-distributed clutter, comparison of Webull distribution with various distributions including Rayleigh, gamma, log-normal and k- distributions, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors for Weibull clutter, non-parametric CFAR detectors, and signal detection in the time and frequency domains. In particular, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), which is a rigorously mathematical fit of the hypothetical distribution to the data, is emphasised. This book is written primarily for radar engineers. It is hoped that it will also be of value to teachers and graduate students and of interest to all who are working with Weibull distribution in various fields.

Radar has become an essential factor in air and sea travel, has affected all areas of military science and, most important of all perhaps, has considerably influenced the progress of electronic engineering. This book is the first general history of radar to be published, and one which covers the independent but more or less simultaneous emergence of radar in several countries in the 1930s. Some of the earliest proposals for the use of radio waves to detect objects at a distance are first dealt with. The narrative ranges from the concepts of Nikola Tesler in 1900 and the experiments of Christian Hulsmeyer in 1904 right through, in chronological order, to the commercially sponsored experiments of the pre-war days. The historical events and the military influences, which shaped the ultimate development of radar in each country, are then considered. The book also sets out to explain the basic principles of radar and, where applicable, historical aspects of the evolution of these principles are dealt with. The study, while underlining the significance of the cavity magnetron, purposely restricts itself to the cavity magnetron era of radar. Abundant references, which could facilitate further research, are given.

Tactical Persistent Surveillance Radar with Applications introduces technologists to the essential elements of persistent surveillance of tactical targets from both a hardware and software point of view, using simple Mathcad, Excel and Basic examples with real data. It is based on the type of surveillance done by drones like Scan Eagle, Predator, Reaper, Global Hawk, and manned aircraft like U-2, ASTOR, and JSTARS as well as spacecraft. The general topic is cellphone and datalink intercept, ground moving target radar, synthetic aperture radar, navigation, tracking, electronic scanning and cueing electro-optical sensors for activity based surveillance. Examples are taken from a wide range of technologies and techniques including passive detection, radar detection, antenna monopulse, active electronic scanned antennas (AESA), moving target tracking (MTT), motion compensation, tactical target spectral characteristics, moving target detection (MTI), space time adaptive processing (STAP), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, change detection (CCD), and synthetic monopulse. Over 120 example applications programs are included in the appendices and as downloads as well as over 100 SAR and GMTI raw IQ data files. These allow the curious to experiment with their own parameters and notions to achieve a greater understanding of the underlying behaviors. Based on the author's 55-year experience in engineering design, leadership, teaching and consulting, this book is an essential text for researchers, advanced students and technologists working in radar and related fields in computing and aerospace system design.

During the 1930s the popular press were carrying stories of a death ray that could disable aircraft, and it became such a popular notion that an investigation was carried out by a government scientist, Robert Watson-Watt. His discovery was that it was not that electro-magnetic waves could interfere with aircraft, but that aircraft could interfere with radio transmissions. The strategic importance of this was appreciated and a secret establishment was set up to develop a means of using radio transmissions to detect the approach of enemy aircraft - the birth of radar. As World War II broke out Ian Goult joined this elite group of scientists - aged only sixteen - as a lab assistant, working on GEE, a navigational aid allowing accurate location of targets. Its success allowed Bomber command to effectively navigate as far as the Ruhr. In Secret Location, Goult describes taking part in work on radar and microwave techniques that gave Britain supremacy in the air, and greatly improved submarine detection during the Battle of the Atlantic, saving thousands of tons of materiel and many lives. Told in an engaging style, this book offers a unique insight in those men whose achievements during the war have been underappreciated, but whose efforts were a key factor in the Allied victory. Postwar, Ian Goult was closely involved in the development of ground proximity warning systems and and the very first ATOL.

Active (imaging radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave systems are increasingly used for Arctic ecological research. Unfortunately, until now ecologists interested in remote sensing often lacked access to the full suite of physical and analytical techniques of microwave systems, data processing, and ecological applications because a suitable reference book did not exist. Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations answers this demand by summarizing the main microwave satellite applications for Arctic ecological research. This book is invaluable to specialists with a background in microwave techniques, as well as to other ecologists interested in applications of microwave active and passive remote sensing for tundra, boreal forest, and Arctic sea-ice habitat and marine mammal studies. It presents a brief introduction to Arctic ecological problems, the role of satellite sensing for monitoring Arctic ecosystems, and related data processing applications. The volume then examines results of Arctic sea-ice habitat studies using OKEAN-01 satellite data, then provides a comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of habitat using OKEAN-01, SSM/I and AVHRR satellite instruments. It also describes the evaluation of relative information content of ALMAZ-1, ERS-1, JERS-1 SAR, and Landsat-TM data for identifying wet tundra habitats. The book concludes with results of sensitive boreal forest type detection to monitor potential impacts of climate change on boreal forest structure.

Written for SAR system designers and remote sensing specialists, this practical reference shows you how to produce higher quality SAR images using data-driven algorithms, and how to apply powerful new techniques to measure and analyze SAR image content. The book describes how SAR imagery is formed, how SAR processing affects image properties, and gives you specific guidance in selecting and applying today's most sophisticated analytical techniques. By helping you to quickly assess which components of an SAR image should be measured, the book enables you to devote more time and energy to the real task of image interpretation and analysis. Now includes a CD-ROM featuring a 2-month free license to InfoPACK Version 1.2! InfoPACK, developed by Chris Oliver, is a SAR image interpretation software suite which exploits and extends the principles described in the book, enabling the user to run many of the algorithms. It features an easy to use GUI, image viewer and versatile scripting language, making applications development easy and fast. Particular aspects of interest include segmentation, classification (supervised and unsupervised), speckle reduction and a host of techniques for data fusion. Routines within InfoPACK include: * Intensity Segmentation (single image; multitemporal, multipolarization) * Speckle Reduction * Texture Segmentation * Segmentation Postprocessing * Classification * Edge Detection * Point Target Detection * Large Area Change Detection Also included are a variety of low-level filters and functions for image manipulation and arithmetic operations. Key Features of the Book * Filled with real-world examples from various SAR systems, the book reveals sophisticated, proven techniques for: * SAR filtering, parameter estimation, image reconstruction, segmentation, and classification * Evaluating measurement algorithms to help make better algorithm selections * Applying powerful speckle removal methods to airborne and spaceborne SAR data