Polarimetric Radar Signal Processing provides an overview of advanced techniques and technologies developed for polarimetric radars to meet challenging performance requirements. It aims to cover some of the most challenging application fields, including: target detection for active and passive surveillance systems, interference suppression, detection of temporal changes in a given scene, environment classification, automatic target recognition, non-cooperative target imaging, polarimetric coding in radar and SAR systems, pol-SAR ambiguities suppression, space-debris detection, tracking, and classification, estimation of biological and behavioural parameters of insects, precipitations localization as well as type and motion parameters estimation via real-life practical polarimetric weather radar. The book balances a practical point of view with a rigorous mathematical approach corroborated with a wealth of numerical case studies and real experiments. Additionally, the book has a cross-disciplinary approach as it aims to exploit cross-fertilization by the recent and latest research and discoveries in statistical signal processing theory and electromagnetism. Each chapter is self-contained and is written by renowned researchers in polarimetric radar signal processing. The emphasis of the book is on both theoretical results and practical applications that clearly show the potential benefits in radar performance using polarimetric diversity in different application domains. Cross referencing and a common notation have been realized so that the related material as well as equations can be easily connected. This significantly enhances the book's value as a reference. This book is addressed to systems engineers and their managers in civilian as well as defence companies; technical staff in procurement agencies and their technical advisers; students at MSc and PhD levels in signal processing, electrical engineering, systems and defence engineering; and any persons interested in applications of polarimetry theory to radar engineering.

The aim of this book is to provide an advanced introduction to inertial data processing (determination of attitude, velocity and position) along with design architectures and algorithms used to aid the inertial navigation system (INS). The emphasis is on the high-end sensors and systems used in aerospace applications (known as 'navigation grade' or 'nav grade'). The subject of inertial navigation systems and how to aid them (reduce their inherent error drift) is complex and multi-disciplinary. Mathematics and physics along with electrical, mechanical and software engineering all are involved. This book has been written to serve as an introduction for students and those new to the field. Specialized topics such as rotation matrices, quaternions and relevant stochastic processes are covered in the book. The reader is expected to have a basic understanding of vectors, matrices and matrix multiplication as well as freshman-level differential and integral calculus. The basics of inertial position/velocity/attitude updating are first presented with respect to a conceptually simple inertially-fixed reference frame before the impact of the spheroidal rotating earth is covered. Similarly, the key concepts of the Kalman filter are first presented in the context of a scalar filter. Important aspects of the prediction error covariance and Kalman gain equations are thus covered in an intuitive sense before the full matrix formulations are described. By the end of the book, a thorough treatment of modern aided-INS architectures is provided.

This bestselling book - now in its second edition - introduces the basic principles of passive radar technology and provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and advances in this field. It shows you how passive radar works, how it differs from the active type, and helps you understand the benefits and drawbacks of this novel technology. The book gives you the knowledge you need to get a full understanding of this fascinating technology. All chapters have been fully revised and updated and are written in a clear and accessible style. New chapters have been added to cover advances in the technology that have already been built and demonstrated, including systems on moving platforms (aircraft and UAVs), as well as advances in types of transmission - notably single-frequency broadcast transmissions, and 5G - and in processing techniques. This book remains an important resource for engineers working in academic, industry, or government research laboratories; academics teaching graduate level students; and those working in the specification and procurement of radar systems who need to understand the performance and limitations of the technology.

Radar is a key technology in the safety system of a modern vehicle. Automotive radars are the critical sensors in advanced driver-assistance systems, which are used in adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance, blind spot detection, lane change assistance, and parking assistance. The book covers all the modern radars used in automotive technology. A long-range radar mounted in the front of the vehicle is usually for adaptive cruise control. The medium range radars mounted in the front and rear provide wider coverage than the long-range radars and they can be used for cross traffic alert and lane change assistance. The corner mounted short range radars support parking aid, obstacle/pedestrian detection and blind spot monitoring. In real applications, these radars usually work together to provide more robust detection results. In this book, we also recognize that the future of automotive radars should not only address conventional exterior applications, but also play important roles for interior applications, such as gesture sensing for human-vehicle interaction and driver/passenger vital signs and presence monitoring. The book is aimed at those radar engineers who are working on automotive applications.

This expanded, revised and updated new edition of Introduction to RF Stealth covers two major topics: Low Observables and Low Probability of Intercept (LO and LPI) of radars and data links, collectively sometimes called Stealth. Each chapter includes examples, student exercises and references. Worked simulations are available that illustrate the techniques described. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and history of RF/microwave LPI/LO techniques and some basic LPI/LO equations, expanded from the first edition with more information on new and current systems, including more on infrared and hypersonic missile signatures. Chapter 2 is a new chapter, covering radiation absorbing materials and shaping, focused on materials, meta-materials and detailed platform shaping and structures including ships. Chapter 3 covers interceptability parameters and analysis with corrections, updates and simulations. Chapter 4 covers current and future intercept receivers and some of their limitations with more information and tracking techniques. Chapter 5 surveys exploitation of both the natural and the threat environment with extensive threat table updates including Russian S300, S400, S500 and more information on cellular systems. Chapter 6 deals with LPIS waveforms and pulse compression with new material and simulations of new codes. Chapter 7 introduces some hardware techniques associated with LO/LPIS low sidelobe / cross section antenna and radome design with emphasis on active electronic scan arrays. Chapter 8 is a new chapter on RCS testing of subsystems and platforms.

Research in the domain of radar signal understanding has seen interesting advances in recent years, mainly due to the developments around cognitive radar and the use of modern machine learning algorithms. This book brings together these strands of research into a coherent and holistic picture, presenting a consolidated approach to understanding radar signals. The book begins with an introduction, which provides some historical and philosophical context to developing methodologies for understanding radar signals, introduces new techniques, and outlines the book's approach to the topic. The book is then divided into three parts: the first focusing on statistical and conventional methods for interpreting radar data; the second addressing compressed sensing and cognitive methods for understanding radar data; and the third covering machine learning methods for understanding radar and remote sensing data. New Methodologies for Understanding Radar Data provides a complete, systematic guide to this multi-faceted topic for advanced researchers and professionals in radar engineering and signal processing.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a powerful sensing technology widely used for the non-destructive assessment of a variety of structures with different properties including dimensions, electrical properties, and moisture. After an introduction to the underlying concepts, this book guides the reader through the development and use of a GPR system, with an emphasis on the parameters that can be optimized, the theory behind assessment, and a coherent methodology to obtain results from a measured or simulated GPR signal. The authors then embark on a detailed discussion of support tools and numerical modelling techniques that can be applied to improve readings from GPR systems. Ground Penetrating Radar is of interest to engineers, scientists, researchers and professionals working in the fields of ground penetrating radar, non-destructive testing, geoscience and remote sensing, antennas and propagation, microwaves, electromagnetics and imaging. It will also be of use to professionals and academics in the fields of electrical, mechanical, sensing, and civil engineering as well as material science and archaeology concerned with quality control and fault analysis.

The development of radar has been one of the most successful direct applications of physics ever attempted, and then implemented and applied at large scale. Certain watchwords of radar engineering have underpinned many of the developments of the past 80 years and remain potential avenues for improvement. For example, 'Narrow beams are good', 'Fast detection is good', 'Agility is good', and 'Clutter is bad'. All these statements of merit are true. The underlying principles for all these statements are the laws of physics, and they provide support for current radar designs. However, each of these statements is really a design choice, rather than their necessary consequence. This book shows that under the physical laws and with modern data processing, staring radar offers a new direction of travel. The process of detection and tracking can be updated through persistent signal discovery and target analysis, without losses in sensitivity, and while delivering detailed information on target dynamics and classification. The first part of the book introduces various forms of staring radar, which include the earliest and simplest forms of electromagnetic surveillance and its users. The next step is to summarise the physical laws under which all radar operates, and the requirements that these systems need or will need to meet to fulfil a range of applications. We are then able to be specific about the technology needed to implement staring radar.

Real-time testing and simulation of open- and closed-loop radio frequency (RF) systems for signal generation, signal analysis and digital signal processing require deterministic, low-latency, high-throughput capabilities afforded by user reconfigurable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This comprehensive book introduces LabVIEW FPGA, provides best practices for multi-FPGA solutions, and guidance for developing high-throughput, low-latency FPGA based RF systems. Written by a recognized expert with a wealth of real-world experience in the field, this is the first book written on the subject of FPGAs for radar and other RF applications. The companion website for this book can be found at https://github.com/LVFPGABOOK/

The first maritime surveillance radars in World War II quickly discovered that returns from the sea, soon to be known as sea clutter, were often the limiting factor when attempting to detect small targets while controlling false alarms. This remains true for modern radars, where the detection of small, slow moving targets on a rough sea surface remains one of the main drivers for maritime radar design, particularly in the development of detection processing. The design, development and testing of radar signal processing for maritime surveillance requires a very detailed understanding of the characteristics of radar sea clutter and of the combined target and clutter returns. This book provides an updated and comprehensive review of the latest research into radar sea clutter and detection methods for targets in sea clutter. The emphasis is on understanding the characteristics of radar sea clutter as observed with different radars, viewing geometries and environmental conditions. This understanding is assisted by the development of mathematical models that are used in the radar design process. In recent years there has been an increased interest in operating at higher altitudes, resulting in the sea surface being illuminated with larger grazing angles than used in traditional airborne surveillance platforms or ground-based systems. There has also been significant research into bistatic operation, including passive radars using illuminators of opportunity. The use of coherent and multi-aperture systems in maritime radar are also of increasing interest and these new application areas are also covered in this book.

Ultra-Wideband Surveillance Radar is an emerging technology for detecting and characterizing targets and cultural features for military and geosciences applications. To characterize objects near and under severe clutter, it is necessary to have fine range and cross range resolution. The resultant wide bandwidth classifies the systems as ultra-wideband, requiring special treatment in system technology and frequency allocation. This book explores several UWB surveillance radar prototypes, including Hostile Weapons Locator System (HOWLS), Multibeam Modular Surveillance Radar (MMSR), and geoscience synthetic aperture radar (GeoSAR). These prototype radars illustrated the early development of multi-mode capabilities leading to modern radar systems. Based on the results of these prototypes and recent radar technology publications a novel multi-mode, multi-channel radar is presented and analysed. The book begins with a history of airborne surveillance radar, then goes on to provide systematic and detailed coverage of the following topics and technologies: surveillance radar detection; surveillance radar modes; UWB antennas; ultra-Wideband SAR processing; interferometric radar modes; UWB ground moving target detection; UWB spectrum compliance; and UWB multimode operation. The first book to cover these new capabilities, this is an important reference for radar engineers, especially those working in geosciences and military applications. It is also relevant to academic and advanced engineering researchers developing new radar technologies and algorithms for image processing, as well as the advanced electromagnetics research community.

This book covers the use of SAR for maritime surveillance applications. It provides a comprehensive source of material on the subject, divided into two parts. The first part deals with models and techniques, while the second part is devoted to maritime surveillance applications. Each chapter covers the basic principles, a critical review of the current technology, techniques and applications, and the latest developments in the field. The book begins with an introduction to the topic written by the editors. The following topics are then addressed by an international team of expert authors: scattering models; acquisition modes; SAR polarimetry; ambiguity problems and their mitigation; ship detection; monitoring of intertidal areas and coastal habitats; sea ice and icebergs; oil spill imaging; joint use of SAR and collaborative signals; and finally sea state and wind speed. This book, with its comprehensive coverage of SAR for maritime surveillance applications, will be a valuable resource for SAR system engineers, private and public corporations, oceanographers, and remote-sensing researchers and end-users.

Over the last ten years, the numbers of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) or "drones" have changed from being just a few specialist systems, used for scientific data gathering and military purposes, to them proliferating in huge numbers. They are used across a broad range of different leisure, commercial and military activities. UAVs can be used for: movement of items in factories for manufacturing, passenger and freight transportation, can take various roles in the agriculture and forestry industries (dispensing seeds, watering and monitoring crops), remote sensing for the oil and gas industries, traffic flow monitoring, support of emergency services, hobbies, security, military and many other applications. The expansion in the use of unmanned air vehicles has come about due to the development of low cost, high performance stable platforms, employing equally low-cost communication and navigation systems supplemented by simple to use software and interfaces. Therefore, there is a need to be able to monitor the rapidly changing use of airspace, especially at low and normally neglected altitudes to ensure UAVs do not compromise safety or are used for malicious purposes. Radar is the only sensor able to perform this function on a 24-hour, all weather, wide-area basis. This book, concerned with radar surveillance of UAVs, has been compiled using contributions from the leading experts around the world to create a single body of knowledge on this important, yet still emerging, topic. It is aimed at advanced students and researchers with an interest in radar systems.

A vast array of ocean instrumentation has been developed for research purposes since the middle of the twentieth century, among which remote sensing technologies have become increasingly important. Within this class of instruments, high frequency (HF) surface and skywave radar, microwave marine radar and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based radar have been successfully implemented in gathering information on large tracts of the ocean surface. This book provides a systematic introduction to the principles, state-of-the-art methods and applications of HF surface and sky wave radar, microwave marine radar and GNSS-based radar, as well as an exploration of ongoing challenges in the field. Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar includes 23 chapters that are organized into three parts, mainly according to sensor types. The first part covers work related to HF radar, the second focusses on microwave marine radar, and the third concentrates on GNSS-based radar. Each part consists of an introductory chapter that provides an overview of the corresponding sensor, followed by chapters focussing on fundamental theory, specific applications, or advanced algorithm development. Each of the chapters is self-contained and readers should be aware that there may be across-chapter differences in symbols used for various parameters. The book is intended for a variety of readers in the radar and remotes sensing communities, and content has been selected with a range of interests and backgrounds in mind.

Novel deep learning approaches are achieving state-of-the-art accuracy in the area of radar target recognition, enabling applications beyond the scope of human-level performance. This book provides an introduction to the unique aspects of machine learning for radar signal processing that any scientist or engineer seeking to apply these technologies ought to be aware of. The book begins with three introductory chapters on radar systems and phenomenology, machine learning principles, and optimization for training common deep neural network (DNN) architectures. Subsequently, the book summarizes radar-specific issues relating to the different domain representations in which radar data may be presented to DNNs and synthetic data generation for training dataset augmentation. Further chapters focus on specific radar applications, which relate to DNN design for micro-Doppler analysis, SAR-based automatic target recognition, radar remote sensing, and emerging fields, such as data fusion and image reconstruction. Edited by an acknowledged expert, and with contributions from an international team of authors, this book provides a solid introduction to the fundamentals of radar and machine learning, and then goes on to explore a range of technologies, applications and challenges in this developing field. This book is also a valuable resource for both radar engineers seeking to learn more about deep learning, as well as computer scientists who are seeking to explore novel applications of machine learning. In an era where the applications of RF sensing are multiplying by the day, this book serves as an easily accessible primer on the nuances of deep learning for radar applications.

This highly-anticipated second edition of an Artech House classic covers several key radar analysis areas: the radar range equation, detection theory, ambiguity functions, waveforms, antennas, active arrays, receivers and signal processors, CFAR and chaff analysis. Readers will be able to predict the detection performance of a radar system using the radar range equation, its various parameters, matched filter theory, and Swerling target models. The performance of various signal processors, single pulse, pulsed Doppler, LFM, NLFM, and BPSK, are discussed, taking into account factors including MTI processing, integration gain, weighting loss and straddling loss. The details of radar analysis are covered from a mathematical perspective, with in-depth breakdowns of radar performance in the presence of clutter. Readers will be able to determine the nose temperature of a multi-channel receiver as it is used in active arrays. With the addition of three new chapters on moving target detectors, inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and new MATLAB codes, this expanded second edition will appeal to the novice as well as the experienced practitioner.

This book provides an overview of radar waveform synthesis obtained as the result of computational optimization processes and covers the most challenging application fields. The book balances a practical point of view with a rigorous mathematical approach corroborated with a wealth of numerical study cases and some real experiments. Additionally, the book has a cross-disciplinary approach because it exploits cross-fertilization with the recent research and discoveries in optimization theory. The material of the book is organized into ten chapters, each one completed with a comprehensive list of references. The following topics are covered: recent advances of binary sequence designs and their applications; quadratic optimization for unimodular sequence synthesis and applications; a computational design of phase-only (possibly binary) sequences for radar systems; constrained radar code design for spectrally congested environments via quadratic optimization; robust transmit code and receive filter design for extended targets detection in clutter; optimizing radar transceiver for Doppler processing via non-convex programming; radar waveform design via the majorization-minimization framework; Lagrange programming neural network for radar waveform design; cognitive local ambiguity function shaping with spectral coexistence and experiments; and relative entropy based waveform design for MIMO radar. Targeted at an audience of radar engineers and researchers, this book provides thorough and up-to-date coverage of optimisation theory for radar waveform design.

Synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) images have been largely used for monitoring small to large areas and more specifically for target recognition/identification. However, the technology has limitations due to the use of classical monostatic, single channel, single frequency and single polarization systems. To overcome these limitations, solutions have been proposed that show the benefit of using multiple frequencies, spatial channels, polarisations and perspective, in one word multi-dimensional radar imaging systems when dealing with non-cooperative targets. Multidimensional Radar Imaging introduces a new framework within which to address the problem of radar imaging and target recognition as it jointly looks at optimising the use of multiple channels to significantly outperform classical radar imaging systems. It has been used in the military within NATO for the last few years and the technology is now declassified. Topics covered include three-dimensional ISAR; STAP-ISAR; wide-band multi-look passive ISAR; radar tomography; multistatic PCL-SAR; fusion of multistatic ISAR images with large angular separation; rotor blade parameter estimation with multichannel passive radar; multistatic 3D ISAR imaging of maritime targets; challenges of semi-cooperative bi/multistatic SAR using Cosmo SkyMEd as an illuminator; and lessons learnt from the NATO SET-196 RTG on multi-channel/multi-static radar imaging of non-cooperative targets.

Radar and Communication Spectrum Sharing addresses the growing conflict over use of the radio-frequency spectrum by different systems, such as civil and security applications of radar and consumer use for wireless communications. The increasing demand for this finite resource is driving innovation into new ways in which these diverse systems can cohabit the spectrum. The book provides a broad survey of recent and ongoing work on the topic of spectrum sharing, with an emphasis on identifying the technology gaps for practical realization and the regulatory and measurement compliance aspects of this problem space. The introductory section sets the scene, making the case for spectrum access and reviewing spectrum use, congestion, lessons learned, ways forward and research areas. The book then covers system engineering perspectives, the issues involved with addressing interference, and radar/communication co-design strategies. With contributions from an international panel of experts, this book is essential reading for researchers, engineers and advanced students in radar, communications, navigation, and electronic warfare whose work is impacted by spectrum engineering requirements.