The visualization of human anatomy for diagnostic, therapeutic, and educational pur poses has long been a challenge for scientists and artists. In vivo medical imaging could not be introduced until the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad ROntgen in 1895. With the early medical imaging techniques which are still in use today, the three-dimensional reality of the human body can only be visualized in two-dimensional projections or cross-sections. Recently, biomedical engineering and computer science have begun to offer the potential of producing natural three-dimensional views of the human anatomy of living subjects. For a broad application of such technology, many scientific and engineering problems still have to be solved. In order to stimulate progress, the NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Travemiinde, West Germany, from June 25 to 29 was organized. It brought together approximately 50 experts in 3D-medical imaging from allover the world. Among the list of topics image acquisition was addressed first, since its quality decisively influences the quality of the 3D-images. For 3D-image generation - in distinction to 2D imaging - a decision has to be made as to which objects contained in the data set are to be visualized. Therefore special emphasis was laid on methods of object definition. For the final visualization of the segmented objects a large variety of visualization algorithms have been proposed in the past. The meeting assessed these techniques.

Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications deals with color vision and visual computing. This book provides an overview of the human visual system with an emphasis on color vision and perception. The book then goes on to discuss how human color vision and perception are applied in several applications using computer-generated displays, such as computer graphics and information and data visualization. Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications is suitable as a secondary text for a graduate-level course on computer graphics, computer imaging, or multimedia computing and as a reference for researchers and practitioners developing computer graphics and multimedia applications.

This book is not intended as a general text on MRI. It is written as an intro duction to the field, for nonexperts. We present here a simple exposition of certain aspects of MRI that are important to understand to use this valuable diagnostic tool intelligently in a clinical setting. The basic principles are presented nonmathematically, using no equations and a minimum of symbols and abbreviations. For those requiring a deeper understanding of MRI, this book will help facilitate the transition to standard texts. Chapters 1 through 4 provide a general introduction to the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and how it is used in imaging. Chapter 1 discus ses magnetic resonance, using a compass needle as an example. In Chapter 2, the transition to the magnetic resonance of the atomic nucleus is made. Chapter 3 describes the principles of imaging. In Chapter 4, the terms T 1 and T 2 are described and their relationship to tissue characterization; the fun damental role of thermal magnetic noise in T 1 and T 2 is discussed.

The quantitative analysis of blood flow within central and peripheral blood vessels has attracted more and more interest, for with the rapid developments in vascular surgery and the introduction of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, it is becom ing increasingly important to be able to measure regional blood flow in man. In clinical radiology, angiography has been used predominantly from the point of view of its morphological applications. However, theoretically angiography may also be regarded as a specific application of indicator-dilution measurements of blood flow. The indicator is contrast medium (CM), the changing concentration of which is re corded by cinematography or video-electronic systems at sites downstream from the point of injection. The curves of density thus obtained correspond to indicator-di lution curves. The blood flow can be calculated from the concentration-time curves ofCM in much the same way as it is estimated from other indicator-dilution curves. In our early work with clinical application of videodensitometric measurement of blood flow in the iliac artery, we found that this method did not offer as high a degree of accuracy as one would have expected from investigations by other authors. We saw that we needed to examine the following problems: 1. We had to investigate whether our conventional X-ray equipment and video densitometer could be viewed as a linear measuring system. To what extent do unavoidable nonlinear changes in the measuring signals influence the blood flow values? 2."

One of the first applications of ultrasound was in submarine sonar equip ment. Since then ultrasound has found increasing applications, particularly in industry, but increasingly in biomedicine. For many years ultrasound has been used in physical therapy, although only in the past decade or two has it evolved from laboratory curiosity to a well-established diagnostic imaging modality. Ultrasound is now a widely accepted, indeed pervasive, diagnos tic and therapeutic tool in the medical field, and its applications are increasing rapidly. Our intent in developing this book is to provide a coherent tutorial intro duction to the field of medical ultrasound at a level suitable for those en tering the area from either medical or scientific backgrounds. The topics discussed should be of interest to nearly all medical and health care per sonnel needing to understand or operate ultrasonic devices, including clini cians, medical technicians, physiotherapists, medical physicists, and other biomedical scientists interested in the field. The book opens with a description of the basic principles of propagating acoustic waves, explains how they interact with a wide range of biological systems, and outlines the effects they produce. To provide practical infor mation to operators of ultrasound equipment, we have included thorough coverage of the details of ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques, and set forth the framework for an effective quality assurance program."

During the past few years, a considerable number of monographs on bone tumors have been published. They are mainly restricted to bone tumors as clinical-pathological entities, since their diagnosis, more than that of other tumors, requires the interdisciplinary cooperation between orthopedic specialist, radiologist, and pathologist. However, investiga tions concerning the histogenesis of bone tumors are rather limited, although they might be helpful in explaining the unique morphological heterogeneity of tumors of the skeletal system. Furthermore, the histo genetic approach in the study of bone tumors may facilitate the inter pretation of the advanced cytobiological methods available for improv ing classification and diagnosis. Therefore, this volume presents recent pathological advances in the biological characterization of bone tumors. A major chapter deals with the differential diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma as regards its demarcation from the so-called neuroectodermal tumor of bone. The analysis of the ground substances in bone-forming tumors may be helpful for their classification. Therefore the volume includes a chapter on the biochemical and histochemical analysis of different osteosarcoma types. Recently it has become clear that in addition to different collagen types which are not specific for bone tissue, several bone-specific proteins occur, one of which is osteonectin. Its distribu tion is obviously important for the classification and diagnosis of osteo blastic tumors. Proliferative behavior is of major importance for the diagnosis of malignant tumors.

It is a great pleasure for me to introduce and to recommend this much needed text on double contrast examination of the colon. It is aimed both at clinicians who request X-ray examinations of the colon and at radiologists who must per form and interpret these studies. Over the past decade there has been renewed interest in X-ray examination of the colon despite the tremendous advances in endoscopy and imaging tech nology. This renewed interest is evidenced by the proliferation of new books on radiology of the colon. However, previous discussions of double contrast ex amination have concentrated primarily on the technique with too little attention to the understanding and interpretation of the radiologic images. This volume is unique in its emphasis on the basics of image formation and interpretation. It emphasizes the importance of the anteroposterior relation ships of the colon in determining the distribution of barium and air. It also rec ognizes the influence oflocation on the radiologic appearance of the lesion. The authors demonstrate a profound understanding of the principles of double contrast diagnosis as applied to the colon. They also have a good grasp of the gross pathologic changes underlying the radiologic images. The material is presented in a logical and analytical method which should be particularly useful to the beginner in this field. There are many helpful diagrams and the ra diographic illustrations are of excellent quality."

In January 1995, 300 participants from Asia, USA, and Europe lively discussed the "State of the Art and Future Aspects of CT" in Peking, China. The workshop was designed to cover all essential aspects of modern CT imaging including the historical development, different techniques, contrast agents, organ systems, and indications. The comparative evaluation of CT versus MRI and ultrasound was a central topic. Additionally, a special session was dedicated to "Angiography Tomorrow." This book summarizes the state of the art in both conventional and spiral CT imaging and provides some suggestions as for the future role of the method.

The three-volume set LNCS 7510, 7511, and 7512 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2012, held in Nice, France, in October 2012. Based on rigorous peer reviews, the program committee carefully selected 252 revised papers from 781 submissions for presentation in three volumes. The third volume includes 79 papers organized in topical sections on diffusion imaging: from acquisition to tractography; image acquisition, segmentation and recognition; image registration; neuroimage analysis; analysis of microscopic and optical images; image segmentation; diffusion weighted imaging; computer-aided diagnosis and planning; and microscopic image analysis.

An Advanced Study Institute on Ultrasonics in Medical Diagnosis was held in Milan, Italy, from 10 to 15 June 1974. This ASI was of a short five-day duration and limited to cardiac diagnosis by ultra sound only. Since that time, the field of diagnostic imaging in medicine has literally exploded with new and improved means of medical diagnosis such as computed tomography, microwaves, nuclear magnetic resonance and other sophisticated techniques. These developments have enabled medical practitioners to make diagnoses with a minimum of danger to the patient, and a maximum of accuracy never before possible, and represent a multi-quantum advance over the early state-of-the-art presented at the 1974 ASI. Since then, several meetings have taken place on these individual topics to bring together experts who presented their latest research results, but none have discussed the entire field of diagnostic imaging in medicine in one meeting nor have they had the teaching character of an Advanced Study Institute. The art and science of medicine have been altered repeatedly during the eight year interval since the last ASI. Today's clinician must be part technologist and must be enough of an investigator to understand and appreciate the scientific method. The current complex advances in instrumentation and pharmacology have had a marked effect on how medicine is practiced. There was, therefore, an urgent need to bring the entire field of imaging in medicine to one teaching podium where the many advances of the last six or seven years could be reviewed.

This atlas is a selection of roentgenograms of patients who visited the radiology departments at the University Hospital in Leiden between 1970 and 1978, the Free University Hospital in Amsterdam in 1979, and the radiology department at the Indiana University Medical School in Indianapolis in 1977. The most common radiological abnormalities of the small intestine are illustrated clearly, unhindered by flocculation or segmentation of the contrast fluid. The authors believe this book is a definite contribution to the goal of precise early small bowel diagnosis. However, the key to good diagnosis is not only a superb examination technique, but also the knowledge, the character, and the personal perfectionism of the physician. If these factors are optimal, then the best possible roentgenographic series will be obtained - at least as far as the technique is concerned. All patients illustrated here were examined by using the enteroclysis technique. With this method of small bowel examination, the contrast fluid is administered via an infusion directly into the duodenum instead of orally. The infusion method has added a new dimension to the usual radiological examination of the small intestine. This method is also especially suited for the comparative evaluation of motility, and the study of disturbed motility. Throughout the course of the examination, the technique can be adapted to special situations at any given moment and can be modified to produce precise diagnostic roentgenograms and diagnosis.

J.J. Broerse, Radiobiological Institute TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands, and T .J. MacVittie, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. During the past decade, relatively few new studies have been initiated on the response of different species to high-dose, total-body irradia- tion. For information on the LDSO/30d (the dose which produces 50 percent lethality within 30 days), one is generally referred to the older literature (e. g., Bond, Fliedner and Archambeau, 1965). Compari- son of experimental data reveals considerable variations in LDSD values even after total-body irradiation with conventional X rays, ranging from 4 to 6 Gy in the monkey, 7.1 to 9 Gy in the rat and from 6.4 to 9 Gy in the mouse (see also Hall, 1978). Part of the discrepancy in the LDso values can possibly be attributed to inadequacies in the dosimetry procedures and exposure arrangements employed. As far as clinical experience is concerned, there is now an appreciable amount of information available about the effect of total- body irradiation as a conditioning treatment for bone marrow transplan- tation in patients suffering from leukaemia or aplastic anaemia. The results from different centres, including the incidence of complications such as radiation pneumonitis, are considerably different. This can part I y be connected with the application of different radiation sched- ules: large single dose versus fractionated or protracted irradiation.

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series devoted to Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. The fact that the English language is well on the way to becoming the international medium at European scientific conferences is a great asset in terms of mutual understanding. Therefore we have decided to publish all contributions in English, regardless of the native language of the authors. All contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before publication of any volume. Our series is not intended to compete with the publications of original scientific papers in other neurosurgical journals. Our intention is, rather, to present fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent advances have been made. The contributions are written by specialists in the given fields and constitute the first part of each volume. In the second part of each volume, we publish detailed descriptions Of standard operative procedures, furnished by experienced clinicians; in these articles the authors describe the techniques they employ and explain the advantages, difficulties and risks involved in the various procedures. This part is intended primarily to assist young neurosurgeons in their post graduate training. However, we are convinced that it will also be useful to experienced, fully trained neurosurgeons."

Proceedings of the 9th Conference, Washington D.C., 10-14 June 1985 Sponsored by the Clinical Center and the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

The development and the widespread clinical application of various di agnostic imaging modalities, such as diagnostic ultrasonography, X-ray computed tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, have been beyond all expectation. In particular, ultrasonography and X-ray computed tomography have be come major diagnostic tools for diseases of the liver, the biliary tract, and the pancreas. They often have virtually replaced other conventional imag ing modalities including invasive angiography and percutaneous trans he patic cholangiography. One modality may complement or conflict with another or other modalities. Each modality should be carefully selected with due regard for its diagnostic efficacy. In this book, the first section contains nine chapters dealing with current techniques of each diagnostic modality applicable to the liver, the biliary tract, and the pancreas. The second section deals with diseases of the liver, the biliary tract, and the pancreas and takes the form of case presentation with discussion of the significance of diagnostic imagings and diagnostic procedure. Preparation of the manuscript was made possible by the help of Dr. S. Fujita, who prepared the photographs, and Mrs. Sobajima, who typed the original manuscript. Dr. S. Miura and Miss Y. Shimizu under took the labor of translating our manuscript from Japanese into English. I would like to express my deep appreciation to all these persons, as well as to the contributors to this book, and also to the publishers, Shujunsha, Japan and Springer-Verlag.

In thc space of ooly a few years, reconstructive surgery of the skeleton of the hand has become a foeus of attention. Thc reason for this has been the advent of principles and techniques of stable internal fixation, tbc unparaJleled advantages of which are particularly evident in the treatment of the complex, multi- structural lesions so typical of injuries of the hand, and also in procedures such as replantation or revascularisatioss. What a striking contrast on the other hand is to be seen in the slow and painful progress made in Dur understanding of the biomechanics of the radiocarpal joint! This is most elo- quently ilIustrated by the embryonie state of prosthetic surgery of the wrist, compared with the sophisticatcd advances made in hip and knee surgery. Yet it is undeniable that painful condi- tions involving dysfunctions of the wrist are increasing in number and affect young people in particular; this should spur us on to seek more effective therapeutic solutions.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Multimodal Brain Image Analysis, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2012, in Nice, France, in October 2012. The 19 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The objective of this workshop is to forward the state of the art in analysis methodologies, algorithms, software systems, validation approaches, benchmark datasets, neuroscience, and clinical applications.

Trauma to the abdomen, both accidental and willful, has become increasingly common in this era of increasing violence. Large numbers of patients all over the country are admitted to emergency rooms because of abdominal trauma of varying degrees of severity. All too often the correct diagnosis is suspected belatedly or not at all, so that proper treatment is not initiated in sufficient time to be lifesaving. Not infre quently, the injured patient is examined by an intern or an insufficiently experienced resident physician. Even in instances where more senior internists and surgeons are available, detailed knowledge about the necessary methodology to establish the correct diagnosis and institute the appropriate treatment is lacking. This monograph, representing the felicitous collaboration of a surgeon and a radiolo gist together with several other contributors, is timely and important. The authors (and their contributors) have approached their subject with a wealth of clinical experi ence obtained in several very active acute-care municipal hospitals in the largest city in this country. They have observed and treated a very large number of patients with a multitude of traumatic causes, including firearm injuries, stab wounds, vehicular accidents, falls, and assaults. The authors have divided this work into four main sections: General Perspectives on Abdominal Injury, Types of Abdominal Injuries, Specific Diagnostic Techniques, and Specific Organ or Supporting-Structure Injury."

7 Les Houches The purpose of this workshop was to bring together, for the first time, active scientists from very different fields, such as physics, chemistry, physiology and the behavioural sciences, all having a common interest: The interac tion of static magnetic fields with biological and macromolecular matter. As physicists, biologists and medical scientists naturally have different scientific competences, attitudes and abilities, this appeared to be an enterprise of un certain issue. However, it turned out that all participants tried to find (and many succeeded in reaching) a mutual basis of understanding. Thanks to a fair number of outstanding, comprehensive talks and to very active discus sions, most of us, we believe, have substantially enlarged our insight into the actual hard facts within a research area that was considered for a long time - and still remains in many aspects - somewhat controversial. The perhaps most striking and useful reaction to magnetic fields at the supermolecular level is the alignment of biopolymers, proteins, viruses, large assemblies such as retinal rods and membranes when suspended in a solvent, usually water. The ease of alignment depends on the anisotropy of the dia magnetic susceptibility of the constituent groups and bonds and, in addition, on the extent of their mutual orientational order inside a macromolecular assembly. Here very strong fields above I-lOT appear to be necessary, in general, to achieve measurable alignment."

It Itis is 1984, 1984, a a year year immortalized immortalizedby by George GeorgeOrwell Orwell some some35 35 year year ago. ago. In In 1949, 1949, he he prophesized prophesized a a world worlddominated dominated by by television television images images and andelectronic electronic communica communica tions. Orwell's vision of an incredible technologic revolution is the reality of the tions. Orwell'svisionofanincredibletechnologicrevolutionistherealityofthe 1980's. 1980's. Over Over the the past past three threedecades, decades, this this technical technicalexplosion explosion has has impacted impacted on on all all levels levelsof of society, society, including including the the practice practice of ofMedicine. Medicine. In 1949, the cardiologist had available to him only his stethoscope, the chest In1949, thecardiologisthadavailabletohimonlyhisstethoscope, thechest roentgenogram, roentgenogram, the theelectrocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and and his hisclinical clinical astuteness. astuteness. In In 1984, 1984, the the cardiologist still requires great clinical skills, but also has available to him echo cardiologiststillrequiresgreatclinicalskills, butalsohasavailabletohimecho cardiography, cardiography, radionuclide radionuclideperfusion perfusion and and functional functional tests, tests, digital digital radiography, radiography, computed computed tomography, tomography, positron positronemission emission tomography, tomography, and and nuclear nuclearmagnetic magnetic resonance resonanceimaging. imaging. These These imaging imagingmodalities modalities are are the theresult result of ofthe the development developmentof of the the digital digitalcomputer, computer, and and the theexplosive explosive advances advances in in microelectronics. microelectronics. Cardiac Cardiac imaging imaginghas has rapidly rapidlyevolved evolved into intoa a specialized specialized area area of of interest interestshared shared by by cardiolo cardiolo gists, radiologists, engineers, physicists, and statisticians. Our book, Digital gists, radiologists, engineers, physicists, andstatisticians."

Over the past decade, techniques have been developed and implemented to observe metabolism noninvasively in localized regions of intact, living experimental animals and humans through the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). At the same time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques developed in the 1970s and refined in this decade have been increasingly applied as a powerful clinical tool to probe human anatomy. Because of the unusual metabolic and physiologic characteristics of malignant tissues, oncology has been one of the primary focuses of the application of both MRS and MRI. Although considerable progress has been made in oncologic applications of magnetic resonance (MR), further research is needed to realize the full potential of MR in this area. Consequently, the 21st Annual Detroit Cancer Symposium entitled "Magnetic Resonance in Experimental and Clin ical Oncology" was organized to provide a forum for researchers in the field to report the state of the art of MRS and MRI in oncol ogy, to discuss future goals for MRS and MRI in oncology, and to define the research needed to meet those goals. The major emphasis of the symposium was on MRS due to both the recent widespread availability of clinical MRS instrumentation and the extensive amount of animal MRS research performed over the past half decade.

There have been significant advances in the treatment of sarcomas in the past several years. Further, different clini cal treatment programs are being advocated in different areas including surgery alone, surgery with preoperative or post operative chemotherapy, surgery with different radiotherapy modalities, with each investigator espousing his own treat ment program. On the other side, there is the question of whether these treatment programs are offering better results or whether the natural history of sarcomas has changed. The International Symposium on Sarcomas was held at Innisbrook Resort, Tarpon Springs, Florida, October 8-10, 1987. This was the first international symposium to date involving all of the disciplines treating sarcomas including pathologists, orthopaedic surgeons, general surgeons, medical oncologists, pediatric oncologists, and radiation oncol ogists. The Symposium brought together a number of special ists working in the clinical field of sarcomas for a presen tation of their specific treatment programs and their results. The presentations were followed by panel discussions to stimulate educational debate as to the different forms of treatment for sarcomas and to formulate some conformity in control of disease, control of spread, and ultimate function for the patient. James R. Ryan, M.D."

Angiocardiography has undergone tremendous development. It currently repre- sents the imaging system offering the highest resolution and greatest detail information. A widely applicable, complex technique able to meet high standards was required by the increasing number of coronary bypass interventions as well as by the advent of interventional catheter techniques, such as transluminal per- cutaneous catheter balloon dilatation, recanalization techniques, and intracoro- nary thrombolytic procedures. At the same time, improved image resolution began to furnish information on intracoronary flow dynamics and anatomy, thereby opening a new avenue of acquiring prognostically and therapeutically important pathophysiologic information. In spite of rapid improvements in the equipment, there are still demands for improved resolution, image quality, and methods of image processing. In this situation, the need was felt to describe the current status of equipment, angiocardiographic systems, image intensifiers, photographic materials, and processing techniques. Furthermore, the attempt was made to describe evalua- tion techniques using manual or computer-assisted semi- or fully automated procedures to estimate left ventricular volumes, ventricular mass, cardiac func- tion, anatomy, and flow dynamics of the coronary arterial system. This book assembles original work presented at a symposium held by the European Soci- ety of Cardiology, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Herz-und Kreisiaufforschung, and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Biomedizinische Technik. It was the aim of the symposium to outline the current state of the art and to define a process for further improvement.

The advances in neuroimaging are occurring at a we wish to accomplish by bringing out a series of dizzying pace. It is difficult for trainees in radiology volumes, each dealing with a single theme. The first and others in neurosciences-related disciplines to one is in your hands. keep abreast of the new developments. It is especially We wish to express our deepest gratitude to the important to design neuroimaging protocols to distinguished contributors, who have done an out evaluate various neurological diseases. It therefore standing job. We equally thank our publisher. seems highly desirable that review articles be readily Comments are welcome. available that comb through the plethora of literature and provide state-of-the-art information on neuro MS imaging of neurological diseases. It is this goal that SB Xl IMAGING OF NON-TRAUMATIC ISCHEMIC AND HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE Robert D. Zimmerman Historical Background is inferior scanners with MR units. If, however, MR The advent of magnetic resonance imaging led to to CT in the detection of hemorrhage, hospitals attempts to define the appearance of hemorrhage would still be required to maintain CT scanners, using this new technique. Early reports focused on since the demonstration of hemorrhage is of para hematomas studied with T1-weighted (Tl W) inver mount diagnostic and therapeutic importance in a sion recovery (IR) Scans performed on resistive MR patient with acute neurologic ictus. imagers."

The purpose of this book is to explain the current state of the art in radiological examination, interpretation, and understanding of colonic disease. The radiologic aspects of colon disease are combined here with clinical information to serve both beginners and advanced students. Major emphasis has been placed on technique for those radiologists, residents, and technologists first undertaking modern gastrointestinal radiographic techniques. The essentials of technique are stressed so that the reader obtains a clear understanding of colon disease based on sound practical information. We believe this book is a thorough and practical text of particular interest to clinical radiologists and gastroenterologists in their everyday practice, and also for teachers, residents and medical students. Digital examination and sigmoidoscopy are the first procedures in examination of the colon. Then, the radiologic examination is the next most important procedure. Endoscopy and biopsy play a compli mentary role to the radiological examination. The barium enema reveals quickly and early the overall status of the colon and it can then guide endoscopy and biopsy together with subsequent treatment. Surely, if the lesion is not detected our clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and therapeutic skills are of no use."