Stroke remains one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. While effective therapy for stroke recovery remains an unmet need. Much hope and promises are placed on cell-based therapies. The aim of this book is to provide focused yet comprehensive reviews on the current state of cell-based approaches in the treatment of stroke. The topics covered include experimental data on functional outcome after intravascular and intracerebral delivery of cells in stroke animals, followed by translational chapters which will rely heavily on the use of different imaging modalities in the tracking of cells. The last and most challenging part will describe the early phase of clinical studies, providing guidelines for future research and clinical applications. Clearly and concisely written, this text will be a useful resource for neurologists, radiologists, and neuroscientists interested in cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for stroke patients.

Unraveling the functional properties of structural elements in the brain is one of the fundamental goals of neuroscientific research. In the cerebral cortex this is no mean feat, since cortical areas are defined microstructurally in post-mortem brains but functionally in living brains with electrophysiological or neuroimaging techniques - and cortical areas vary in their topographical properties across individual brains. Being able to map both microstructure and function in the same brains noninvasively in vivo would represent a huge leap forward. In recent years, high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies with spatial resolution below 0.5 mm have set the stage for this by detecting structural differences within the human cerebral cortex, beyond the Stria of Gennari. This provides the basis for an in vivo microanatomical brain map, with the enormous potential to make direct correlations between microstructure and function in living human brains. This book starts with Brodmann's post-mortem map published in the early 20th century, moves on to the almost forgotten microstructural maps of von Economo and Koskinas and the Vogt-Vogt school, sheds some light on more recent approaches that aim at mapping cortical areas noninvasively in living human brains, and culminates with the concept of "in vivo Brodmann mapping" using high-field MRI, which was introduced in the early 21st century.

The use of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance is limited by

the fact that the object needs to be carried to the NMR equipment

and needs to fit inside large superconducting magnets. Both

limitations are removed by single-sided NMR probes based on open

magnets specially adapted to the object under study. These can be

inexpensive and portable sensors that give access to a large

number of applications inaccessible with using conventional magnet

geometries. Substantial improvements in the magnet design,

detection electronics, and the implementation of suitable

techniques to work in the inhomogeneous magnetic fields of open

magnets have allowed scientists and engineers to measure

relaxation-time distributions, diffusion coefficients, 3D images,

velocity distributions, and even highly resolved NMR spectra in

the stray field of the magnet. This book is the first

comprehensive account describing the key issues to be considered

at the time of designing and building open magnets, and

summarizing the arsenal of pulse sequences available today for

material analysis.

This second edition is adheres to the guiding principles of the first edition while serving as a useful and up to date manual on the theory, performance and application of CCTA. Since the publication of the first edition of this work, cardiac CT angiography (CCTA) has come a long way. It is now a main stream, well established cardiac diagnostic imaging modality with wide spread acceptance and application.

This second, updated edition of Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain provides a comprehensive overview of the field from a neuroradiological point of view. In order to ensure a standardized approach throughout, each disease-oriented chapter is again subdivided into three principal sections: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and therapy; imaging; and differential diagnosis. A separate chapter addresses technical and methodological issues and imaging protocols. An important focus of the book is the current role of advanced MR imaging techniques, such as diffusion and perfusion MRI and MR spectroscopy, in the differentiation of inflammatory and other brain diseases. All of the authors are recognized experts, and the numerous high-quality and informative illustrations include some not contained in the first edition. This book will be of great value not only to neuroradiologists but also to neurologists, neuropediatricians, and general radiologists.

In the emergency and trauma setting, accurate and consistent interpretation of imaging studies are critical to the care of acutely ill and injured patients. Emergency Radiology: Imaging of Acute Pathologies is a comprehensive review of radiological diagnoses commonly encountered in the emergency room by radiologists, residents, and fellows. The book is organized by anatomical sections that present the primary ER imaging areas of the acute abdomen, pelvis, thorax, neck, head, brain and spine, and osseous structures. For each section, the common diagnoses are concisely described and are accompanied by relevant clinical facts and key teaching points that emphasize the importance of radiological interpretation in clinical patient management. The role of modalities such as plain radiography, CT, ultrasound, MR, and nuclear medicine imaging in managing emergency conditions is highlighted.

A novel strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged and an outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) occurred worldwide in 2009 and 2010, posing a severe threat to the health of human beings. The two Editors work together in Beijing You An Hospital, to combat this type of influenza. This book, Radiology of Influenza A (H1N1), is intended to provide first-hand clinical data and its scientific analysis, thus supporting sound clinical practice for influenza A (H1N1) prevention and treatment as well as related scientific research. The authors have collected over 100 critical influenza A (H1N1) virus-infected cases. For cases of influenza A (H1N1) that resulted in death, autopsies were performed for 8 cases after receiving their families' informed consent. Over 200 reports on pathological and histological analysis as well as immunohistochemical and electroscopic analysis were brought together. This book was then compiled by comparing the published data with the present first-hand data. This book includes a wealth of content, including DR, CT and MRI images, pathological and histological figures, and immunohistochemical and electroscopic figures. Related research, clinical and educational needs can be readily satisfied by its detailed data, texts and figures, as well as typical case reports. Li Hongjun, is professor and director of the diagnostic radiology department in Beijing You An Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Li Ning, is professor and president of Beijing You An Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Functional imaging has the capability to reveal changes in the pathophysiology of tissues and organ systems, mapping the progression and severity of disease, uptake of drugs, and the recovery of tissues following trauma, disease episodes or surgery. In this authoritative new work, leading specialists in neurology and neuroimaging present an update on the MRI and PET investigation of diseases of the central nervous system. An insightful reference for anyone working in the field, this work discusses how these new technologies can be used to investigate the most important disorders encountered in clinical neurology and psychiatry, ranging from chronic progressive diseases such as Alzheimer's, episodic disruptions of function as seen in epilepsy, and the subtle changes caused by drug dependency and abuse.

In 194 cases featuring over 450, high-quality images, Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Cases provides a succinct review of clinically relevant cases covering the full range of nuclear medicine. Cases are grouped into sections including: Nuclear CNS Imaging, Nuclear Inflammation/Infection Imaging, Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scintigraphy, Pediatric Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, Bone Scintigraphy, PET/CT in Oncology, General Oncologic Imaging, Thyroid and Parathyroid, Radionuclide Therapy and Pre-Therapy Evaluation, Liver, Spleen and Biliary Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Renal Scintigraphy. Part of the Cases in Radiology series, this book follows the easy-to-use format of question and answer in which the patient history is provided on the first page of the case, and radiologic findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, next steps in management, and suggestions for furthering reading are revealed on the following page. This casebook is an essential resource for radiology residents and practicing radiologists alike.

The sixteen chapters included in this book were written by invited experts of international recognition and address important issues in Medical Image Processing and Computational Vision, including: Object Recognition, Object Detection, Object Tracking, Pose Estimation, Facial Expression Recognition, Image Retrieval, Data Mining, Automatic Video Understanding and Management, Edges Detection, Image Segmentation, Modelling and Simulation, Medical thermography, Database Systems, Synthetic Aperture Radar and Satellite Imagery. Different applications are addressed and described throughout the book, comprising: Object Recognition and Tracking, Facial Expression Recognition, Image Database, Plant Disease Classification, Video Understanding and Management, Image Processing, Image Segmentation, Bio-structure Modelling and Simulation, Medical Imaging, Image Classification, Medical Diagnosis, Urban Areas Classification, Land Map Generation. The book brings together the current state-of-the-art in the various multi-disciplinary solutions for Medical Image Processing and Computational Vision, including research, techniques, applications and new trends contributing to the development of the related areas.

This book reviews the state-of-the-art in multiscale computer modeling, in terms of both accomplishments and challenges. The information in the book is particularly useful for biomedical engineers, medical physicists and researchers in systems biology, mathematical biology, micro-biomechanics and biomaterials who are interested in how to bridge between traditional biomedical engineering work at the organ and tissue scales, and the newer arenas of cellular and molecular bioengineering.

This state-of-the-art handbook, the first in a series that provides medical physicists with a comprehensive overview into the field of nuclear medicine, is dedicated to instrumentation and imaging procedures in nuclear medicine. It provides a thorough treatment on the cutting-edge technologies being used within the field, in addition to touching upon the history of their use, their development, and looking ahead to future prospects. This text will be an invaluable resource for libraries, institutions, and clinical and academic medical physicists searching for a complete account of what defines nuclear medicine. The most comprehensive reference available providing a state-of-the-art overview of the field of nuclear medicine Edited by a leader in the field, with contributions from a team of experienced medical physicists Includes the latest practical research in the field, in addition to explaining fundamental theory and the field's history

Within the field of neuroscience, the past few decades have witnessed an exponential growth of research into the brain mechanisms underlying both normal and pathological states of consciousness in humans. The development of sophisticated imaging techniques to visualize and map brain activity in vivo has opened new avenues in our understanding of the pathological processes involved in common neuropsychiatric disorders affecting consciousness, such as epilepsy, coma, vegetative states, dissociative disorders, and dementia. This book presents the state of the art in neuroimaging exploration of the brain correlates of the alterations in consciousness across these conditions, with a particular focus on the potential applications for diagnosis and management. Although the book has a practical approach and is primarily targeted at neurologists, neuroradiologists, and psychiatrists, it will also serve as an essential reference for a wide range of researchers and health care professionals.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a modality available on most clinical MR scanners and readily integrated with standard MR imaging (MRI). For the brain in particular, MRS has been a powerful research tool providing additional clinically relevant information for several disease families such as brain tumors, metabolic disorders, and systemic diseases. The most widely-available MRS method, proton (1H; hydrogen) spectroscopy, is FDA approved for general use in the US and can be ordered by clinicians for patient studies if indicated. There are several books available that describe applications of MRS in adults. However, to the best of our knowledge there is currently no book available that focuses exclusively on applications in pediatrics. MR spectroscopy in the pediatric population is different from adults for two main reasons. Particularly in the newborn phase the brain undergoes biochemical maturation with dramatic changes of the "normal" biochemical fingerprint. Secondly, brain diseases in the pediatric population are different from adult disorders. For example, brain tumors, which are mostly gliomas in the adults, often originate from different cell types and are also more diverse even within the same type and grade of tumor. This diversity of diseases and its implications for MR spectroscopy has not been addressed sufficiently in the literature, we believe. The target audience for "MR Spectroscopy of Pediatric Brain Disorders" are thus both clinicians and researchers involved with pediatric brain disorders. This includes radiologists, neurologists, neurooncologists, neurosurgeons, and more broadly the neuroscience and neurobiology community. This book will provide the necessary background information to understand the basics of MR spectroscopy. This will be followed by a detailed discussion of the normal biochemical maturation which will highlight the metabolic differences between the pediatric and adult brain. Thereafter, in SECTION I individual chapters will address various pediatric brain disease families. Of particular importance for pediatrics are case studies. For that reason, SECTION II will contain a large number of case studies. This will be particularly important for clinicians who may want to see examples of MRS for various conditions. A standardized format will be used for case reports that allow the reader to quickly understand the history of each case presented and the significance of the findings. The case reports will also include information from other imaging modalities to point out any added value of MRS in addition to conventional studies and clinical information. This section is necessary because the format of providing more complete information about individual patients is not practical for the chapters in SECTION I.

This book describes current examination techniques and advanced clinical applications of state-of-the-art multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanners. There are contributions from several distinguished radiologists and clinicians. Each chapter is written from a practical perspective, so that radiologists, residents, medical physicists, and radiology technologists can obtain relevant information about MDCT applications.

Multiauthored book dealing comprehensively with the various aspects of imaging of pediatric musculoskeletal trauma. The work is subdivided in three main sections: Overview of lesions; Imaging of traumatic injuries according to body region; typical traumatic injuries of early infancy. The third section includes also legal aspects of child abuse (battered child) and will indicate current international medical-legal guidelines. The didactical approach and the wide-ranging account of the subject makes the book particularly valuable to practitioners from various disciplines, involved in diagnosis and management of trauma of pediatric bone and joint

New Techniques for Thoracic Outlet Syndromes presents in a comprehensive format an up-to-date, state of the art reference that physicians can use in consultation to properly treat patients using the resources that modern medicine offers. This book offers the newer surgical approaches that have been developed during the past 30 years. Some of these techniques are modification of operations that were proposed previously but were not fully affective and left many patients suffering with permanent disability. This textbook is a compendium of the proper management of these patients that cannot be found in isolated reports of literature. The neurogenic-arterial thoracic outlet syndrome section covers how to diagnosis the illness using the proper tests, therefore eliminating the use of expensive, uncomfortable and inconvenient tests. The text is organized in three basic sections that cover all the aspects of the thoracic outlet syndromes. The first section addresses the neurogenic-arterial type, with the pertinent subsections: symptoms, diagnosis. A list of the useful tests is provided to make a correct diagnosis of this syndrome. This is followed by the sections on treatment, using the surgical approaches with historical aspects and evolution of the operations proposed. The second section involves the venous thoracic outlet syndrome divided into the corresponding subsections comprising: symptoms and physical findings, etiology, diagnosis. This section also includes a list of the usual tests to make the proper diagnosis. The last section of this text is dedicated to the presence of cervical ribs and their classification of the different types that occur, and also the proper surgical treatment when fusion of the upper ribs is present. New Techniques for Thoracic Outlet Syndromes offers the current, acceptable and most effective methods to handle thoracic outlet syndromes. It will be of great value to thoracic surgeons, vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists as well as fellows and residents in training for cardiothoracic and vascular surgery.

For the last half of the 20th century cobalt-60 units were the mainstay of radiation treatments for cancer. This book describes the development of the first cobalt -60 unit in the United States and the man behind it, Leonard Grimmett. Conceptually conceived before World War II it only became possible because of the development of nuclear reactors during the war. The initial idea was to replace the radium in the contemporary units of the time with cobalt-60, but with the realization that the reactors could produce much more cobalt-60 than originally thought the design of the cobalt-60 unit was drastically changed to take advantage that the application of the inverse square law to cancer radiation treatments would make. Although Grimmett conceived of and published his ideas first, the Canadians built the first units because of the capability of their reactor to produce more suitable cobalt-60 sources. The story tells how Grimmett and the other people involved came together at the time that the U S Atomic Energy Agency was pushing the use of radioactivity in medicine. But Grimmett died suddenly before his unit could be built and very little information about him was known until recently when various documents have come to light, allowing the full story to be told.

Urological Oncology, Second Edition offers an updated multi-disciplinary and multi professional approach to the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care of patients being investigated and treated for urological malignancies. As a professional resource for all nurses involved in the care of uro-oncology patients, particularly those in advanced practice roles, there is an emphasis on developing advanced practice with in-depth discussions to support evidence based, patient focused care. Mainly aimed at trainee nurses, nurse practitioners in urology / urological oncology, Urological Oncology, Second Edition, is also useful for general nurse practitioners. With this in mind the level is higher than that of a general nursing book.

CAR is a symposium and exhibition covering the impact of computer and communication systems applied to radiology and other medical disciplines, which use digital imaging for diagnosis and therapy planning. CAR '93 also provides tutorials, but more emphasis is given to a broad variety of specific problems related to medical/technical issues in digital imaging. This is achieved through in-depth presentations of results of current medical imaging projects on a worldwide basis.

This foreword deals exclusively with the planning, organization, and execution of the Workshop's scientific as well as cultural programs. It is opened with a synopsis on how the global political changes that occurred immediately after the Workshop caused the ~elay in producing the proceedings, followed by a brief exposition on need, timeliness, and importance of this second ARW in the field of electromagnetic imaging, radar remote sensing, and target versus clutter di~rimination; and an outline of the objectives. An informal discussion about some of the organizational details, a retrospective summary of events, and a preview of the third workshop, planned for 1993 September 19-25, is intended to recapture the spirit of this second NATO Advanced Research Workshop (1988 September 18-24), and will reveal how successful it was in compar ison to the first of 1983 September 18-24, how its accomplishments may be appreciated and why a third and last workshop was requested by its participants to take place during 1993 September 19-25.

Sincethepublicationofthisbook in2005, thegrowthofpositron emission tomography(PET)andPET/CTmodalityhasbeenphenomenalwiththed- coveryofef?cientdetectorsandtheadditionofsophisticatedscannersand powerfulsoftware. Becauseofthevastadvancementandchangesintechn- ogy, andalso withgreatappreciationofthesuccess ofthe?rst edition, we thoughtasecondeditionofthebookwouldbeappropriate. Thebookisrevisedtoagainful?lltheneedsofnuclearmedicineprof- sionalssuchasphysicians, technologists, andresidents, alongwithstudents fortheirboardexaminationandtraining. Thecontentsofthebookhavebeen keptatthebasiclevelaswasinthe?rstedition. The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chaptershavebeenrevisedvery extensively, while others haveonly minor changes. NochangehasbeenmadeinChap. 1asitisbasedonbasicphysics. Extensive revision has been made in Chaps. 2 and 3 to include up-to-date information on detectors, scanners, and data collection. Chapter 4 in the original edition has been divided into Chaps. 4 and 5 to allow for a se- ratechapteron"Storage,Display,andPACS. "Chapter6hasbeenupdated withnewinformationonNEMAstandardsonacceptancetestsofPETsc- ners. NewPETradionuclidesandthelistofcurrentavailablecyclotronshave beenaddedtoChap. 7. Chapter8includesasectiononCompoundingofPET Radiopharmaceuticals,inadditiontoseveralnewPETradiopharmaceuticals. NewregulationsconcerningtheuseofPETradiopharmaceuticals,thelice- ingofphysiciansandtechnologists,andtheaccreditationofPETfacilitiesto beeligibleforreimbursementforPETproceduresareallincludedinChap. 9. Chapter10hasbeenrevised,focusingontheissuesofcurrentreimbursement issuesforPETstudies. OnlyminorchangeshavebeenmadeinChaps. 11and 12toincludeup-to-dateinformation. Questionshavebeenaddedattheend ofeachchapter,asappropriate,tore?ectthechangesincontents. IthankmycolleaguesattheClevelandClinicFoundationfortheirsupport in manywaysand Mrs. DianeGrif?s for kindly typingand completingthe manuscriptontime. vii viii Preface IsincerelythankAndrewMoyer,editorofradiologyandnuclearmedicine, atSpringerforsupportandencouragement,andS. GeethalakshmiSrinivasan, ProjectManager,atSPiTechnologiesIndiaPvtLtdforexcellentproduction ofthebook. Cleveland,OH GopalB. Saha Contents 1. RadioactiveDecayandInteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...1 AtomicStructure ...1 RadioactiveDecay ...2 ?Decay ...2 ? ? Decay ...3 + Positron(?) Decay ...3 ElectronCapture ...3 IsomericTransition ...4 RadioactiveDecayEquations ...5 GeneralDecayEquations ...5 SuccessiveDecayEquations ...7 UnitsofRadioactivity ...9 UnitsofRadioactivityinSystemInternationale ...9 Calculations ...9 InteractionofRadiationwithMatter ...10 InteractionofChargedParticleswithMatter ...10 Interactionof?RadiationwithMatter ...12 Questions ...15 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...17 2. PET ScanningSystems ...19 Background ...19 SolidScintillationDetectorsinPET ...20 PhotomultiplierTube ...24 PulseHeightAnalyzer ...25 ArrangementofDetectors ...25 PETScanners ...28 CoincidenceScintillationCameras ...29 PET/CTScanners ...30 SmallAnimalPETScanner ...33 MobilePETorPET/CT ...36 ix x Contents Questions ...38 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...39 3. DataAcquisition and Corrections ...41 PETDataAcquisition ...41 TimeofFlightMethod ...46 Two-Dimensionalvs. Three-Dimensional DataAcquisition ...47 FactorsAffectingAcquiredPETData ...49 Normalization ...49 PhotonAttenuation ...50 AttenuationCorrectionMethods ...52 RandomCoincidences ...53 ScatterCoincidences ...55 CorrectionforScatterCoincidences ...56 DeadTime ...58 RadialElongation ...59 PET/CTDataAcquisition ...6 0 FactorsAffectingPET/CTData ...62 Questions ...67 ReferencesandSuggestedReading ...68 4. ImageReconstruction ...71 SimpleBackprojection ...71 FilteredBackprojection ...72 TheFourierMethod ...73 TypesofFilters ...75 IterativeReconstruction ...

This book covers the complete spectrum of deformable models, its evolution as an imagery field and its use in many biomedical engineering and clinical application disciplines. The book focuses on the core image processing techniques, theory and biomaterials useful to research and industry. Contributors are all pioneers in the field.

Many international experts collaborated in creating this groundbreaking work, a principal-coding system, and in developing reference films and imaging parameters for the International Classification of HRCT for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases. The book is an authoritative guide to the recognition of dust diseases of the lung, using radiological imaging techniques, with special emphasis on high-resolution computerized tomography (CT). The classification is a powerful, essential tool for recording patient data on CT in a globally standardized semiquantitative way. The system is also applicable to surveillance and screening for occupational and environmental respiratory diseases. The book is a valuable resource not only for radiologists but for all who work in occupational medicine and public health.

Established as a classic text on nuclear chemistry and pharmacy, Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy has been thoroughly revised with new information added covering innovations in imaging technology and clinical applications in the field. The Sixth Edition also eliminates outdated information from previous editions on radiopharmaceuticals now discontinued from the market. Dr. Gopal B. Saha's books have continually been praised for their clarity and accuracy while setting new standards for making complex theoretical concepts readily understandable to the reader. Like past editions, this book is intended to be used as a textbook on nuclear chemistry and pharmacy for nuclear medicine residents and students and as a reference book for nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists. New sections in the Sixth Edition include: * PET/CT and SPECT/CT * Digital Imaging * Exploratory IND * Nanoparticle Imaging * Treatment of liver cancer with 90Y-TheraSpheres and 90Y-SIR-Spheres * Treatment of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with 131I-Bexxar