Electromagnetic homogenization is the process of estimating the effective electromagnetic properties of composite materials in the long-wavelength regime, wherein the length scales of nonhomogeneities are much smaller than the wavelengths involved. This is a bird's-eye view of currently available homogenization formalisms for particulate composite materials. It presents analytical methods only, with focus on the general settings of anisotropy and bianisotropy. The authors largely concentrate on 'effective' materials as opposed to 'equivalent' materials, and emphasize the fundamental (but sometimes overlooked) differences between these two categories of homogenized composite materials. The properties of an 'effective' material represents those of its composite material, regardless of the geometry and dimensions of the bulk materials and regardless of the orientations and polarization states of the illuminating electromagnetic fields. In contrast, the properties of 'equivalent' materials only represent those of their corresponding composite materials under certain restrictive circumstances.

This book gives a simplified account of a new fundamental theory of physics. It is based on two postulates (or laws) and from these are derived a set of Field Equations. The solutions of these equations account for many of the features of modern physics. These solutions lead to the prediction of Newton's laws of motion and gravitation, Coulomb's law and electromagnetism, and the prediction of the values of the gravitational constant and the charge on the electron which are close to the measured values. They also lead to a formula for Plank's constant, and to Schr dinger's equation and the basis for quantum mechanics. Particles are not points. Structures are proposed for the proton, neutron, electron, electron neutrino, muon, pion and kaons. The theory provides an account of the up, down, strange, charm and bottom quarks and the W^+/- and Z particles. The book is mathematical, but simplified as much as possible to make the book accessible to a wide range of readers.

This collection of notes, manuscripts, and presentation material addresses an understanding of the physical acoustics and flows of fluids in several areas emphasizing safety viewpoints. These research notes begin with atomic blasts; however, noise impacts occur in daily experience with civilian firearms, loud trombone playing, slamming a door, a water skier tipping over and slamming the water, and use of fireworks in celebrations. Here a classical blast model is revisited with elementary approaches first and then further analyses embellish onto intermediate and advanced topics. The aim is to introduce ideas and several research tools to formulate analyses to help make better informed decisions with the best mathematics, statistics, and science information to benefit people and the environment affected.

Project Report from the year 2013 in the subject Audio Engineering, grade: 10, course: ECE, language: English, abstract: Audio source separation is the problem of automated separation of audio sources present in a room, using a set of differently placed microphones, capturing the auditory scene. The whole problem resembles the task a human can solve in a cocktail party situation, where using two sensors (ears), the brain can focus on a specific source of interest, suppressing all other sources present (cocktail party problem). For computational and conceptual simplicity this problem is often represented as a linear transformation of the original audio signals. In other words, each component (multivariate signal) of the representation is a linear combination of the original variables (original subcomponents). In signal processing, independent component analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents by assuming that the subcomponents are non-Gaussian signals and that they are all statistically independent from each other. Such a representation seems to capture the essential structure of the data in many applications. Here we separate audio using different criteria suggested for ICA, being PCA (Principal Component Analysis), Non-gaussianity maximization using kurtosis and neg-entropy methods, frequency domain approach using non-gaussianity maximization and beamforming.

Life has been made beautiful and elegant through waves; TV and Satellite Communications are no longer thought to be awesome technologies, the internet is fast over-taking almost every aspect of human activity from trade & commerce to social networkings and even religious meetings. Astronomers can say how far away the stars are, and even if we may never get near them in the whole of human existence, waves have made this possible. This book introduces the concept of waves in an overtly simplified manner, it is intended for young students who are preparing to take up scientific courses in higher institutions. Most importantly, the book has been written in a teach-yourself-manner, and students should feel free to explore it on their own. Enjoy it while it's here

Illustrated papers and reports from the world's first international multi-disciplinary conference on Archaeoacoustics: The Archaeology of Sound. "Archaeoacoustics is at this 'pre-paradigmatic stage'," writes anthropologist Dr. Ezra Zubrow, "This book will help that synthesizing, theorizing pioneer of the future. Looking back there will be new scholars who will wonder how present scholars could have been so wrong. They will smile and yet they will remember this book. For in some sense, they will say 'this is where it began.'" Features Editor for "New Scientist" Magazine Kate Douglas explains: "Where the rest of us see stones, bones, rubble and shards, they (archaeologists) see the tell-tale remains of past lives. With careful scrutiny they are able to use this material to build up a picture of a culture, its technological know-how, trade in commodities and ideas, diet, lifestyle and even beliefs. Until recently, however, almost all archaeological insights have been gleaned by looking at ancient remains. Now archaeologists are starting to think beyond the visual. One of the most exciting branches of the new multi-sensory archaeology is archaeoacoustics, the archaeology of sound. In February 2014, the pioneers of this field met on the island of Malta for their first international conference. It was truly extraordinary." "Our goal for the conference was to focus in a responsible way on the behavior of sound in important ancient spaces, and the way that people may have used it," says conference organizer Linda Eneix. "We sought hints for the way sound may have impacted on early human development. We intended to bring together a broad base of expertise, science, and objective observation toward a multi-faceted understanding of human ingenuity. As this conference unfolded, we succeeded beyond all expectations." Contributors include: Alejandro Ramos-Amezquita, Panagiota Avgerinou, Ros Bandt, Anna Borg Cardona, Emma Brambilla, Fernando Coimbra, Stef Conner, Paolo Debertolis, Stella Dreni, Richard England, Mairi Gkikaki, Annie Goh, Anne Habermehl, Wouter F. M. Henkelman, Sepideh Khaksar, David J. Knight, Glenn Kreisberg, Selin Kucuk, Esthir Lemi, Torill Christine Lindstrom, Maria Cristina Pascual Noguerol, Riita Rainio, Iegor Reznikoff, Mustafa Sahin, Divya Shrivastava, Katya Stroud, Rupert Till, Steven J. Waller, Nektarios Peter Yioutsos, Ezra Zubrow This volume also contains preliminary reports from the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum (ca. 3600 BCE) acoustics project conducted on-site.

In October 15 1977 there was an event that marked the lives of many people living in Central America (El Salvador) it was a dark night over the skies of El Salvador, people were doing their daily basis of a normal night, all of sudden the dark night was completed illuminated by a unsolved result of the nature (that was the answer from the local newspapers and it lasted around 30 seconds) Guillermo was in charge to take care the coffee plantation from Santa Teresa from not to be robbed, he was not alone, he had two companions that night, they saw something coming from the sky not only the light impacted them, it was an unidentified object too, he described like a big %u201Cstingray%u201D without the tail, they followed the trace from the impact in the vast coffee plantation, they saw the %u201Cstingray%u201D covered in leaves, they saw 2 entities leaving from inside, one of them was covered in a kind of %u201C blue%u201D liquid, their clothes were white and grey, they were carrying on their heads helmets with lights but not the lights as we know, they were like bright blue but they got even scarier when they heard voices and noises coming from the skies, it happened fast, the United States Army came, Guillermo hid right away between the bushes, his friends (Omitted names) ran away, they found them, they stayed around 2 hours and then they were gone, Guillermo went to find out after to see what happened but there was nobody, no %u201Cstingray%u201D and the worst of all%u2026 he never saw his friends again%u2026.

This book is a history lesson. It is about "ghost excavations" at four haunted sites and what we learned from the experience. The objective is pure and simple. It is to show how, by questioning basic tenets of a "ghost hunting" paradigm, we can go beyond the contemporary reality of a field that is entertainment, and entertaining, and arrive at an investigative position of constructive research. In the process of this "excavation," we learn what it was (is) to be and remain human.

Musician's Acoustics, by Scott Parker and Jamison Smith, is a "How things work" book for musicians covering the science of musical sound. The material and concepts presented in this book are of value to the practicing musician and to anyone interested in learning more about musical acoustics. The level is suitable for readers at the college level without much science background. Musician's Acoustics is concise and to the point. The book has 160 pages with 89 illustrations.

From Edison's invention of the phonograph through contemporary field recording and sound installation, artists have become attracted to those domains against which music has always defined itself: noise, silence, and environmental sound. Christoph Cox argues that these developments in the sonic arts are not only aesthetically but also philosophically significant, revealing sound to be a continuous material flow to which human expressions contribute but which precedes and exceeds those expressions. Cox shows how, over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, philosophers and sonic artists have explored this "sonic flux." Through the philosophical analysis of works by John Cage, Maryanne Amacher, Max Neuhaus, Christian Marclay, and many others, Sonic Flux contributes to the development of a materialist metaphysics and poses a challenge to the prevailing positions in cultural theory, proposing a realist and materialist aesthetics able to account not only for sonic art but for artistic production in general.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the propagation, frequency and effects of sound waves. Topics discussed include time resolved visualisation and analysis on a single short acoustic wave generation; elastic vibrations of an isotropic plate with laser-induced atomic defects; sound velocity into turbulent medium; infrasound generation by turbulent convection; neutrons diffraction in a crystal under the influence of a sound wave; and, the transformation of sound waves in non-stationary media.

Linear Audio Vol 1 is the second issue of a series of printed bookzines dedicated to technical audio and perception. The international team of authors for this issue again offers technical audio articles on a wide ranging number of subjects, from projects and concepts to book reviews and musings: Power amplification: Ian Hegglun developed A family of high-efficiency class-A power amplifiers allowing 'green' class-A amplifiers based on inherent square-law output devices, with only half the usual dissipation. Loudspeakers and cross-overs: Jean-Claude Gaertner concludes his Project 21 DSP- based active speaker system, complemented with an RF-based remote multichannel level control by Jan Didden. Ramkumar Ramaswamy approaches crossovers from the analog side with A universal Continuous-Time active filter. Circuit design: Scott Wurcer attacks noise right at the start with a Low-noise microphone pre-amp design, while Bruno Putzeys bravely steps forward and utters The F-word - or, Why there is no such thing as too much feedback. Kendall Castor-Perry has Some Feedback about Electrolytic Capacitors allowing small electrolytics to look like large ones. Engineering reports: Ed Simon dug into resistor distortion and found that regarding Resistor Linearity - There's more to ohm than meets the eye, while Ovidiu Popa writes On the noise performance of Low Noise Input Stages. Douglas Self found that capacitors can get better with Self-improvement for capacitors - Linearization over time. Book reviews: Jean-Pierre Vanderreydt reviews Bob Cordell's Audio Power Amplifier Design, likes what he reads and en passant gives some hints for a second edition, while Stuart Yaniger is pleased with Menno van der Veen's High End Valve Amplifiers 2 - New Models and Application. Musings: For those of us chasing that elusive life-like audio reproduction system, Rudy van Stratum relates his very recognizable personal Adventures of a diy-audio-addict. Another collection of articles that I'm sure you'll enjoy and learn from. But, don't forget to listen to your music jan didden Publisher/Editor