The Stroh formalism is a powerful and elegant mathematical method developed for the analysis of the equations of anisotropic elasticity. The purpose of this exposition is to introduce the essence of this formalism and demonstrate its effectiveness in both static and dynamic elasticity. The equations of elasticity are complicated, because they constitute a system and, particularly for the anisotropic cases, inherit many parameters from the elasticity tensor. The Stroh formalism reveals simple structures hidden in the equations of anisotropic elasticity and provides a systematic approach to these equations.

This exposition is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 gives a succinct introduction to the Stroh formalism so that the reader can grasp the essentials as quickly as possible. In Chapter 2 several important topics in static elasticity, which include fundamental solutions, piezoelectricity, and inverse boundary value problems, are studied on the basis of the Stroh formalism.

Chapter 3 is devoted to Rayleigh waves, for long a topic of utmost importance in nondestructive evaluation, seismology, and materials science. There we discuss existence, uniqueness, phase velocity, polarization, and perturbation of Rayleigh waves through the Stroh formalism.

This work will appeal to students and researchers in applied mathematics, mechanics, and engineering science.

It goes without saying that atomic structure, including its dual wave-particle nature, cannot be demonstrated in the classroom. Thus, for most science teachers, especially those in physics and chemistry, the textbook is their key resource and their students core source of information. Science education historiography recognizes the role played by the history and philosophy of science in developing the content of our textbooks, and with this in mind, the authors analyze more than 120 general chemistry textbooks published in the USA, based on criteria derived from a historical reconstruction of wave-particle duality.

They come to some revealing conclusions, including the fact that very few textbooks discussed issues such as the suggestion, by both Einstein and de Broglie, and before conclusive experimental evidence was available, that wave-particle duality existed. Other large-scale omissions included de Broglie s prescription for observing this duality, and the importance of the Davisson-Germer experiments, as well as the struggle to interpret the experimental data they were collecting. Also untouched was the background to the role played by Schrodinger in developing de Broglie s ideas. The authors argue that rectifying these deficiencies will arouse students curiosity by giving them the opportunity to engage creatively with the content of science curricula. They also assert that it isn t just the experimental data in science that matters, but the theoretical insights and unwonted inspirations, too. In addition, the controversies and discrepancies in the theoretical and experimental record are key drivers in understanding the development of science as we know it today."

The extraordinary ability of dolphins to echolocate has fascinated scientists and the public since its discovery in the late 1950's. This is the first book to summarize modern research in this area, and presents a broad synthesis of this very interdisciplinary subject. The author is an internationally-recognized expert on dolphin sonar and is thus in a unique position to bring together research on the physiological, mathematical and engineering aspects of the subject. Of interest to auditory researchers, electrical engineers, acoustical physicists, and mammalian physiologists.

This introductory text deals with the physical systems and biological processes that intervene in what we broadly call "music. " We shall analyze what obj- tive, physical properties of sound patterns are associated with what subjective, psychological sensations of music. We shall describe how these sound patterns are actually produced in musical instruments, how they propagate through the environment, and how they are detected by the ear and interpreted in the brain. We shall do all this by using the physicist's language and his method of thought and analysis-without, however, using complicated mathematics. Although no previous knowledge of physics, physiology, and neurobiology is required, it is assumedthatthereaderpossesseshigh-schooleducationandisfamiliarwithbasic aspects of music, in particular with musical notation, scales and intervals, musical instruments and typical musical "sensations. " Books are readily available on the fundamentals of physics of music (e. g. , Benade, 1990; Pierce, 1983; Fletcher and Rossing, 1998; Johnston, 2003) and psychoacoustics, music psychology and perception (e. g. , Plomp, 1976; Deutsch, 1982a; Zatorre and Peretz, 2001; Hartmann, 2005). An excellent text on musical acoustics is that of Sundberg (1991), still most useful 17 years later; comp- hensive discussions of recent researches on pitch perception and related au- tory mechanisms can be found in Plack et al. (2005). The purpose of the present volume is not to duplicate but to synthesize and complement existing literature.

#1 "NEW YORK TIMES" BESTSELLER
When and how did the universe begin? Why are we here? What is the nature of reality? Is the apparent "grand design" of our universe evidence of a benevolent creator who set things in motion--or does science offer another explanation? In this startling and lavishly illustrated book, Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow present the most recent scientific thinking about these and other abiding mysteries of the universe, in nontechnical language marked by brilliance and simplicity.
According to quantum theory, the cosmos does not have just a single existence or history. The authors explain that we ourselves are the product of quantum fluctuations in the early universe, and show how quantum theory predicts the "multiverse"--the idea that ours is just one of many universes that appeared spontaneously out of nothing, each with different laws of nature. They conclude with a riveting assessment of M-theory, an explanation of the laws governing our universe that is currently the "only" viable candidate for a "theory of everything" the unified theory that Einstein was looking for, which, if confirmed, would represent the ultimate triumph of human reason.

As an acoustic engineer, Trevor Cox has spent his career eradicating unwanted noises - echoes in concert halls, clamour in classrooms. Until the day he heard something so astonishing that he had an epiphany: rather than quashing rare or bizarre sounds, we should be celebrating these sonic treasures. This is the story of his investigation into the mysteries of these Sonic Wonders of the World. In the Mojave Desert he finds sand dunes that sing. In France he discovers an echo that tells jokes. In California he drives down a musical road that plays the William Tell Overture. In Cathedrals across the world he learns how acoustics changed the history of the Church. Touching on physics, music, archaeology, neuroscience, biology, and design, Cox explains how sound is made and altered by the environment and how our body reacts to peculiar noises - from the exotic sonic wonders he encounters on his journey, or the equally unique and surprising sounds of our everyday environment. In a world dominated by the visual, Sonic Wonderland encourages us to become better listeners and to open our ears to the glorious cacophony around us. Listen to a selection of astonishing sounds here: https://soundcloud.com/sonicwonderland

Acoustical imaging has become an indispensable tool in a variety of fields. Since its introduction, the applications have grown and cover a variety of techniques, producing significant results in fields as disparate as medicine and seismology. Cutting-edge trends continue to be discussed worldwide.

This book contains the proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging (AI27), which took place in Saarbrucken, Germany, from March 24th to March 27th 2003. The Symposium belongs to a conference series in existence since 1968. AI27 comprised sessions on: Medical Imaging, Non-Destructive Testing, Seismic Imaging, Physics and Mathematics of Acoustical Imaging, Acoustic Microscopy.

During two well-attended workshops the applications of quantitative acoustical imaging in biology and medical applications, and in near-field imaging of materials, were discussed. Based on its cross-disciplinary aspects, the authors of the papers of AI27 present experiments, theory and construction of new instruments. "

Among the variety of wave motions one can single out surface wave pr- agation since these surface waves often adjust the features of the energy transfer in the continuum (system), its deformation and fracture. Predicted by Rayleigh in 1885, surface waves represent waves localized in the vicinity ofextendedboundaries(surfaces)of?uidsorelasticmedia. Intheidealcase of an isotropic elastic half-space while the Rayleigh waves propagate along the surface, the wave amplitude (displacement) in the transverse direction exponentially decays with increasing distance away from the surface. As a resulttheenergyofsurfaceperturbationsislocalizedbytheRayleighwaves within a relatively narrow layer beneath the surface. It is this property of the surface waves that leads to the resonance phenomena that accompany the motion of the perturbation sources (like surface loads) with velocities close to the Rayleigh one; (see e. g. , R. V. Goldstein. Rayleigh waves and resonance phenomena in elastic bodies. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (PMM), 1965, v. 29, N 3, pp. 608-619). It is essential to note that resonance phenomena are also inherent to the elastic medium in the case where initially there are no free (unloaded) surfaces. However, they occur as a result of an external action accompanied by the violation of the continuity of certain physical quantities, e. g. , by crack nucleation and dynamic propagation. Note that the aforementioned resonance phenomena are related to the nature of the surface waves as homogeneous solutions (eigenfunctions) of the dynamic elasticity equations for a half-space (i. e. nonzero solutions at vanishing boundary conditions).

Chronicling the shift from Romantic to modern configurations of sound and voice, Victorian Soundscapes attends to the gothic intersections of nineteenth-century literature, technology, psychology, and acoustics. This book recaptures the sense of aural discovery that Victorian philosophers, psychologists, and inventors shared with the period's novelists and poets.

Waves are essential phenomena in most scientific and engineering disciplines, such as electromagnetism and optics, and different mechanics including fluid, solid, structural, quantum, etc. They appear in linear and nonlinear systems. Some can be observed directly and others are not. The features of the waves are usually described by solutions to either linear or nonlinear partial differential equations, which are fundamental to the students and researchers.Generic equations, describing wave and pulse propagation in linear and nonlinear systems, are introduced and analyzed as initial/boundary value problems. These systems cover the general properties of non-dispersive and dispersive, uniform and non-uniform, with/without dissipations. Methods of analyses are introduced and illustrated with analytical solutions. Wave-wave and wave-particle interactions ascribed to the nonlinearity of media (such as plasma) are discussed in the final chapter.This interdisciplinary textbook is essential reading for anyone in above mentioned disciplines. It was prepared to provide students with an understanding of waves and methods of solving wave propagation problems. The presentation is self-contained and should be read without difficulty by those who have adequate preparation in classic mechanics. The selection of topics and the focus given to each provide essential materials for a lecturer to cover the bases in a linear/nonlinear wave course.

A practical guide to cutting-edge techniques for flow measurement and control
Unlike any other book on the subject, this volume employs practical applications to illustrate flow measurement techniques in industrial processes. Drawing on their work at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, five leading researchers present applications that test the limits of commercial flow instrumentation-in harsh environments, wide rangeability, and a host of challenging situations encountered in research and industry. This approach gives the reader highly effective tools for use in tackling a broad range of difficult flow measurement problems. It offers tremendous insight into what flow measurement is all about, from the underlying principles of the methodologies to state-of-the-art instrumentation-including such innovations as "smart" flow sensors. Introducing terminology, properties, units, and flow meters classification, the book:
* Details signal conditioning and analysis techniques that will produce meaningful results
* Offers tips on selecting the appropriate method for a given application
* Shows how modeling can improve mass flow metering accuracy
* Covers flow calibration and standards, as well as issues related to cost, maintenance, and ease-of-use of instruments
* Addresses the effect of measurement uncertainty on calibration and field measurements.
Clear, concise, and generously illustrated, Flow Measurement Methods and Applications is an invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students in physics, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and instrument engineering. It is a must-have reference for anyone wishing to assess flow processes accuratelyand reliably in the real world.

An authoritative exposition of the methods at the heart of modern non-stationary signal processing from a recognised leader in the field. Offering a global view that favours interpretations and historical perspectives, it explores the basic concepts of time-frequency analysis, and examines the most recent results and developments in the field in the context of existing, lesser-known approaches. Several example waveform families from bioacoustics, mathematics and physics are examined in detail, with the methods for their analysis explained using a wealth of illustrative examples. Methods are discussed in terms of analysis, geometry and statistics. This is an excellent resource for anyone wanting to understand the 'why and how' of important methodological developments in time-frequency analysis, including academics and graduate students in signal processing and applied mathematics, as well as application-oriented scientists.

Quantum Theory, together with the principles of special and general relativity, constitute a scientific revolution that has profoundly influenced the way in which we think about the universe and the fundamental forces that govern it. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is a definitive historical study of that scientific work and the human struggles that accompanied it from the beginning. Drawing upon such materials as the resources of the Archives for the History of Quantum Physics, the Niels Bohr Archives, and the archives and scientific correspondence of the principal quantum physicists, as well as Jagdish Mehra's personal discussions over many years with most of the architects of quantum theory, the authors have written a rigorous scientific history of quantum theory in a deeply human context. This multivolume work presents a rich account of an intellectual triumph: a unique analysis of the creative scientific process. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is science, history, and biography, all wrapped in the story of a great human enterprise. Its lessons will be an aid to those working in the sciences and humanities alike.

Quantum Theory, together with the principles of special and general relativity, constitute a scientific revolution that has profoundly influenced the way in which we think about the universe and the fundamental forces that govern it. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is a definitive historical study of that scientific work and the human struggles that accompanied it from the beginning. Drawing upon such materials as the resources of the Archives for the History of Quantum Physics, the Niels Bohr Archives, and the archives and scientific correspondence of the principal quantum physicists, as well as Jagdish Mehra's personal discussions over many years with most of the architects of quantum theory, the authors have written a rigorous scientific history of quantum theory in a deeply human context. This multivolume work presents a rich account of an intellectual triumph: a unique analysis of the creative scientific process. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is science, history, and biography, all wrapped in the story of a great human enterprise. Its lessons will be an aid to those working in the sciences and humanities alike.

Barry Simon's book both summarizes and introduces the remarkable progress in constructive quantum field theory that can be attributed directly to the exploitation of Euclidean methods. During the past two years deep relations on both the physical level and on the level of the mathematical structure have been either uncovered or made rigorous. Connections between quantum fields and the statistical mechanics of ferromagnets have been established, for example, that now allow one to prove numerous inequalities in quantum field theory. In the first part of the book, the author presents the Euclidean methods on an axiomatic level and on the constructive level where the traditional results of the P(O)2 theory are translated into the new language. In the second part Professor Simon gives one of the approaches for constructing models of non-trivial, two-dimensional Wightman fields--specifically, the method of correlation inequalities. He discusses other approaches briefly. Drawn primarily from the author's lectures at the Eidenossiehe Technische Hochschule, Zurich, in 1973, the volume will appeal to physicists and mathematicians alike; it is especially suitable for those with limited familiarity with the literature of this very active field. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This book is a practical guide for researchers and advanced graduate students in biology and biophysics who need a quantitative understanding of acoustical systems such as hearing, sound production, and vibration detection in animals at the physiological level. It begins with an introduction to physical acoustics, covering the fundamental concepts and showing how they can be applied quantitatively to understand auditory and sound-producing systems in animals. Only after the relatively simple mechanical part of the system is explained does the author focus his attention on the underlying physiological processes. The book is written on three levels. For those wanting a brief survey of the field, each chapter begins with a nonmathematical synopsis which summarizes the content and refers to the figures, all of which are designed to be understood apart from the main text. At the next level, the reader can follow the main text, but need not give close attention to anything but the general concepts and techniques involved. At the third level, the reader should follow the mathematical arguments in detail and attempt the discussion of questions at the end of each chapter. The author has provided detailed solutions which serve to expand the discussions of particular cases.

This new book leads readers step-by-step through the complexities encountered as moving objects approach and cross the sound barrier. The problems of transonic flight were apparent with the very first experimental flights of scale-model rockets when the disastrous impact of shock waves and flow separations caused the aircraft to spin wildly out of control. Today many of these problems have been overcome, and this book offers an introduction to the transonic theory that has made possible many of these advances. The emphasis is on the most important basic approaches to the solution of transonic problems. The book also includes explanations of common pitfalls that must be avoided. An effort has been made to derive the most important equations of inviscid and viscous transonic flow in sufficient detail so that even novices may feel confident in their problem-solving ability. The use of computer approaches is reviewed, with references to the extensive literature in this area, while the critical shortcomings of an exclusive reliance on computational methods are also described. The book will be valuable to anyone who needs to acquire an understanding of transonic flow, including practicing engineers as well as students of fluid mechanics.

Organized for self-paced study, this user-friendly book can easily be understood by designers with no engineering training. Provides excellent guidance concerning how design can be used to control noise, privacy and room acoustics within buildings. Contains a summary of the basic types of sound problems that occur in buildings.

"Corrosion of High-Performance Ceramics" is a comprehensive survey of the state of the art of this new field of research. It presents the first generalized description of the corrosion of engineering ceramics and its effect on their mechanical properties (based on Si3N4, SiC, AlN, B4C, BN, Al2O3, ZrO2). Researchers, engineers and graduate students are provided with a guide to the performance of non-oxide and oxide ceramicsin corrosive environments. Keywords: high-temperature oxidation; hot corrosion; corrosion in acids, alkalis and molten salts; effects of corrosion on the physico-mechanical properties of ceramics; stress corrosion; corrosion protection; development of oxidation-resistant ceramics; role of purity, donations and microstructure.

"Principles of Statistical Radiophysics" is a four-volume series that introduces the newcomer to the theory of random functions. It aims at providing the background necessary to understand papers and monographs on the subject and to carry out independant research in fields where fluctuations are of importance, e.g. radiophysics, optics, astronomy, and acoustics. Volume 2, "Correlation Theory of Random Processes," presents the correlation theory of nonstationary processes paying particular attention to periodically nonstationary processes. Physical phenomena like interference, coherence and polarisation of random oscillations, thermal noise in discrete dynamical systems, and the spectral representations of random actions on discrete systems are dealt with.

Noise, as we usually think of it, is background sound that interferes with our ability to hear more interesting sounds. In general terms, though, it is anything that interferes with the reception of signals of any sort. It includes extraneous energy in the environment, degradation of signals in transit, and spontaneous random activity in receivers and signalers. Whatever the cause, the consequence of noise is error by receivers, and these errors are the key to understanding how noise shapes the evolution of communication. Noise Matters breaks new ground in the scientific understanding of how communication evolves in the presence of noise. Combining insights of signal detection theory with evidence from decades of his own original research, Haven Wiley explains the profound effects of noise on the evolution of communication. The coevolution of signalers and receivers does not result in ideal, noise-free communication, Wiley finds. Instead, signalers and receivers evolve to a joint equilibrium in which communication is effective but never error-free. Noise is inescapable in the evolution of communication. Wiley's comprehensive approach considers communication on many different levels of biological organization, from cells to individual organisms, including humans. Social interactions, such as honesty, mate choice, and cooperation, are reassessed in the light of noisy communication. The final sections demonstrate that noise even affects how we think about human language, science, subjectivity, and freedom. Noise Matters thus contributes to understanding the behavior of animals, including ourselves.

These 28 contributions by leading researchers - from such diverse disciplines as chemistry, biology, physics, mathematics, and physiology - describe recent experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses of the formation of spatial patterns in chemical and biological systems.Chemical patterns have been systematically studied since the field was established by Alan Turing's landmark 1952 paper, "The chemical basis for morphogenesis," yet only recently have new experimental techniques and numerical analyses of reaction-diffusion equations opened the way to understanding stationary and traveling wave patterns.This collection summarizes the exciting developments in this rapidly growing field. It shows that some biological patterns have been found to be strikingly similar to patterns found in simple, well-controlled laboratory chemical systems, that new chemical reactor designs make it possible to sustain chemical patterns and to study transitions between different kinds of patterns, and that nearly 40 years after Turing's paper, the patterns predicted by Turing have finally been observed in laboratory experiments.Harry L. Swinney is Sid Richardson Foundation Regents Chair, Department of Physics, and Director of the Center for Nonlinear Dynamics at the University of Texas at Austin. Valentin I. Krinsky is Head of the Autowave Laboratory, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, USSR.Chapters cover: Spiral, Ring, and Scroll Patterns: Experiments. Spiral, Ring, and Scroll Patterns: Theory and Simulations. Fronts and Turing Patterns. Waves and Patterns in Biological Systems.

This is an introduction to the branch of fluid mechanics concerned with the production of sound by hydrodynamic flows. It is designed for a one semester introductory course at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level. Great care is taken to explain underlying fluid mechanical and acoustic concepts, and to describe fully the steps in a complicated derivation. The discussion deals specifically with low Mach number flows, which enables the sound produced by `vortex-surface' interactions to be analyzed using the `compact Green's function'. This provides a routine procedure for estimating the sound, and an easy identification of those parts of a structure that are likely to be important sources of sound.