Science can do much good for mankind or can cause a catastrophe for mankind if it is handled by terrorists, (even aircraft can be turned into weapons of destruction as we have seen on September 11 2001 in New York City and Washington DC) This volume deals with science for the sake of mankind. Chemical physics, which combines chemistry and physics, and biochemical physics, which combines chemistry, physics and biology, have been developing quite radically recently. This holds true for pure and applied science as well. Some examples of such success are given in this book. Included in this volume are papers from Russian scientists, scientists from the republics of the former USSR and papers from scientists in western countries.

A personal story of the ways in which persistence, chance, and creativity interact in biomedical research. This first book by the author of Zen and the Brain examines the role of chance in the creative process. James Austin tells a personal story of the ways in which persistence, chance, and creativity interact in biomedical research; the conclusions he reaches shed light on the creative process in any field. Austin shows how, in his own investigations, unpredictable events shaped the outcome of his research and brought about novel results. He then goes beyond this story of serendipity to propose a new classification of the varieties of chance, drawing on his own research and examples from the history of science-including the famous accidents that led Fleming to the discovery of penicillin. Finally, he explores the nature of the creative process, considering not only the environmental and neurophysiological correlates of creativity but also the role of intuition in both scientific discoveries and spiritual quests. This updated MIT Press paperback edition includes a new introduction and recent material on medical research, creativity, and spirituality.

This volume contains an overview of the state of turbulence research with some bias towards work done in Europe. It represents an almost complete collection of the invited and contributed papers delivered at the Seventh European Turbulence Conference, sponsored by EUROMECH and ERCOFTAC and organized by the Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur. High-Reynolds number experiments combined with techniques of imaging, non-intrusive probing, processing and simulation provide high-quality data which put significant constraints on possible theories. For the first time, it has been shown, for a class of passive scalar problems, why dimensional analysis sometimes gives the wrong answers and how anomalous intermittency corrections can be calculated from first principles. The volume is thus geared towards specialists in the area of flow turbulence who could not attend the conference as well as anybody interested in this rapidly-moving field.

In his breathtaking debut, The View From Here, Brian Keith Jackson took us inside the heart of black family life in the rural South. Now, in a novel that resonates with pure emotion, he sends photographer Jeremy Bishop back to Elsewhere, Louisiana, for the funeral that marks the end of his father's life -- and the true beginning of his own.

His grandmother, Mama B, called him Patience. Jeremy was, she said, the most agreeable child. He would have liked to tell her that, even while growing up, his hidden wants festered deep inside him. His mother died just hours after his birth, and he was raised by Mama B and his Aunt Jess after his father disappeared. Even after his dad returned one day with his new family, Jeremy kept his distance. But it is a decade later, and Jeremy, now a successful New York photographer, gets a phone call from Louisiana. It is time for Jeremy Bishop to journey the long way home to help bury his father. In the graveyard where his father's body will be laid to rest; in a stranger's appearance at the wake; in a suicide; a murder; and finally inside a cardboard box that had belonged to his father, Jeremy will find himself in ways he never imagined. Conjuring Jeremy's youth in flashbacks as textured as the denim patch on his grandmother's rocking chair, Jackson weaves together past and present in a novel at once astonishing and universally human.

Progress in the numerical simulation of turbulence has been rapid in the 1990s. New techniques both for the numerical approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations and for the subgrid-scale models used in large-eddy simulation have emerged and are being widely applied for both fundamental and applied engineering studies, along with ideas for the performance and use of simulation for compressible, chemically reacting and transitional flows. This collection of papers from the second ERCOFTAC Workshop on Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation, held in Grenoble in September 1996, presents the research being undertaken in Europe and Japan on these topics. Describing in detail the ambitious use of DNS for fundamental studies and of LES for complex flows of potential and actual engineering importance, this volume should be of interest to researchers active in the area.

This text contains the proceedings of an IUTAM Symposium on turbulent flows at low Mach number, in which fluctuations in density occur as a result of heat transfer or of mixing of different fluids. Such flows occur in the atmosphere, the ocean, and in chemical engineering. In addition during combustion large fluctuations in density occur as a result of heat release; the flows that are considered here do not involve heat release, for the most part, but the variable density flows that are considered can serve as a paradigm for many of the problems that arise in combustion as a result of the density fluctuations. Compressible flows - such as supersonic ones - are also considered in order to underline their similarities to and their differences from low-speed variable density flows. The book should be of interest to mechanical, aerospace, civil, and chemical engineers, meteorologists and oceanographers and those who deal with fluids in which fluctuations of density occur.

The cross-section method is an analytical tool used in the design of components required for low-loss, highly efficient transmission of electromagnetic waves in nonuniform waveguides. When the waveguide dimensions are large compared with the wavelength, a fully three-dimensional analysis employing modern numerical methods based on finite element, finite difference, finite integration or transmission line matrix formalisms is practically impossible and the cross-section method is the only feasible analysis technique. The method is not limited to oversized tubular metallic waveguides, but is employed intensively in areas such as fibre optic communications, antenna synthesis, natural waveguides (submarine, tropospheric and seismic), microwave radio links (Earth or space) and the design of absorbing surfaces and it may also be applied to many acoustic problems. The application of the method in special cases such as cut-off and resonant frequencies is covered, as well as the design of oversized waveguide components such as tapers, bends, polarisers and mode converters. Many useful formulas are given for the practical layout of such transmission line components. The use of computers in the application of the method and problems related to numerical analysis are also covered.

This volume gives a comprehensive coverage of Internet technologies. It provides both a contemporary and extensive review of developments in the field and also gives details of research. Areas covered include: developments in the network protocols on which the Internet is based; the evolving capability of the Internet to carry audio and video traffic; and the development in security and payment technologies which are opening up a wide range of commercial electronic applications. As the importance of the Internet continues to increase, this book should be of interest to businesses. Several case studies of on-line services are included. The text should prove useful not only to researchers in the communications and computing sectors working directly in the development of the technology, but also to people working in banking and finance. Business users of the Internet should also find the book to be useful in the development of such applications as Internet trading and corporate intranets.

Inverse problems in wave propagation occur in geophysics, ocean acoustics, civil and environmental engineering, ultrasonic non-destructive testing, biomedical ultrasonics, radar, astrophysics, as well as other areas of science and technology. The papers in this volume cover these scientific and technical topics, together with fundamental mathematical investigations of the relation between waves and scatterers.

An almost complete collection of the papers given at the International Workshop on Imaging in High Energy Astronomy (Anacapri, Italy, 1994). These proceedings, which concentrate on imaging above 10 keV, represent the state of the art in the field, resulting from the success of many missions (I.C. Granat and CGRO) carrying detectors for high energy astronomy with imaging capabilities. The main topics of the book are Bragg concentrators, coded mask-modulation collimators, double Compton telescopes, the occultation method, tracking chambers, and new experimental techniques. The book also contains some papers dealing with image reconstruction and processing, with an emphasis on the above techniques.

Interdisciplinary perspectives on the capacity to perceive, appreciate, and make music. Research shows that all humans have a predisposition for music, just as they do for language. All of us can perceive and enjoy music, even if we can't carry a tune and consider ourselves "unmusical." This volume offers interdisciplinary perspectives on the capacity to perceive, appreciate, and make music. Scholars from biology, musicology, neurology, genetics, computer science, anthropology, psychology, and other fields consider what music is for and why every human culture has it; whether musicality is a uniquely human capacity; and what biological and cognitive mechanisms underlie it. Contributors outline a research program in musicality, and discuss issues in studying the evolution of music; consider principles, constraints, and theories of origins; review musicality from cross-cultural, cross-species, and cross-domain perspectives; discuss the computational modeling of animal song and creativity; and offer a historical context for the study of musicality. The volume aims to identify the basic neurocognitive mechanisms that constitute musicality (and effective ways to study these in human and nonhuman animals) and to develop a method for analyzing musical phenotypes that point to the biological basis of musicality. Contributors Jorge L. Armony, Judith Becker, Simon E. Fisher, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Bruno Gingras, Jessica Grahn, Yuko Hattori, Marisa Hoeschele, Henkjan Honing, David Huron, Dieuwke Hupkes, Yukiko Kikuchi, Julia Kursell, Marie-Elaine Lagrois, Hugo Merchant, Bjoern Merker, Iain Morley, Aniruddh D. Patel, Isabelle Peretz, Martin Rohrmeier, Constance Scharff, Carel ten Cate, Laurel J. Trainor, Sandra E. Trehub, Peter Tyack, Dominique Vuvan, Geraint Wiggins, Willem Zuidema

In the last decade parallel computing has been put forward as the only computational answer to the increasing computational needs arising from very large and complex fluid dynamic problems. Considerable efforts are being made to use parallel computers efficiently to solve several fluid dynamic problems originating in aerospace, climate modelling and environmental applications.

Parallel CFD Conferences are international and aim to increase discussion among researchers worldwide.

Topics covered in this particular book include typical CFD areas such as turbulence, Navier-Stokes and Euler solvers, reactive flows, with a good balance between both university and industrial applications. In addition, other applications making extensive use of CFD such as climate modelling and environmental applications are also included.

Anyone involved in the challenging field of Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics will find this volume useful in their daily work.

This is a guide to the design and application of elliptical dielectric waveguides and fibers. Written by one of the pioneers of optical fiber technology, it shows the theoretical basis of the technology, demonstrates the practical uses for elliptical fibers, guides the reader through design criteria and trade-offs, and gives immediate access to collected data and references on the topic. "Elliptical Fiber Waveguides" begins with an historical overview, and then provides detailed coverage of specific waveguide and fiber modes, including all relevant specifications and data currently available. The book examines the use of elliptical fibers for a wide variety of recent applications, including sensors, rare-earth-doped fiber sources, and amplifiers. With its 278 equations, 161 figures, and nearly 200 references to the literature, "Elliptical Fiber Waveguides" brings together in one source the complete body of information currently available on this promising technology.

Decaying Two-dimensional Turbulence; W.R. Young. Experiments in 1D Turbulence; F. Daviaud. Experiments on 2D Turbulence; (Laboratory) P. Tabeling. Experiments on Spatiotemporal Chaos in Two Dimensions J.P. Gollub. Extended Self Similarity; S. Ciliberto. Hot Wire Anemometry: An Overview in Turbulence Research-Present and Future; A. Tsinober. Intermittency (Random Cascade Models, Multifractality and Large Deviations); U.Frisch. Numerical Simulations (Direct); M.E. Brachet. Numerical Simulations of Twodimensional Flows; (Turbulence and Vortices); B. Legras. Optical Turbulence; A.C. Newell, V.E. Zakharov. Phase Turbulence; H. Chate, P. Manneville. Predictability in Turbulence; G. Paladin, et al. Probability Density Functions in 3D Turbulence; B. Castaing. Rayleigh-Benard Turbulent Convection; A. Tilgner, et al. Scaling in Hydrodynamics; L.P. Kadanoff. Spatiotemporal Intermittency; H. Chate, P. Manneville. Vorticity Filaments; Y. Couder, et al. 6 additional articles. Index.

Surface Acoustic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media covers almost all important problems of the interaction of different types of surface acoustic waves with surface inhomogeneities. The problems of surface acoustic wave interaction with periodic topographic gratings widely used in filters and resonators are under careful consideration. The most important results of surface wave scattering by local defects such as grooves, random roughness, elastic wedges are given. Different theoretical approaches and practical rules for solving the surface wave problems are presented.

This book provides an introduction for students, engineers and scientists to modern methods for computer simulation of systems involving continuous variables. Professor Murray-Smith draws on his many years of experience in teaching and applying continuous system simulation in engineering and biomedical applications to show his readers both the theory and practice of these techniques. His approach is practical throughout, placing particular emphasis on the use of simulation languages and other software tools widely used in the field. A simple simulation language is provided in disc with the book and used with examples and case studies from control, aeronautical and biomedical engineering to give readers hands-on experience. Commercially available software is also described and applied, and model validation and real time simulation techniques and applications are covered in detail. This book should be of interest to engineers and scientists in most processing and manufacturing industry, and most areas of engineering and physical science.

A consequence of the description of the superfluid condensate in superfluid He or in superconductors as a single macroscopic quantum state is the quantization of circulation, resulting in quantized vortex lines. This book draws no distinction between superfluid He3 and He4 and superconductors. It examines theoretical and experimental progress in understanding of the vortex state in both superconductors and superfluids, from lectures given by both experimentalists and theoreticians, who gathered in Cargese for a NATO ASI. The peculiar features related to short coherence lengths, 2D geometry, high temperatures, disorder and pinning are discussed.

Distributed amplification is one of the more powerful yet curiously under-utilised tools available to today's designers. In the hands of savvy engineers, distributed amplification allows the simultaneous optimisation of gain-bandwidth, phase linearity, and noise figure. In addition, at optical frequencies distributed amplifiction reduces dependence on temperature and signal polarisation. This work sets out to demystify this powerful technology as it surveys the current state-of-the-art with an emphasis on practical applications. From historical perspectives and theory to device design and implementation, "Fundamentals of Distributed Amplification" covers everything needed to integrate superior performance amplifiers into FETs, vacuum and parametric devices, semiconductor lasers, transistors, and many other devices. In addition to its coverage of the principles of distributed amplification, this detailed reference: develops thorough derivations of the relevant equations for distributed amplifiers, based on unilateral models of active devices; generates analysis based on bilateral models to account for reverse isolation, transient threshold, and tightly coupled systems; and discusses transient response and amplifier implementation in detail. The book also features a special, comprehensive section on developments in distributed optical amplifiers, including traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifiers and distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Researchers, microwave and device engineers, students, teachers of university courses and intensive industry short courses, should all find this book useful.

This volume comprises over 50 contributions resulting from the Ocean Reverberation Symposium, held 25-29 May 1992 in La Spezia, Italy. The contributions are presented in eight sections: Scattering Mechanisms, High Frequency Measurements and Mechanisms, Reverberation Modelling, ARSRP Mid-Atlantic Ridge Experiment, Low Frequency Measurements, Volume Scattering, Signal Processing Issues and Applications. The work addresses the emerging trends in ocean reverberation research. The availability of high-power, low-frequency sources and highly directional arrays has brought with it the tools, and the need, to study long-range reverberation. The use of projector sources and various waveforms, rather than explosives, allows the use of signal processing techniques to enhance the extraction of information about the reverberation and scattering processes.

The only clear exposition of the effect of polarization on electromagnetic systems, this "hands-on" design treatment emphasizes the concepts needed for such functional aspects as systems calculations and device evaluation.

This book gives you the tools you need to understand and determine changing propagation characteristics found in different physical situations and locations. The book presents a practical digital propagation model based entirely on the physical principles of wave propagation.

The Doppler principle is widely applied in astronomy, navigation, geodesy and a number of other disciplines of science and technology. Doppler sonography plays an increasingly important role in many fields of medicine - angiology, neurology, cardiology - an promises many exciting possibilities in the future. Yet, until recently, very little was known about the Austrian scientist whose name has been given to an established and routine medical examination. This book seeks to fill this gap and gives insight into the life of Christian Doppler, not only as a scientist, but also as a persona nd family man. It provides a wealth of new information and many new documents on the man who presented his famous paper "On the coloured light of the double stars" (which appears in facsimile with an English translation) in Prague 150 years ago this year.

Customer demand for an ever-wider range of communications services and new technological options are forcing developments in the local network. This volume surveys those developments in both the international and strategic planning contexts. Following an overview, the international scenario is presented, developments in the copper network are reviewed, and developments in optical networks are discussed. Network management and asynchronous transfer mode development are then covered, as are likely future directions.