The 34 chapters of the 2nd edition of How to Gain Gain give a detailed insight into a collection (54) of the most common gain producing, constant current generating possibilities, and electronic noise creation of triodes for audio pre-amplifier purposes. These chapters also offer complete sets of formulae to calculate gain, frequency and phase responses, and signal-to-noise ratios of certain building blocks built-up with this type of vacuum valve (tube). In all cases detailed derivations of the gain formulae are also presented. All what is needed are the data sheet valve characteristic figures of the triode's mutual conductance, the gain factor and the internal plate (anode) resistance. To calculate frequency and phase responses of gain stages the different data sheet based input and output capacitances have to be taken into account too. To calculate transfer functions and signal-to-noise ratios for any kind of triode driven gain stage, including all its bias setting, frequency, phase, and electronic noise influencing components, example Mathcad 11 worksheets as an essential simulation tool for each chapter allow easy follow-up and application of the respective formulae. Free download of all worksheets is guaranteed from the editor's web-site.

The book details a few of the novel methods developed in the last few years for studying various aspects of nonlinear wave systems. The introductory chapter provides a general overview, thematically linking the objects described in the book. Two chapters are devoted to wave systems possessing resonances with linear frequencies (Chapter 2) and with nonlinear frequencies (Chapter 3). In the next two chapters modulation instability in the KdV-type of equations is studied using rigorous mathematical methods (Chapter 4) and its possible connection to freak waves is investigated (Chapter 5). The book goes on to demonstrate how the choice of the Hamiltonian (Chapter 6) or the Lagrangian (Chapter 7) framework allows us to gain a deeper insight into the properties of a specific wave system. The final chapter discusses problems encountered when attempting to verify the theoretical predictions using numerical or laboratory experiments. All the chapters are illustrated by ample constructive examples demonstrating the applicability of these novel methods and approaches to a wide class of evolutionary dispersive PDEs, e.g. equations from Benjamin-Oro, Boussinesq, Hasegawa-Mima, KdV-type, Klein-Gordon, NLS-type, Serre, Shamel , Whitham and Zakharov. This makes the book interesting for professionals in the fields of nonlinear physics, applied mathematics and fluid mechanics as well as students who are studying these subjects. The book can also be used as a basis for a one-semester lecture course in applied mathematics or mathematical physics.

This book deals with the problem of cavitation, which is the formation of voids in a liquid or gas and with the behaviour of bubbles in liquids. There are currently few books written on this subject in such a clear and unified style. The study of cavitation and bubbly flow applies to many areas of interest; from valve damage in hydroelectric equipment, ship propellors and internal combustion engines to the performance of turbines and pumps of all sizes, to physiological phenomena such as the cracking of joints and the "bends". This book gives a coherent and unified treatment of the subject with an emphasis on the underlying physical phenomena. It is an important reference text for engineers who must deal with the problems of cavitation and bubbly flow and also for scientists interested in the basic phenomena.

The feasibility to extract porous medium parameters from acoustic recordings is investigated. The thesis gives an excellent discussion of our basic understanding of different wave modes, using a full-waveform and multi-component approach. Focus lies on the dependency on porosity and permeability where especially the latter is difficult to estimate. In this thesis, this sensitivity is shown for interface-wave and reflected-wave modes. For each of the pseudo-Rayleigh and pseudo-Stoneley interface waves unique estimates for permeability and porosity can be obtained when impedance and attenuation are combined. The pseudo-Stoneley wave is most sensitive to permeability: both the impedance and the attenuation are controlled by the fluid flow. Also from reflected-wave modes unique estimates for permeability and porosity can be obtained when the reflection coefficients of different reflected modes are combined. In this case the sensitivity to permeability is caused by subsurface heterogeneities generating mesoscopic fluid flow at seismic frequencies. The results of this thesis suggest that estimation of in-situ permeability is feasible, provided detection is carried out with multi-component measurements. The results of this thesis argely affect geotechnical and reservoir engineering practices.

Musical Performance covers many aspects like Musical Acoustics, Music Psychology, or motor and prosodic actions. It deals with basic concepts of the origin or music and its evolution, ranges over neurocognitive foundations, and covers computational, technological, or simulation solutions. This volume gives an overview about current research in the foundation of musical performance studies on all these levels. Recent concepts of synchronized systems, evolutionary concepts, basic understanding of performance as Gestalt patterns, theories of chill as performance goals or historical aspects are covered. The neurocognitive basis of motor action in terms of music, musical syntax, as well as therapeutic aspects are discussed. State-of-the-art applications in performance realizations, like virtual room acoustics, virtual musicians, new concepts of real-time physical modeling using complex performance data as input or sensor and gesture studies with soft- and hardware solutions are presented. So although the field is still much larger, this volume presents current trends in terms of understanding, implementing, and perceiving performance.

Properties of wave localization play a decisive role both in applications of engineered microstructures and in the detection of cracks and flaws. The papers in this volume give an introduction into a variety of interrelated dynamic localization phenomena occurring in elasticity, acoustics and electromagnetism. In particular, these involve surface and edge waves and also trapped modes localized near defects, shape changes and the edges of elongated waveguides. The effects of layering, prestress, anisotropy, periodic microstructures as well as various multi-field phenomena are addressed with reference to underlying industrial problems. The essential and up-to-date numerical, asymptotic, and analytical techniques are covered as well as relevant continuum theories that are required to make progress in, and understand wave localization and allied effects. A major focus is on a qualitative physical insight into the mechanisms of dynamic localization.

This book offers an overview of models, measurements, calculations and examples connecting musical acoustics and music psychology. Indeed, many mathematical formulations that explain musical acoustics can also be used to help predict human auditory perception.

This book presents seven chapters examining selected noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) topics that are highly relevant for automotive vehicle development. These include applications following the major trends toward increased passenger comfort, vehicle electrification and lightweight design. The authors of the seven chapters, all of which are experts from the automotive industry and academia, present the foremost challenges and potential solutions in this demanding field. Among others, applications for sound optimization in downsized engines, noise optimization in electric powertrains, weight reduction options for exhaust systems, porous materials description, and the vibro-acoustic analysis of geared systems are discussed.

About the book: This book is the first comprehensive review on acoustic metamaterials; novel materials which can manipulate sound waves in surprising ways, which include collimation, focusing, cloaking, sonic screening and extraordinary transmission. It covers both experimental and theoretical aspects of acoustic and elastic waves propagating in structured composites, with a focus on effective properties associated with negative refraction, lensing and cloaking. Most related books in the field address electromagnetic metamaterials and focus on numerical methods, and little (or no) experimental section. Each chapter will be authored by an acknowledged expert, amongst the topics covered will be experimental results on non-destructive imaging, cloaking by surface water waves, flexural waves in thin plates. Applications in medical ultrasound imaging and modeling of metamaterials will be emphasized too. The book can serve as a reference for researchers who wish to build a solid foundation of wave propagation in this class of novel materials.

Aerodynamic Noise extensively covers the theoretical basis and mathematical modeling of sound, especially the undesirable sounds produced by aircraft. This noise could come from an aircraft's engine-propellers, fans, combustion chamber, jets-or the vehicle itself-external surfaces-or from sonic booms. The majority of the sound produced is due to the motion of air and its interaction with solid boundaries, and this is the main discussion of the book. With problem sets at the end of each chapter, Aerodynamic Noise is ideal for graduate students of mechanical and aerospace engineering. It may also be useful for designers of cars, trains, and wind turbines.

The Physics of Music and Color deals with two subjects, music and color - sound and light in the physically objective sense - in a single volume. The basic underlying physical principles of the two subjects overlap greatly: both music and color are manifestations of wave phenomena, and commonalities exist as to the production, transmission, and detection of sound and light. This book aids readers in studying both subjects, which involve nearly the entire gamut of the fundamental laws of classical as well as modern physics. Where traditional introductory physics and courses are styled so that the basic principles are introduced first and are then applied wherever possible, this book is based on a motivational approach: it introduces a subject by demonstrating a set of related phenomena, challenging readers by calling for a physical basis for what is observed. The Physics of Music and Color is written at level suitable for college students without any scientific background, requiring only simple algebra and a passing familiarity with trigonometry. It contains numerous problems at the end of each chapter that help the reader to fully grasp the subject.

Suitable for both individual and group learning, Engineering Acoustics focuses on basic concepts and methods to make our environments quieter, both in buildings and in the open air. The author's tutorial style derives from the conviction that understanding is enhanced when the necessity behind the particular teaching approach is made clear. He also combines mathematical derivations and formulas with extensive explanations and examples to deepen comprehension. Fundamental chapters on the physics and perception of sound precede those on noise reduction (elastic isolation) methods. The last chapter deals with microphones and loudspeakers. Moeser includes major discoveries by Lothar Cremer, including the optimum impedance for mufflers and the coincidence effect behind structural acoustic transmission. The appendix gives a short introduction on the use of complex amplitudes in acoustics.

Microphone arrays have attracted a lot of interest over the last few decades since they have the potential to solve many important problems such as noise reduction/speech enhancement, source separation, dereverberation, spatial sound recording, and source localization/tracking, to name a few. However, the design and implementation of microphone arrays with beamforming algorithms is not a trivial task when it comes to processing broadband signals such as speech. Indeed, in most sensor arrangements, the beamformer output tends to have a frequency-dependent response. One exception, perhaps, is the family of differential microphone arrays (DMAs) who have the promise to form frequency-independent responses. Moreover, they have the potential to attain high directional gains with small and compact apertures. As a result, this type of microphone arrays has drawn much research and development attention recently. This book is intended to provide a systematic study of DMAs from a signal processing perspective. The primary objective is to develop a rigorous but yet simple theory for the design, implementation, and performance analysis of DMAs. The theory includes some signal processing techniques for the design of commonly used first-order, second-order, third-order, and also the general Nth-order DMAs. For each order, particular examples are given on how to form standard directional patterns such as the dipole, cardioid, supercardioid, hypercardioid, subcardioid, and quadrupole. The study demonstrates the performance of the different order DMAs in terms of beampattern, directivity factor, white noise gain, and gain for point sources. The inherent relationship between differential processing and adaptive beamforming is discussed, which provides a better understanding of DMAs and why they can achieve high directional gain. Finally, we show how to design DMAs that can be robust against white noise amplification.

This edited volume consists of twelve contributions related to the EU Marie Curie Transfer of Knowledge Project Cooperation of Estonian and Norwegian Scienti c Centres within Mathematics and its Applications, CENS-CMA (2005-2009), - der contract MTKD-CT-2004-013909, which ?nanced exchange visits to and from CENS, the Centre for Nonlinear Studies at the Institute of Cybernetics of Tallinn University of Technology in Estonia. Seven contributions describe research highlights of CENS members, two the work of members of CMA, the Centre of Mathematics for Applications,Univ- sity of Oslo, Norway, as the partner institution of CENS in the Marie Curie project, and three the ?eld of work of foreign research fellows, who visited CENS as part of theproject. Thestructureofthebookre?ectsthedistributionofthetopicsaddressed: Part I Waves in Solids Part II Mesoscopic Theory Part III Exploiting the Dissipation Inequality Part IV Waves in Fluids Part V Mathematical Methods The papers are written in a tutorial style, intended for non-specialist researchers and students, where the authors communicate their own experiences in tackling a problem that is currently of interest in the scienti?c community. The goal was to produce a book, which highlights the importance of applied mathematics and which can be used for educational purposes, such as material for a course or a seminar. To ensure the scienti?c quality of the contributions, each paper was carefully - viewed by two international experts. Special thanks go to all authors and referees, without whom making this book would not have been possible.

November, 2008 Anna Schwarz, Johannes Janicka In the last thirty years noise emission has developed into a topic of increasing importance to society and economy. In ?elds such as air, road and rail traf?c, the control of noise emissions and development of associated noise-reduction techno- gies is a central requirement for social acceptance and economical competitiveness. The noise emission of combustion systems is a major part of the task of noise - duction. The following aspects motivate research: * Modern combustion chambers in technical combustion systems with low pol- tion exhausts are 5 - 8 dB louder compared to their predecessors. In the ope- tional state the noise pressure levels achieved can even be 10-15 dB louder. * High capacity torches in the chemical industry are usually placed at ground level because of the reasons of noise emissions instead of being placed at a height suitable for safety and security. * For airplanes the combustion emissions become a more and more important topic. The combustion instability and noise issues are one major obstacle for the introduction of green technologies as lean fuel combustion and premixed burners in aero-engines. The direct and indirect contribution of combustion noise to the overall core noise is still under discussion. However, it is clear that the core noise besides the fan tone will become an important noise source in future aero-engine designs. To further reduce the jet noise, geared ultra high bypass ratio fans are driven by only a few highly loaded turbine stages.

Ando establishes a theory of subjective preference of the sound field in a concert hall, based on preference theory with a model of human auditory- brain system. The model uses the autocorrelation function and the interaural crosscorrelation function for signals arriving at two ear entrances and considers the specialization of human cerebral hemispheres. The theory may be applied to describe primary sensations such as pitch or missing fundamental, loudness, timbre, and duration. The theory may also be applied to visual sensations as well as subjective preference of visual environments. Remarkable findings in activities in both auditory-brain and visual-brain systems in relation to subjective preference as a primitive response are described.

Solid Acoustic Waves and Vibration: Theory and Applications is an exciting new book that takes readers inside a fascinating subject. It is charming that there is a complex and delicate structure in characteristic values, which is revealed by introducing a conceptual system including space operator, space-time variable, reference Poisson's ratio, etc., and developing the analytical models for all limiting cases. The dispersion curves of waves in an elastic plate are determined completely, and a systematic and concise description of the fundamental theory of this subject is given.As MEMS and NEMS technology develops, a number of new issues presents, such as the effects of residual stress, thin-film, air captured in micro-air-gaps and coating on the system, which make the problem complicated and spark debates. Micro-diaphragms are modeled by a plate in tension and mounted on air-spring, a general TDK equation of vibration of plates, including free, forced and damped vibrations, and its solutions are developed. The loading effect of coating is modeled by a mass load; a micro-load theory is presented. This book is a summary of the author's long-term research on electromechanical transducers and these related issues, and they provide an excellent description combining theory and application. The principle of electromechanical transducers, which achieve the conversion between mechanical and electrical energy, occupying a particularly important position in the field of robotics and intelligent machines, is elucidated by introducing the concepts of space-time operator, complex transformation factor, inversion impedance, etc., and an unfiled equivalent circuit is presented. The applications in micromachined capacitive ultrasonic transducers (mCUTs, CMUTs) for biomedical imaging and ultrasonic mass resonators (mUMRs) for biochemical sensing, including plate-type, beam-type, nanowire, bulk-wave, LAW and SAW delay-line ultrasonic resonators are described. This interdisciplinary book will be increasingly attractive as MEMS and NEMS technology develops.

Vibration and structural acoustics analysis has become an essential requirement for high-quality structural and mechanical design in order to assure acoustic comfort and the integrity, reliability and fail-safe behavior of structures and machines. The underlying technologies of this field of multidisciplinary research are evolving very fast and their dissemination is usually scattered over different and complementary scientific and technical publication means. In order to make it easy for developers and technology end-users to follow the latest developments and news in the field, this book collects into a single volume selected, extended, updated and revised versions of papers presented at the Symposium on Vibration and Structural Acoustics Analysis, coordinated by J. Dias Rodrigues and C. M. A. Vasques, which was organised as part of the 3rd International Conference on Integrity, Reliability & Failure (IRF'2009), co-chaired by J. F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, held at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal, 20-24 July 2009. These papers where chosen from the more than 60 papers presented at the conference symposium. Written by experienced practitioners and researchers in the field, this book brings together recent developments in the field, spanning across a broad range of themes: vibration analysis, analytical and computational structural acoustics and vibration, material systems and technologies for noise and vibration control, vibration-based structural health monitoring/evaluation, machinery noise/vibration and diagnostics, experimental testing in vibration and structural acoustics, applications and case studies in structural acoustics and vibration. Each chapter presents and describes the state of the art, presents current research results and discusses the need for future developments in a particular aspect of vibration and structural acoustics analysis. The book is envisaged to be an appealing text for newcomers to the subject and a useful research study tool for advanced students and faculty members. Practitioners and researchers may also find this book a one-stop reference that addresses current and future challenges in this field. The variety of case studies is expected to stimulate a holistic view of sound and vibration and related fields and to appeal to a broad spectrum of engineers such as the ones in the mechanical, aeronautical, aerospace, civil and electrical communities.

Higher dimensional theories have attracted much attention because they make it possible to reduce much of physics in a concise, elegant fashion that unifies the two great theories of the 20th century: Quantum Theory and Relativity. This book provides an elementary description of quantum wave equations in higher dimensions at an advanced level so as to put all current mathematical and physical concepts and techniques at the reader's disposal. A comprehensive description of quantum wave equations in higher dimensions and their broad range of applications in quantum mechanics is provided, which complements the traditional coverage found in the existing quantum mechanics textbooks and gives scientists a fresh outlook on quantum systems in all branches of physics. In Parts I and II the basic properties of the SO(n) group are reviewed and basic theories and techniques related to wave equations in higher dimensions are introduced. Parts III and IV cover important quantum systems in the framework of non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics in terms of the theories presented in Part II. In particular, the Levinson theorem and the generalized hypervirial theorem in higher dimensions, the Schroedinger equation with position-dependent mass and the Kaluza-Klein theory in higher dimensions are investigated. In this context, the dependence of the energy levels on the dimension is shown. Finally, Part V contains conclusions, outlooks and an extensive bibliography.

The 29th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging was held in Shonan Village, Kanagawa, Japan, April 15-18, 2007. This interdisciplinary Symposium has been taking place every two years since 1968 and forms a unique forum for advanced research, covering new technologies, developments, methods and theories in all areas of acoustics. In the course of the years the volumes in the Acoustical Imaging Series have developed and become well-known and appreciated reference works. Offering both a broad perspective on the state-of-the-art in the field as well as an in-depth look at its leading edge research, this Volume 29 in the Series contains again an excellent collection of seventy papers presented in nine major categories: (1) Strain Imaging, (2) Biological and Medical Applications, (3) Acoustic Microscopy, (4) Non-Destructive Evaluation and Industrial Applications, (5) Components and Systems, (6) Geophysics and Underwater Imaging, (7) Physics and Mathematics, (8) Medical Image Analysis, (9) FDTD method and Other Numerical Simulations.

This book reports on the application of advanced models of the human binaural hearing system in modern technology, among others, in the following areas: binaural analysis of aural scenes, binaural de-reverberation, binaural quality assessment of audio channels, loudspeakers and performance spaces, binaural perceptual coding, binaural processing in hearing aids and cochlea implants, binaural systems in robots, binaural/tactile human-machine interfaces, speech-intelligibility prediction in rooms and/or multi-speaker scenarios. An introduction to binaural modeling and an outlook to the future are provided. Further, the book features a MATLAB toolbox to enable readers to construct their own dedicated binaural models on demand.

Blauert's and Xiang's "Acoustics for Engineers" provides the material for an introductory course in engineering acoustics for students with basic knowledge in mathematics. In the second, enlarged edition, the teaching aspects of the book have been substantially improved. Carefully selected examples illustrate the application of acoustic principles and problems are provided for training. "Acoustics for Engineers" is designed for extensive teaching at the university level. Under the guidance of an academic teacher it is sufficient as the sole textbook for the subject. Each chapter deals with a well defined topic and represents the material for a two-hour lecture. The 15 chapters alternate between more theoretical and more application-oriented concepts.

This comprehensive book presents all aspects of acoustic metamaterials and phononic crystals. The emphasis is on acoustic wave propagation phenomena at interfaces such as refraction, especially unusual refractive properties and negative refraction. A thorough discussion of the mechanisms leading to such refractive phenomena includes local resonances in metamaterials and scattering in phononic crystals.

Noise is ubiquitous in nature and in man-made systems. Noise in oscillators perturbs high-technology devices such as time standards or digital communication systems. The understanding of its algebraic structure is thus of vital importance. The book addresses both the measurement methods and the understanding of quantum, 1/f and phase noise in systems such as electronic amplifiers, oscillators and receivers, trapped ions, cosmic ray showers and in commercial applications. A strong link between 1/f noise and number theory is emphasized. The twenty papers in the book are comprehensive versions of talks presented at a school in Chapelle des Bois (Jura, France) held from April 6 to 10, 1999, by engineers, physisicts and mathematicians.

1989 was by any standards an extraordinary year: the year in which the Cold War ended. However, although much has changed, much remains unresolved or not changed at all. Even though the rationale for the huge military forces has been removed from the East-West relationship, these forces still retain a tremendous potential to do harm. Moreover, threats to peace may grow along North-South and South-South axes. An example of such a threat is the rapid growth in size and sophistication of military arsenals in the South. The contributions to this volume make it clear that the problems of East and West, North and South are inter- twined. Security can be gained only through cooperation. The contributors, who come from widely differing geographical, cultural and political backgrounds, all share the Pugwash tradition of scientific objectivity.