Since 1972 the Schools on Nonlinear Physics in Gorky have been a meeting place for Soviet scientists working in this field. Instead of producing for the first time English proceedings it has been decided to present a good cross section of nonlinear physics in the USSR. Thus the participants at the last School were invited to provide English reviews and research papers for these two volumes (which in the years to come will be followed by the proceedings of forthcoming schools). "The first volume" starts with a historical overview of nonlinear dynamics from Poincare to the present day and touches topics like attractors, nonlinear oscillators and waves, turbulence, pattern formation, and dynamics of structures in nonequilibrium dissipative media. It then deals with structures, bistabilities, instabilities, chaos, dynamics of defects in 1d systems, self-organizations, solitons, spatio-temporal structures and wave collapse in optical systems, lasers, plasmas, reaction-diffusion systems and solids."

This unique one-volume overview of classical wave theory-ideal as a classroom text or for individual study-covers wave phenomena of acoustics, optics, electromagnetic radiations and more. Topics include fundamentals, Bessel functions, waveguides, elasticity theory, hydrodynamic waves, and special phenomenon of wave diffraction. With problems.

This book contains the papers that were accepted for presentation at the 1988 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Underwater Acoustic Data Processing, held at the Royal Military College of Canada from 18 to 29 July, 1988. Approximately 110 participants from various NATO countries were in attendance during this two week period. Their research interests range from underwater acoustics to signal processing and computer science; some are renowned scientists and some are recent Ph.D. graduates. The purpose of the ASI was to provide an authoritative summing up of the various research activities related to sonar technology. The exposition on each subject began with one or two tutorials prepared by invited lecturers, followed by research papers which provided indications of the state of development in that specific area. I have broadly classified the papers into three sections under the titles of I. Propagation and Noise, II. Signal Processing and III. Post Processing. The reader will find in Section I papers on low frequency acoustic sources and effects of the medium on underwater acoustic propagation. Problems such as coherence loss due to boundary interaction, wavefront distortion and multipath transmission were addressed. Besides the medium, corrupting noise sources also have a strong influence on the performance of a sonar system and several researchers described methods of modeling these sources.

This introduction to telecommunications provides a broad view of modern telecommunications principles and applications. The revised and expanded edition will meet the needs of a wider audience through the addition of more advanced material, particularly the treatment of the Fourier transform and the greater emphasis placed on the influence of noise on system performance. The book concludes with a set of case studies which illustrate the principles introduced and demonstrate their applications. There is a new case study on the Compact Disc as a communications system. In keeping with the other books in the series this book has marginal notes to expand and enrich the main text, worked examples that illustrate theory and applications, problems (with answers) graded according to difficulty at the ends of chapters and clear cross-referencing to other titles in the series where appropriate. This book should be of interest to first and second year degree and diploma courses in electrical and electronic engineering.

1.1. Steps in the initial auditory processing. 4 2 THE TIME-FREQUENCY ENERGY REPRESENTATION 2.1. Short-time spectrum of a steady-state Iii. 9 2.2. Smoothed short-time spectra. 9 2.3. Short-time spectra of linear chirps. 13 2.4. Short-time spectra of /w /'s. 15 2.5. Wide band spectrograms of /w /'s. 16 Spectrograms of rapid formant motion. 2.6. 17 2.7. Wigner distribution and spectrogram. 21 2.8. Wigner distribution and spectrogram of cos wot. 23 2.9. Concentration ellipses for transform kernels. 28 2.10. Concentration ellipses for complementary kernels. 42 42 2.11. Directional transforms for a linear chirp. 47 2.12. Spectrograms of /wioi/ with different window sizes. 2.13. Wigner distribution of /wioi/. 49 2.14. Time-frequency autocorrelation function of /wioi/. 49 2.15. Gaussian transform of Iwioi/. 50 2.16. Directional transforms of lwioi/. 52 3 TIME-FREQUENCY FILTERING 3.1. Recovering the transfer function by filtering. 57 3.2. Estimating 'aliased' transfer function. 61 3.3. T-F autocorrelation function of an impulse train. 70 3.4. T-F autocorrelation function of LTI filter output. 70 Windowing recovers transfer function. 3.5. 72 3.6. Shearing the time-frequency autocorrelation function. 75 3.7. T-F autocorrelation function for FM filter. 76 3.8. T-F autocorrelation function of FM filter output. 77 3.9. Windowing recovers transfer function. 79 4 THE SCHEMATIC SPECTROGRAM Problems with pole-fitting approach.

This book is a revision of my Ph. D. thesis dissertation submitted to Carnegie Mellon University in 1987. It documents the research and results of the compiler technology developed for the Warp machine. Warp is a systolic array built out of custom, high-performance processors, each of which can execute up to 10 million floating-point operations per second (10 MFLOPS). Under the direction of H. T. Kung, the Warp machine matured from an academic, experimental prototype to a commercial product of General Electric. The Warp machine demonstrated that the scalable architecture of high-peiformance, programmable systolic arrays represents a practical, cost-effective solu tion to the present and future computation-intensive applications. The success of Warp led to the follow-on iWarp project, a joint project with Intel, to develop a single-chip 20 MFLOPS processor. The availability of the highly integrated iWarp processor will have a significant impact on parallel computing. One of the major challenges in the development of Warp was to build an optimizing compiler for the machine. First, the processors in the xx A Systolic Array Optimizing Compiler array cooperate at a fine granularity of parallelism, interaction between processors must be considered in the generation of code for individual processors. Second, the individual processors themselves derive their performance from a VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) instruction set and a high degree of internal pipelining and parallelism. The compiler contains optimizations pertaining to the array level of parallelism, as well as optimizations for the individual VLIW processors."

Speech Recognition has a long history of being one of the difficult problems in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science. As one goes from problem solving tasks such as puzzles and chess to perceptual tasks such as speech and vision, the problem characteristics change dramatically: knowledge poor to knowledge rich; low data rates to high data rates; slow response time (minutes to hours) to instantaneous response time. These characteristics taken together increase the computational complexity of the problem by several orders of magnitude. Further, speech provides a challenging task domain which embodies many of the requirements of intelligent behavior: operate in real time; exploit vast amounts of knowledge, tolerate errorful, unexpected unknown input; use symbols and abstractions; communicate in natural language and learn from the environment. Voice input to computers offers a number of advantages. It provides a natural, fast, hands free, eyes free, location free input medium. However, there are many as yet unsolved problems that prevent routine use of speech as an input device by non-experts. These include cost, real time response, speaker independence, robustness to variations such as noise, microphone, speech rate and loudness, and the ability to handle non-grammatical speech. Satisfactory solutions to each of these problems can be expected within the next decade. Recognition of unrestricted spontaneous continuous speech appears unsolvable at present. However, by the addition of simple constraints, such as clarification dialog to resolve ambiguity, we believe it will be possible to develop systems capable of accepting very large vocabulary continuous speechdictation.

The work presented in this text relates to research work in the general area of adaptive filter theory and practice which has been carried out at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Edinburgh since 1977. Much of the earlier work in the department was devoted to looking at the problems associated with the physical implementation of these structures. This text relates to research which has been undertaken since 1984 which is more involved with the theoretical development of adaptive algorithms. The text sets out to provide a coherent framework within which general adaptive algorithms for finite impulse response adaptive filters may be evaluated. It further presents one approach to the problem of finding a stable solution to the infinite impulse response adaptive filter problem. This latter objective being restricted to the communications equaliser application area. The authors are indebted to a great number of people for their help, guidance and encouragement during the course of preparing this text. We should first express our appreciation for the support given by two successive heads of department at Edinburgh, Professor J. H. Collins and Professor J. Mavor. The work reported here could not have taken place without their support and also that of many colleagues, principally Professor P. M. Grant who must share much of the responsibility for instigating this line of research at Edinburgh.

The heh~vior of matter anrl waves in a rlynamical setting nffer~ many challenging prohlems to the mathematician anrl the m~terials scientist alike. Unrler review in this volume are a variety of nonlioear phenomena whose con- sirleration entails new perspectives, oot commooly fouorl in the literatllre. Of particular note is the experimental aspect of many of the papers. In arlrlition, attention has been given ta the interaction of electromagnetic anrl mechanical pro- perties of materials. Ouestions arise which cannat naw he answererl. Attempts are marle to rlescrihe anrl to unrlerstand phenomena which are far from equilihrium ar which suffer ahrupt changes in behavior. Some of this requires tentative physical or aoalytical assumptions. The hases for these hypotheses lie in the quest for a rational theory which agrees with experiment. This Volume anr! Volume 2, ~scUJation theory, compution, an'!. methorls ~ com- pensated ~~mpact~ess, offer oi fferent vi ewpoi nts of some of the rlynami cal stllrli es considereo during the 19f14-19R5 IMA program, Continullm Physics and Partial Differenti al Equati ons. Contents of the other volumes, fOllnrl at the enrl of the hook, contain other relevant titles.

The subject of modelling and application of stochastic processes is too vast to be exhausted in a single volume. In this book, attention is focused on a small subset of this vast subject. The primary emphasis is on realization and approximation of stochastic systems. Recently there has been considerable interest in the stochastic realization problem, and hence, an attempt has been made here to collect in one place some of the more recent approaches and algorithms for solving the stochastic realiza tion problem. Various different approaches for realizing linear minimum-phase systems, linear nonminimum-phase systems, and bilinear systems are presented. These approaches range from time-domain methods to spectral-domain methods. An overview of the chapter contents briefly describes these approaches. Also, in most of these chapters special attention is given to the problem of developing numerically ef ficient algorithms for obtaining reduced-order (approximate) stochastic realizations. On the application side, chapters on use of Markov random fields for modelling and analyzing image signals, use of complementary models for the smoothing problem with missing data, and nonlinear estimation are included. Chapter 1 by Klein and Dickinson develops the nested orthogonal state space realization for ARMA processes. As suggested by the name, nested orthogonal realizations possess two key properties; (i) the state variables are orthogonal, and (ii) the system matrices for the (n + l)st order realization contain as their "upper" n-th order blocks the system matrices from the n-th order realization (nesting property)."

The 37th Annual Denver Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis was held August 1-5, 1988, at the Sheraton Steamboat Resort and Conference Center, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. As usual, alternating with x-ray diffraction, the emphasis this year was x-ray fluorescence, but as has been the pattern for several occasions over the last few years, the Plenary Session did not deal with that subject, specifically. In an attempt to introduce the audience to one of the new developments in x-ray analysis, the title of the session was "High Brilliance Sources/Applications," and dealt exclusively with synchrotron radiation, a topic which has made a very large impact on the x-ray community over the last decade. As the organizer and co-chairman of the Plenary Session (with Paul Predecki), it is my responsibility to report on that session here. The Conference had the privilege of obtaining the services of some of the preeminent practitioners of research using this remarkable x-ray source; they presented the audience with unusually lucid descriptions of the work which has been accomplished in the development and application of the continuous, high intensity, tunable, polarized and collimated x-rays available from no facility other than these specialized storage rings. The opening lecture (and I use that term intentionally) was an enthusiastic description of "What is Synchrotron Radiation?" by Professor Boris Batterman of Cornell University and the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Sourc(! (CHESS).

A great number of scientists in European research institutions is involved in one or more aspects of the multidisciplinary field of signal processing. This book contains concise descriptions of the activities and interests of 379 signal proces sing laboratories from 17 European countries. Its purpose is twofold: to facilitate communications between institutions and individual scientists within the signal pro cessing community - and to give an expose of the combined European signal processing research effort. This publication is the result of a survey which was made in the fall of 1983 by the European Association for Signal Processing EURASIP. EURASIP is a non-profit professional organization which aims at the improvement of communications between groups and individuals working in the field of signal pro cessing in Europe or elsewhere, and to exchange and disseminate information in the field allover the world. EURASIP arranges workshops and conferences, e.g., the European Signal Processing Conferences EUSIPCO, and publishes the journals SIGNAL PROCESSING and SPEECH COMMUNICATION."

VI The idea to hold such a meeting in Germany for the first time was due to Prof. H. Pelzl. Its realization was greatly supported by financial help of the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk and the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, which is gratefully acknowledged. The Editors VII Contents 1. Basic Principles Photoacoustic Effect in Condensed Matter - Historical Development E. LUscher 1 Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy - A Tool for the Study of Optical Spectra of very Transparent Materials 21 C. K. N. Patel Thermodynamic r ode 1 s of the Photoacousti c Effect P. Korpiun 40 Frequency Dependent Photoacous tic Spectroscopy of Condensed t latter J. Pelzl 52 Photoacoustic Spectroscopies D. Fournier and A. C. Boccara so Comparison Between Photoacoustic and Other Spectroscopies 94 R. Til gner Generation of Acoustic Waves in Liquids by Pulsed Lasers lOS H. W. Sigrist Piezoelectric Detection in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Theory and Application 115 H. D. Breuer Photothermal Radiometry P. -E. Nordal and S. O. Kanstad 129 Contents VIII 2. Spectroscopic Applications Applications of Resonant Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 139 J. Roper, K. Frank, and P. Hess Photoacoustic Fourier Transform Spectroscopy for the Visible and the Near Infrared D. uebarre, A. C. Boccara and D. Fournier 147 Photoacoustic Spectra of Biliverdin Dimethyl Ester S. E. Braslavsky, R. Ellul, S. Culshaw, I. -M. Tegmo-larsson, and K. Schaffner 154 Quantitative Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Phenolred Potassium Salt in Polyvinalalcohol W. Gortz and H. -H. Perkampus 163 In Situ Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Copper Electrodes in Solution U. Sander, J. K. Dohrmann, and H. -H."

This textbook provides a guide to the fundamental principles of acoustics in a straightforward manner using a solid foundation in mathematics and physics. It is designed for those who are new to acoustics and noise control, and includes all the necessary material for a comprehensive understanding of the topic. It is written in lecture-note style and can be easily adapted to an acoustics-related one semester course at the senior undergraduate or graduate level. The book also serves as a ready reference for the practicing engineer new to the application of acoustic principles arising in product design and fabrication.

This anthology was originally planned in connection with a symposium "Language in Primates: Implications for Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, and Philosophy," at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Publication of the book would not have been possible without the support given to the Symposium by many individuals and groups. The Editors thank everyone involved for their kind and generous assistance. Specifi cally, we thank the invited speakers at the Symposium, Thomas A. Sebeok, H. Lyn Miles, Roger S. Fouts, and Thomas Simon. The chapters in this book by Miles, Fouts, and Simon are revised versions of their lectures at the Symposium. We thank Edward Simmel for his encouragement, his patience with our efforts, and his help in planning and directing the Symposium. For their financial assistance, we thank the co-sponsors of the Symposium: the Sigma Chi Foundation/William P. Huffman Scholar-in Residence Program at Miami University, as well as the Departments of Classics, Philosophy, Psychology, and Sociology and Anthropology at Miami. We thank Barbara Johnson, Polly J. Harris and Brenda Shaw for their secretarial and editorial help, and Shirley Gallimore for her patience, care, good humor, and hard work in typing the manuscript. Finally, we thank the contributors to this volume."

Iterative methods for calculating static fields are presented in this book. Static field boundary value problems are reduced to the boundary integral equations and these equations are solved by means of iterative processes. This is done for interior and exterior problems and for var ious boundary conditions. Most problems treated are three-dimensional, because for two-dimensional problems the specific and often powerful tool of conformal mapping is available. The iterative methods have some ad vantages over grid methods and, to a certain extent, variational methods: (1) they give analytic approximate formulas for the field and for some functionals of the field of practical importance (such as capacitance and polarizability tensor), (2) the formulas for the functionals can be used in a computer program for calculating these functionals for bodies of arbitrary shape, (3) iterative methods are convenient for computers. From a practical point of view the above methods reduce to the cal culation of multiple integrals. Of special interest is the case of inte grands with weak singularities. Some of the central results of the book are some analytic approximate formulas for scattering matrices for small bodies of arbitrary shape. These formulas answer many practical questions such as how does the scattering depend on the shape of the body or on the boundary conditions, how does one calculate the effective field in a medium consisting of many small particles, and many other questions."

Trevor Cox is on a hunt for the sonic wonders of the world. A renowned expert who engineers classrooms and concert halls, Cox has made a career of eradicating bizarre and unwanted sounds. But after an epiphany in the London sewers, Cox now revels in exotic noises creaking glaciers, whispering galleries, stalactite organs, musical roads, humming dunes, seals that sound like alien angels, and a Mayan pyramid that chirps like a bird. With forays into archaeology, neuroscience, biology, and design, Cox explains how sound is made and altered by the environment, how our body reacts to peculiar noises, and how these mysterious wonders illuminate sound s surprising dynamics in everyday settings from your bedroom to the opera house. The Sound Book encourages us to become better listeners in a world dominated by the visual and to open our ears to the glorious cacophony all around us."

This book explores the fascinating and intimate relationship between music and physics. Over millennia, the playing of, and listening to music have stimulated creativity and curiosity in people all around the globe. Beginning with the basics, the authors first address the tonal systems of European-type music, comparing them with those of other, distant cultures. They analyze the physical principles of common musical instruments with emphasis on sound creation and particularly charisma. Modern research on the psychology of musical perception - the field known as psychoacoustics - is also described. The sound of orchestras in concert halls is discussed, and its psychoacoustic effects are explained. Finally, the authors touch upon the role of music for our mind and society. Throughout the book, interesting stories and anecdotes give insights into the musical activities of physicists and their interaction with composers and musicians.

This paper describes the results of current research at DREA in which techniques of optimum array processing are being applied to active sonar. We are presenting these results at the Advanced Study Institute in order to illustrate some actual applications for such processing and to point out some of the practical considerations which arise in real systems. In particular, the paper concerns the problems which arise when the individual sensor elements have a complicated directivity pattern themselves. This is a common phenomenon in active systems where the receiving sensors are complex resonant structures and are housed in a dome or towed body presenting various baffling and diffraction effects. Most treatments of array processing consider ideal elements which have well behaved directivity properties and are transparent to the field. The results of this paper show that where these properties are not met, careful in situ array measurements are required, and even with such measurements practical array gains may not be as good as predictions based on ideal sensors.

The summer school held in Portovenere followed a tutorial format with the purpose of familiarizing postdoctoral or postgraduate students in the basic theories and up-to-date applications of present knowledge. Although, from a teaching point of view, a certain areount of overlapping is always useful, in order to avoid excessive duplication direct contact between lecturers expert in the same subject was encouraged during the preparation phase. In recent years computer facilities and theoretical implementa tion have considerably increased the possibility of solving problems relating to signal detection in noise. Any type of communication may take advantage of signal processing principles, including any type of physical measurement that can be considered as a non-semantic and/or quasi-semantic communication. Since signal processing techniques are common to many branches of science (telecommunications, radar, sonar, seismology, geophysics, nuclear research, space research and others), the advanced and sophisticated levels reached singularly in anyone of them could be used to the advantage of the others. In particular, underwater acoustics is a discipline which, to some extent, represents a practical general model that has permitted the development of signal processing techniques suitable to meet data reduction and interpretation needs of other branches of science. This ASI consequently underlined the inter-disciplinarity of signal proces sing in order that the principles of outstanding methods developed in one field may be adapted to others."