Monte Carlo computer simulations are now a standard tool in scientific fields such as condensed-matter physics, including surface-physics and applied-physics problems (metallurgy, diffusion, and segregation, etc. ), chemical physics, including studies of solutions, chemical reactions, polymer statistics, etc., and field theory. With the increasing ability of this method to deal with quantum-mechanical problems such as quantum spin systems or many-fermion problems, it will become useful for other questions in the fields of elementary-particle and nuclear physics as well. The large number of recent publications dealing either with applications or further development of some aspects of this method is a clear indication that the scientific community has realized the power and versatility of Monte Carlo simula tions, as well as of related simulation techniques such as "molecular dynamics" and "Langevin dynamics," which are only briefly mentioned in the present book. With the increasing availability of recent very-high-speed general-purpose computers, many problems become tractable which have so far escaped satisfactory treatment due to prac tical limitations (too small systems had to be chosen, or too short averaging times had to be used). While this approach is admittedly rather expensive, two cheaper alternatives have become available, too: (i) array or vector processors specifical ly suited for wide classes of simulation purposes; (ii) special purpose processors, which are built for a more specific class of problems or, in the extreme case, for the simulation of one single model system."

Elements of Rapid Solidification: Fundamentals and Applications is the product of many years of concentrated work in the field of rapid solidification and processing. This quasi-monograph is unique in two ways. It brings together the talent of many international scientists in an effort to focus attention on all aspects of a new scientific field and it concentrates on fundamentals and practical applications. Simply stated, this book has been written by the senior students in the field of rapid solidification technology for the new generation of solid-state physicists, materials scientists, materials engineers, metallurgists and ceramicists.

This book contains the proceedings of a workshop held at the Institute Laue-Langevin in Grenoble in September 1988. Review articles and contributed papers survey recent theoretical and experimental developments on disordered materials and in particular on glasses. A large part of the book concerns the recently proposed mode-coupling approach to the behaviour of a viscous liquid around its glass transition, where the relevant dynamics extend over a broad range in time scales and the application of quite different experimental techniques becomes essential. Contributions report on experiments using dielectric relaxation, NMR or light scattering techniques, and especially neutron scattering techniques. One signature of disordered materials is the occurrence of an excess vibrational density of states at low frequencies. Some situations are presented where the density of states can be understood by taking into account the peculiarities of intra- and intermolecular motions. Another approach to the dynamics of disordered materials is the fracton picture, developed to describe the excitations of fractal objects. Several contributions discuss the dynamics of such fractals, studying mainly the vibrational density of states, and some discuss the application of the fracton concept to materials without a fractal structure like glasses.

The state-of-the-art in the theoretical statistical physics treatment of the Janus fluid is reported with a bridge between new research results published in journal articles and a contextual literature review. Recent Monte Carlo simulations on the Kern and Frenkel model of the Janus fluid have revealed that in the vapor phase, below the critical point, there is the formation of preferred inert clusters made up of a well-defined number of particles: the micelles and the vesicles. This is responsible for a re-entrant gas branch of the gas-liquid binodal. Detailed account of this findings are given in the first chapter where the Janus fluid is introduced as a product of new sophisticated synthesis laboratory techniques. In the second chapter a cluster theory is developed to approximate the exact clustering properties stemming from the simulations. It is shown that the theory is able to reproduce semi-quantitatively the micellization phenomenon.

Halogenated derivatives of simple hydrocarbons, like chloro-and fluoromethanes and -ethanes, are important chemicals in many industries for example as working media in organi Rankine cycles and refrigerating pro cesses. Although there are ecological reasons against using these substances, it is expected that they cannot be substituted in all cases. But optimizing the processes in which these substances have to be used can also contribute to minimizing the possible damage. This book summarizes the extensive experimental material available on the thermodynamic properties of 16 pure and mixed halogenated hydrocarbons, so that it can easily be used both by process and design engineers. The project was initiated by the late Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard Bender and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. H.D. Baehr. We would like to express our gratitude especially to Prof. Baehr for his continuing interest and to Springer-Verlag for their patience. Besides the authors, quite a large number of students contributed to the completion of the book. Among them we are most obliged to Mr. L. Hoffmann and Mr. F. Strepp for their assistance in preparing tables, diagrams and charts. We hope that this book will prove to be useful to many colleagues, and we welcome proposals, advice, and comments."

A Symposium on Aerothermodynamics of Combustors was held at the Institute of Applied Mechanics of the National Taiwan University from 3 to 5 June 1991 and was attended by 130 delegates from eight countries. The topics of the forty formal presentations included measurements and calculations of isothermal simulations and of combusting flows with one and two phases, and with consideration of configurations ranging from simple diffusion to gas-turbine flows. The discussions inside and outside of the Symposium Hall were lively and an open forum session demonstrated the range of opinions currently and strongly held. The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics initiated the Symposium under the chairmanship of Professor R S L Lee and with the Scientific Committee listed below. It benefited from sponsorship, again as listed below, and from contributors who presented interesting and up-to-date descriptions of their research. Invited lectures were delivered by Professors R Bilger and F Weinberg and set the scene in terms of quality of material and presentation.

Computer Simulation Studies in Condensed-Matter Physics VIII covers recent developments in this field presented at the 1995 workshop, such as new algorithms, methods of analysis, and conceptual developments. This volume is composed of three parts. The first part contains invited papers that deal with simulational studies of classical systems. The second part is devoted to invited papers on quantum systems, including new results for strongly correlated electron and quantum spin models. The final part comprises contributed presentations.

This work tries to provide an elementary introduction to the notions of continuum limit and universality in statistical systems with a large number of degrees of freedom. The existence of a continuum limit requires the appearance of correlations at large distance, a situation that is encountered in second order phase transitions, near the critical temperature. In this context, we will emphasize the role of gaussian distributions and their relations with the mean field approximation and Landau's theory of critical phenomena. We will show that quasi-gaussian or mean-field approximations cannot describe correctly phase transitions in three space dimensions. We will assign this difficulty to the coupling of very different physical length scales, even though the systems we will consider have only local, that is, short range interactions. To analyze the unusual situation, a new concept is required: the renormalization group, whose fixed points allow understanding the universality of physical properties at large distance, beyond mean-field theory. In the continuum limit, critical phenomena can be described by quantum field theories. In this framework, the renormalization group is directly related to the renormalization process, that is, the necessity to cancel the infinities that arise in straightforward formulations of the theory. We thus discuss the renormalization group in the context of various relevant field theories. This leads to proofs of universality and to efficient tools for calculating universal quantities in a perturbative framework. Finally, we construct a general functional renormalization group, which can be used when perturbative methods are inadequate.

The subject of laminar-turbulent transition is of considerable practical importance and has a wide range of engineering applications. For this reason, the International Union of Applied Mechanics decided to sponsor a third Symposium on "Laminar-Turbulent Transition," which would be organised by the ONERA Toulouse Research Center and held at "Ecole Nationale Superieure de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace" in 1989. It was supposed that like the two previous IUTAM Symposia (Stuttgart 1979 and Novosibirsk 1984) the symposium would be devoted to experimental of laminar-turbulent transition In fluids, i.e. the and theoretical studies physical problem of transition and mathematical modelling in shear flows. The contributed papers were selected by the Scientific Committee from extended abstracts. The larger number of highly qualified papers submitted for presentation led us to include in the program poster sessions, which could be held during morning, lunch and afternoon breaks, and to take the decision that the symposium should last five days (from Monday 11 to Friday 15 September). An excursion on Wednesday offering a well deserved rest and the occasion of new personal exchanges between the participants seems to have been appreciated by all. The symposium consisted of 8 invited lectures and 62 contributed pa pers presented either on oral or poster sessions."

This special volume contains several articles written in honour of Professor IngolfTeipel on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Professor Teipel was born on March 15th, 1933 in Wissen/Sieg. He started his school career in Betzdorf/Sieg. From 1943 to 1951 he went to the Gymnasium in Betzdorf, where he obtained his school-leaving exam after only 8 years. In 1951 Professor Teipel started his studies in Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Aachen and got his diploma at the Aerodynamic Institute in 1956. Then Professor Teipel decided to join the research group of the Institute of Theoretical Gasdynamics at the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fiir Luft und Raumfahrt (DVL), the famous institute of Professor Oswatitsch, where he spent about 13 years until 1968. At the Technical University of Aachen he finished his dissertation devoted to spherical-symmetric shock waves and he obtained his doctorate in Mechanical Engineering in 1960. Some years later he went as a guest scientist to the Aerospace Laboratories of Dayton, Ohio, USA. In 1965 Professor Teipel fmished his habilitation work with a paper on unsteady transonic pressure forces at the Technical University of Aachen, where he recieved the venia legendi in fluid mechanics. In this year, Professor Teipel was given the freedom of the state Tennessee, USA."

Interacting many-body systems are the main subjects of research in theoretical condensed matter physics, and they are the source of both the interest and the difficulty in this field. In order to understand the macroscopic properties of matter in terms of macroscopic knowledge, many analytic and approximate methods have been introduced. The contributions to this proceedings volume focus on the most recent developments of computational approaches in condensed matter physics. Monte Carlo methods and molecular dynamics simulations applied to strongly correlated classical and quantum systems such as electron systems, quantum spin systems, spin glassss, coupled map systems, polymers and other random and comlex systems are reviewed. Comprising easy to follow introductions to each field covered and also more specialized contributions, this proceedings volume explains why computational approaches are necessary and how different fields are related to each other.

One high-level ability of the human brain is to understand what it has learned. This seems to be the crucial advantage in comparison to the brain activity of other primates. At present we are technologically almost ready to artificially reproduce human brain tissue, but we still do not fully understand the information processing and the related biological mechanisms underlying this ability. Thus an electronic clone of the human brain is still far from being realizable. At the same time, around twenty years after the revival of the connectionist paradigm, we are not yet satisfied with the typical subsymbolic attitude of devices like neural networks: we can make them learn to solve even difficult problems, but without a clear explanation of why a solution works. Indeed, to widely use these devices in a reliable and non elementary way we need formal and understandable expressions of the learnt functions. of being tested, manipulated and composed with These must be susceptible other similar expressions to build more structured functions as a solution of complex problems via the usual deductive methods of the Artificial Intelligence. Many effort have been steered in this directions in the last years, constructing artificial hybrid systems where a cooperation between the sub symbolic processing of the neural networks merges in various modes with symbolic algorithms. In parallel, neurobiology research keeps on supplying more and more detailed explanations of the low-level phenomena responsible for mental processes.

There are numerous technological materials - such as metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, and many others - that vary in properties and serviceability. However, the almost universal common theme to most real materials is that their properties depend on the scale at which the analysis or observation takes place and at each scale "probabilities" play an important role. Here the word "probabilities" is used in a wider than the classical sense. In order to increase the efficiency and serviceability of these materials, researchers from NATO, CP and other countries were brought together to exchange knowledge and develop avenues for progress and applications in the st 21 century. The workshop began by reviewing progress in the subject area over the past few years and by identifying key questions that remain open. One point was how to observe/measure material properties at different scales and whether a probabilistic approach, at each scale, was always applicable and advantageous. The wide range of materials, from wood to advanced metals and from concrete to complex advanced composites, and the diversity of applications, e.g. fatigue, fracture, deformation, etc., were recognized as "obstacles" in identifying a "universal" approach.

This text presents an introduction to the application of the finite ele ment method to the analysis of heat transfer problems. The discussion has been limited to diffusion and convection type of heat transfer in solids and fluids. The main motivation of writing this book stems from two facts. Firstly, we have not come across any other text which provides an intro duction to the finite element method (FEM) solely from a heat transfer perspective. Most introductory texts attempt to teach FEM from a struc tural engineering background, which may distract non-structural engineers from pursuing this important subject with full enthusiasm. We feel that our approach provides a better alternative for non-structural engineers. Secondly, for people who are interested in using FEM for heat transfer, we have attempted to cover a wide range of topics, presenting the essential the ory and full implementational details including two FORTRAN programs. In addition to the basic FEM heat transfer concepts and implementation, we have also presented some modem techniques which are being used to enhance the accuracy and speed of the conventional method. In writing the text we have endeavoured to keep it accessible to persons with qualifications of no more than an engineering graduate. As mentioned earlier this book may be used to learn FEM by beginners, this may include undergraduate students and practicing engineers. However, there is enough advanced material to interest more experienced practitioners.

At the present moment, after the success of the renormalization group in providing a conceptual framework for studying second-order phase tran sitions, we have a nearly satisfactory understanding of the statistical me chanics of classical systems with a non-random Hamiltonian. The situation is completely different if we consider the theory of systems with a random Hamiltonian or of chaotic dynamical systems. The two fields are connected; in fact, in the latter the effects of deterministic chaos can be modelled by an appropriate stochastic process. Although many interesting results have been obtained in recent years and much progress has been made, we still lack a satisfactory understanding of the extremely wide variety of phenomena which are present in these fields. The study of disordered or chaotic systems is the new frontier where new ideas and techniques are being developed. More interesting and deep results are expected to come in future years. The properties of random matrices and their products form a basic tool, whose importance cannot be underestimated. They playa role as important as Fourier transforms for differential equations. This book is extremely interesting as far as it presents a unified approach for the main results which have been obtained in the study of random ma trices. It will become a reference book for people working in the subject. The book is written by physicists, uses the language of physics and I am sure that many physicists will read it with great pleasure."

This volume contains the written versions of lectures held at the "23. Internationale Universit tswochen fUr Kernphysik" in Schladming, Austria, in February 1984. Once again the generous support of our sponsors, the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research, the Styrian Government and others, had made it possible to organize this school. The aim of the topics chosen for the meeting was to present different aspects of stochastic methods and techniques. These methods have opened up new ways to attack problems in a broad field ranging from quantum mechanics to quantum field theory. Thanks to the efforts of the lecturers it was possible to take this development into account and show relations to areas where stochastic methods have been used for a long time. Due to limited space only short manuscript versions of the many seminars presented could be included. The lecture notes were reexamined by the authors after the school and are now published in their final form. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their efforts which made it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Neuhold for her careful typing of the notes. H. Mitter L. Pittner Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. XXVI, 3-52 (1984) (c) by Springer-Verlag 1984 STOCHASTIC PROCESSES - QUANTUM PHYSICS+ by L. STREIT Universitat Bielefeld BiBoS D-4800 Bielefeld. FR Germany I.

The field of neural information processing has two main objects: investigation into the functioning of biological neural networks and use of artificial neural networks to sol ve real world problems. Even before the reincarnation of the field of artificial neural networks in mid nineteen eighties, researchers have attempted to explore the engineering of human brain function. After the reincarnation, we have seen an emergence of a large number of neural network models and their successful applications to solve real world problems. This volume presents a collection of recent research and developments in the field of neural information processing. The book is organized in three Parts, i.e., (1) architectures, (2) learning algorithms, and (3) applications. Artificial neural networks consist of simple processing elements called neurons, which are connected by weights. The number of neurons and how they are connected to each other defines the architecture of a particular neural network. Part 1 of the book has nine chapters, demonstrating some of recent neural network architectures derived either to mimic aspects of human brain function or applied in some real world problems. Muresan provides a simple neural network model, based on spiking neurons that make use of shunting inhibition, which is capable of resisting small scale changes of stimulus. Hoshino and Zheng simulate a neural network of the auditory cortex to investigate neural basis for encoding and perception of vowel sounds.

The Fifteenth International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Meth- ods was held July 31-August 4, 1995 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. St. John's College, located in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, provided a congenial setting for the Workshop. The relaxed atmosphere of the College, which was thoroughly enjoyed by all the attendees, stimulated free-flowing and thought- ful discussions. Conversations continued at the social events, which included a reception at the Santa Fe Institute, a New Mexican dinner at Richard Silver's home, and an excursion to Los Alamos that ended with a mixed grill at FUller Lodge, the main hall of the former Los Alamos Ranch School. This volume represents the Proceedings of the Workshop. Articles on the tra- ditional theme of the Workshop, application of the maximum-entropy principle and Bayesian methods for statistical inference in diverse areas of scientific re- search, are contained in these Proceedings. As is tradition, the Workshop opened with a tutorial on Bayesian methods, lucidly presented by Peter Cheeseman and Wray Buntine (NASA AMES, Moffett Field). The lecture notes for their tutorial are available on the World Wide Web at http://bayes .lanl. gov / "'maxent/. In addition, several new thrusts for the Workshop are described below.

Nervous System Actions and Interactions: Concepts in Neurophysiology approaches the nervous system from a functional, rather than structural, point of view.

While all of the central topics of functional neuroscience are covered, these topics are organized from a neurophysiological perspective yielding chapters on subjects such as information storage and effector actions. Each chapter is organized around general concepts that then are further developed in the text. The authors attempt to establish a dialogue with the reader by means of proposed experiments and open ended questions that are designed to both reinforce and question the text. This volume is intended to be a book of ideas for the novice or seasoned researcher in neuroscience.

Non-uniform combustion, as encountered in diesel and gas turbine engines, furnaces, and boilers, is responsible for the conversion of fossil fuel to energy and also for the corresponding formation of pollutants. In spite of great research efforts in the past, the mechanism of non-uniform combustion has remained less explored than that of other combustion types, since it consists of many, mostly transient processes which influence each other. In view of this background, a group research project, "Exploration of Combustion Mechanism," was established to explore the mechanism of combustion, especially that of diffusive combustion, and also to find efficient ways to control the combustion process for better utilization of fuel and the reduction of pollutant emission. The group research was started, after preparatory activity of 2 years, in April 1988, for a period of 3 years, as a project with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Priority Area subsidized by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. The entire group of 43 members was set up as an organizing committee of 13 members, and five research groups, consisting of 36 members. The research groups were: (1) Steady combustion, (2) Unsteady spray combustion, (3) Control of combustion, (4) Chemistry of combustion, and (5) Effects of fuels. At the beginning of the project it was agreed that we should pursue the mechanism of combustion from a scientific viewpoint, namely, the target of the project was to obtain the fundamentals, or "know why," rather than "know how" of combustion.

Crystal pulling is an industrial process and provides the bulk of semiconductor crystals for the semiconductor industry. Initially a purely empirical process, the increase in importance and size of the industry has led to basic research into the fundamentals of the process - particularly the modelling of heat and mass transfer. The book has been written by the recognized authority on Czochralski crystal-growth techniques. It is an attempt to strengthen the interface between the practical crystal grower and the applied mathematician involved in analytical and computer modelling. Its focus is on the physics, chemistry and metallurgy of the process. From reviews: "... There is a need for a modern, non-trivial text on Czochralski growth ... and Dr. Hurle is eminently suited to write such a text."; "Dr. Hurle is probably uniquely qualified to write a book on ... (the Czochralski) growth process. ... He has published a great deal of very substantial as well as innovative work in this area."

This volume contains papers presented at the Thirteenth Taniguchi Symposium on the Theory of Condensed Matter, which was held at Kashikojima (in Ise Shima National Park), Japan, from 6th to 9th November, 1990. The topic of the symposium was Molecular Dynamics Simulations. The general objective of this series of the Taniguchi Symposia is to encour age developing fields of great promise in condensed matter physics. Our theme, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, certainly fulfills this requirement, be cause the field is developing at a remarkable pace and its future is considered almost boundless. It was in the 1950s that the original idea of the MD methods was first pro posed and applied to the study of physical systems composed of many particles. In fact, the invention of the MD techniques occurred soon after the construction of the first computers. For almost 35 years since then, MD methods, together with Monte Carlo methods, have played major parts in the drama of computer simulations. The triumph of MD simulations is not confined to numerical aspects of detailed analyses of physical systems. MD simulations have verified some un expected facts and introduced some new concepts, all of which had never been predicted previously from analytical theories. The occurrence of the Alder tran sition in a system of repulsive particles and the behavior of the long-time tails of the velocity autocorrelation function for a liquid are just two examples of the results achieved by means of MD studies."

The formation and evolution of complex dynamical structures is one of the most exciting areas of nonlinear physics. Such pattern formation problems are common in practically all systems involving a large number of interacting components. Here, the basic problem is to understand how competing physical forces can shape stable geometries and to explain why nature prefers just these. Motivation for the intensive study of pattern formation phenomena during the past few years derives from an increasing appreciation of the remarkable diversity of behaviour encountered in nonlinear systems and of universal features shared by entire classes of nonlinear processes. As physics copes with ever more ambi tious problems in pattern formation, summarizing our present state of knowledge becomes a pressing issue. This volume presents an overview of selected topics in this field of current interest. It deals with theoretical models of pattern formation and with simulations that bridge the gap between theory and experiment. The book is a product of the International Symposium on the Physics of Structure Formation, held from October 27 through November 2, 1986, at the Institute for Information Sciences of the University of Tiibingen. The symposium brought together a group of distinguished scientists from various disciplines to exchange ideas about recent advances in pattern formation in the physical sciences, and also to introduce young scientists to the fi"

This book is an introduction to the physics of elementary excitations in condensed matter with emphasis on basic concepts and their mathematical representations. The nature of the book is mainly determined by the fact that it was originally written, in Japanese, as one volume of Iwanami Series of Fundamental Physics supervised by Professor H. Yukawa. Our task was to portray the theory of condensed matter from a unified point of view for the student looking for his own research field and also for more senior readers interested in fundamentals of contemporary physics. As our point of view, we chose the concept of elementary excitation, which we believe to be one of the most fruitful concepts discovered by the quantum theory of matter. The present English edition has been translated by the authors themselves from the second, revised Japanese edition published in 1978, six years after publication of the first edition. In translating, we have introduced no major modifications; only the list of references has been made more suitable to overseas readers. In the English as well as in the Japanese editions, Chaps. 1,4, and part of 6 were written by Nakajima, Chaps. 2, 5, and 7 by Toyozawa, and Chaps. 3 and part of 6 by Abe. Finally we should like to thank Professor P. Fulde for kind help and Dr. H. Lotsch, SpriIiger-Verlag, for patient cooperation in making this English edition a reality.

The core of the material on large scale dynamics of interacting particles grew out of courses I taught at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rutgers Universi ty, and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen and out of lectures I gave at the workshop "Hydrodynamical Behavior of Microscopic Systems" at the Universita dell'Aquila. I had the good luck of being helped through difficult ground by many friends. Amongst them I am deeply indebted to Joel L. Lebowitz. He got me started. Relatively little would have been achieved without his never-ending curiosity and insistence on clarity. Furthermore, I gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Michael Aizenman, Henk van Beijeren, Carlo Boldrighini, Jean Bricmont, Paola Calderoni, Brian Davies, Anna DeMasi, Roland Dobrushin, Detlef Durr, Gregory Eyink, Mark Fannes, Pablo Ferrari, Alberto Frigerio, Joseph Fritz, Antonio Galves, Shelly Goldstein, Vittorio Gorini, Reinhard Illner, Claude Kipnis, Joachim Krug, Oscar Lanford, Reinhard Lang, Joel Lebowitz, Christian Maes, Stefano Olla, George Papanicolaou, Errico Presutti, Mario Pulvirenti, Fraydoun Rezakhanlou, Hermann Rost, Yasha Sinai, Yuri Suhov, Domo Szasz, Ragu Varadhan, Andre Verbeure, David Wick, and Horng-Tzer Yau. The list is somewhat lengthy, perhaps, but besides thanks I want to make clear that what I will describe is the outcome of a common scientific enterprise. I thank Henk van Beijeren and Detlef Durr for careful reading of and com ments on a previous version. Paola Calderoni and Detlef Durr supplied me with the proof in Part I, Chapter 8. 4 which is most appreciated. Munchen, May 1991 Herbert Spohn Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."