Most Americans view traffic congestion as the most serious environmental problem facing communities today. While overwhelming public sentiment has forced local governments to employ a variety of anticongestion strategies, it has been difficult to gauge their efficacy. Only one thing is certain: most residents of metropolitan areas believe that traffic congestion is getting worse, not better. anticongestion programmes. Drawing on a significant body of research from transportation experts and land-use planners, the book examines the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies, considers the causes of worsening traffic problems, weighs efforts to remedy or reduce their intensification, and identifies the most effective remedies. This edition contains wholly new chapters on the fundamental cause of congestion, how bad it is across the country, how much congestion is caused by accidents and other incidents, whether expanding public transport capacity can help overcome congestion, and the detailed dynamics of how congestion arises on major expressways each day. co-operation among localities. He also argues that building enough new roads to fully alleviate current peak-hour traffic congestion is too costly, and is already impossible in many of the world's largest metropolitan areas. He believes major expansion of public transportation - though possibly desirable to increase mobility - will not decrease congestion much. And he concludes that rationing roads would be unrealistic and ineffective. Since none of these possibilities is practical, Downs seeks to explore why traffic congestion has arisen in our society, why is it getting more intensive, and why it cannot be eliminated entirely.

This edited monograph collects theoretical, empirical and political contributions from different fields, focusing on the commercial launch of electric mobility, and intending to shed more light on the complexity of supply and demand. It is an ongoing discussion, both in the public as well as in academia, whether or not electric mobility is capable of gaining a considerable market share in the near future. The target audience primarily comprises researchers and practitioners in the field, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.

Each chapter in Equilibrium and Advanced Transportation Modelling develops a topic from basic concepts to the state-of-the-art, and beyond. All chapters relate to aspects of network equilibrium. Chapter One advocates the use of simulation models for the representation of traffic flow movements at the microscopic level. Chapter Two presents travel demand systems for generating trip matrices from activity-based models, taking into account the entire daily schedule of network users. Chapter Three examines equilibrium strategic choices adopted by the passengers of a congested transit system, carefully addressing line selection at boarding and transfer nodes. Chapter Four provides a critical appraisal of the traditional process that consists in sequentially performing the tasks of trip generation, trip distribution, mode split and assignment, and its impact on the practice of transportation planning. Chapter Five gives an insightful overview of stochastic assignment models, both in the static and dynamic cases. Chapters Six and Seven investigate the setting of tolls to improve traffic flow conditions in a congested transportation network. Chapter Eight provides a unifying framework for the analysis of multicriteria assignment models. In this chapter, available algorithms are summarized and an econometric perspective on the estimation of heterogeneous preferences is given. Chapter Nine surveys the use of hyperpaths in operations research and proposes a new paradigm of equilibrium in a capacitated network, with an application to transit assignment. Chapter Ten analyzes the transient states of a system moving towards equilibrium, using the mathematical framework of projected dynamical systems. Chapter Eleven discusses an in-depth survey of algorithms for solving shortest path problems, which are pervasive to any equilibrium algorithm. The chapter devotes special attention to the computation of dynamic shortest paths and to shortest hyperpaths. The final chapter considers operations research tools for reducing traffic congestion, in particular introducing an algorithm for solving a signal-setting problem formulated as a bilevel program.

This work describes the activities of a handful of American companies and about eighty American captains who were trying to run ships on China's great river during the treacherous days between the two world wars. The considerable physical dangers of the Yangtze itself were compounded by the greater human hazards imposed by constant fighting among warlords, piracy, brigandry, kidnapping, opium and munitions smuggling, corruption, seizures, and other forms of intimidation. The events recall--and surpass--anything of the Wild West in American frontier history. No American steamship company survived longer than twelve years in this environment, but Standard Oil, which was sheltered from the worst of the violence, was able to operate its ships throughout the entire period.

More than a naval/military, or even economic, history, this book is also a commentary on a significant but largely unsuccessful American commercial venture overseas--one that was eventually scuttled by the actions of the Chinese and the American companies themselves. Ship buffs, maritime historians, students of the evolution of modern China, and those interested in American commercial history will find this study useful and entertaining.

Driven by rising oil demand and active initiatives, including recent Chinese naval escort of merchant vessels in the Gulf of Aden, Asia has become an important player in international energy security, as well as maritime security. The timely volume examines China's and Japan's efforts for securing energy supplies overseas and maritime energy transport, their cooperation and rivalry as well as the implications for Asia up to recent years. It also examines the growing shipping traffic in the Straits of Malacca and security of sea lanes in Asia. Viewing energy and maritime security as global public goods, the volume surveys and proposes multilateral initiatives for provisioning these goods.

"Economics at the Wheel" is about cars and driving, and all the problems that cars and drivers create for America. It explains actual government policy intended to reduce the damage cars and drivers do to us, and it explains why these government policies are almost all failures because they attack the wrong problem or attack it in the wrong way. The reader will come away with a much fuller understanding of air pollution, global warming, highway safety, auto insurance, gasoline taxation, rush-hour congestion, leaking underground storage tanks, and many other auto-related issues. It looks at common actions and circumstances from an economics perspective. It is readable with accessible prose style and few footnotes. It includes questions to provoke student thinking and boxed sections of side materials to stimulate discussions.

The physical distribution of products is an important element in the marketing operations of all productive enterprises, and in many cases efficient distribution is the most important single factor leading to success. With the emergence of post-industrial society the role of distribution has come to increasingly be viewed as a generator of wealth in the economy, attracting the interest of public policy makers anxious to influence investment, employment and efficiency in the sector.

First published in 1982, this book isolates the major trends affecting the main institutions in distribution and contrasts the processes of change amongst the countries and regions of the European Economic Community. Structural change in the industry is related to spatial change in the regions and comparisons made of the varied public policy responses in member countries. An interesting and relevant reissue, this title will be of particular value to economics and business students with an interest in the development of the European consumer and post-industrial Europe.

Formed in 1901 by U.S. Steel Corporation, the Pittsburgh Steamship Company became the largest commercial fleet in the world and assumed a dominant role in Great Lakes shipping and the American steel industry. Tin Stackers tells its story: the ships, the men who sailed them, and the conditions that shaped their times. Drawing on company records and interviews with officials and sailors, Miller tells how the fleet kept organized labor off Great Lakes ships while leading the way in efficient operation, technological advancement, and employee safety. He emphasizes the human element in the company's history by relating the personal challenges faced by crews, and includes many archival photographs. Now navigating the waters of the lakes as the USS Great Lakes Fleet, Inc., these ships continue to play a part in commerce. Tin Stackers preserves their role in industrial history.

The book covers both the analysis of the major producer of civil aircraft (EADS/Airbus) located in the region and its relation with the cluster of enterprises within those regions. It studies the organization of production, the creation of knowledge within the industry, the concentration and competition among the two global producers, the overall financial situation of the sector, the specialization and specification of the different territories.

Hardbound. This collection of papers, presented by the leading researchers in the field, addresses the fundamental topics within travel behaviour research and serves both to define the state of the art and to stimulate future research. The work presented in this book is pivotal to an understanding of the current and future role of the private motor vehicle in society and helps us to understand how our future society will be shaped by the nature of personal travel.It is divided into five sections: underpinnings of travel behaviour; stated preference; travel patterns; dynamics of route choice; methodological advancements. The book contains twenty-nine papers originally presented at the Seventh International Conference of the International Association for Travel Behaviour Research and subsequently refereed and revised for publication. It can justly be said that the book represents the latest published update of the global map of travel behaviour researc

Low cost carriers (LCCs) represent one of the most exciting and dynamic yet often contentious developments in recent commercial aviation history. Formed as a direct result of policies of airline deregulation and liberalisation that were initiated in the United States in the late 1970s before being implemented in certain European, Australasian, Latin American and other world markets from the mid-1990s onwards to encourage competition, LCCs have been responsible for progressively reconfiguring the spatial patterns, operational practices and passenger experiences of flight. In the process, they have enabled growing numbers of people to fly to more places, more frequently, and at lower cost than had been previously possible. In so doing, however, they have generated a number of socio-economic and environmental challenges. The 23 essays included in this volume provide a detailed insight into the emergence, expansion and evolution of the low cost carrier sector worldwide. The volume covers deregulation and liberalisation of the global airline sector, the business models and operating characteristics of low cost carriers, the changing nature of the airline/airport relationship, LCC network characteristics, issues of pricing and competition and the current impacts and likely future trajectories.

Aerospace Marketing Management is a marketing manual devoted to:

-the aeronautics sector: parts suppliers, aircraft manufacturers, and airlines,
-the space sector: suppliers, integrators, and service providers. It presents the essentials of marketing from basic concepts such as segmentation, positioning and the marketing plan, to the product policy, pricing, distribution and communication. This book also includes specific chapters on project marketing, brand policy, gaining loyalty through maintenance and training, compensation, and alliance strategies. The different chapters show the new changes due to Internet:

-e-procurement for the purchase strategy,
-interactive communication with websites,
-e-ticketing for the airlines to reach final consumers.

The regulation of road transport externalities - environmental pollution, noise annoyance, accidents and congestion - is one of the most important issues in contemporary transport policies.The Economics of Regulating Road Transport explores welfare economic evaluations - in terms of efficiency as well as equity and social feasibility - of regulatory policies and policy mixes directly aimed at, or indirectly connected to the containment of market failures in road transport. The discussion ranges from static analyses at the level of individual actors and firms to the dynamic behaviour of large spatio-economic systems. Part one explores the economic rationale behind regulating road transport, part two investigates issues of efficiency in the regulation of road transport and part three discusses the issue of equity and social feasibility versus efficiency. This book will be of interest to students of environmental economics and transport economics and to transport and environmental policymakers at the local, regional, national and international level.

This book explores the character and contours of the Asian Space Powers. At present, Asian states like China, Japan and India are found investing in space technologies with analogous social and scientific and probably with divergent military intents. Other Asian states like Israel, South Korea and Malaysia are also making investments in the space arena. States like Iran and North Korea are faulted for using space launches as a demonstrative tool to achieve strategic objectives. This work examines this entire maze of activities to unearth where these states are making these investments to accomplish their state-specific goal or are they also trying to surpass each other by engaging in competition. Explaining why and how these states are making investments towards achieving their socio-economic and strategic mandate this book infers that the possibility of Asian Space Race exists but is presently fairly diminutive.

This book bring together the basic documents needed for reaching an informed judgment on the central ethical question in the Pinto case: did Ford Motor Company act ethically in designing the Pinto fuel system and in deciding not to upgrade the integrity of that system until 1978? The five parts of this book cover the case, cost-benefit analysis, whistle blowing, product liability, and government regulations.

- Offers a factual in-depth analysis of the VFH market, without bias, to inform the practitioner and seeks to provoke further discussion amongst the academic community. - Illuminates the current situation surrounding the for-hire industry, and its dominance by a few large players such as Uber, Lyft and Didi Chuxing, and offers insights into the future of this fast-moving sector. - A unique examination conducted by renowned experts, relevant to all global markets.

This book is directed at a wide range of readers interested in transport and/or European policies. It gives an overview of the current problems and challenges facing the European transport system and explains how a new European policy on transport infrastructure is emerging. The author argues that strong action at the EU level is needed to prevent the collapse of long distance transport. Without adequate measures in the transport sector to cope with the increase of trade and mobility associated with the development of the Single Market, European integration will stagnate. The book includes an overview of the actions undertaken in the past and the first comprehensive critical analysis of the Guidelines on trans-European transport networks (TEN's) decided by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament in July 1996. From this, the author proposes a framework, based on efficiency, sustainability and cohesion objectives, for the establishment of a new multimodal TEN that would supersede the current TENs design. He pays particular attention to the transport implications of both the accession to the EU of Central and Eastern European countries and of the strengthening of the links with the Mediterranean neighbours. After a discussion of the political and financial difficulties of implementing TENs, he makes some practical proposals regarding the interaction between European institutions and the Member States vis-a-vis the new transport infrastructure policy. Finally, the critical questions of decision making and financing of major transport infrastructure projects are analysed to ascertain the many transformations required to introduce market rules in the sector, in particular thoseneeded to attract private financing, and he concludes with some proposals for major changes in the role of EU institutions.

For further information about this book, please visit the http: //goingtens.turro.lu/author's website.

Our world is unquestionably one in which ubiquitous movements of people, goods, technologies, media, money, and ideas produce systems of flows. Comparing case studies from across the world, including those from Benin, the United States, India, Mali, Senegal, Japan, Haiti, and Romania, this book focuses on quotidian landscapes of mobility. Despite their seemingly familiar and innocuous appearances, these spaces exert tremendous control over our behavior and activities. By examining and mapping the politics of place and motion, this book analyzes human beings' embodied engagements with their built world and provides diverse perspectives on the ideological and political underpinnings of landscapes of mobility. In order to describe landscapes of mobility as a historically, socially, and politically constructed condition, the book is divided into three sections-objects, contacts, and flows. The first section looks at elements that constitute such landscapes, including mobile bodies, buildings, and practices across multiple geographical scales. As these variable landscapes are reconstituted under particular social, economic, ecological, and political conditions, the second section turns to the particular practices that catalyze embodied relations within and across such spaces. Finally, the last section explores how the flows of objects, bodies, interactions, and ecologies are represented, presenting a critical comparison of the means by which relations, processes, and exchanges are captured, depicted, reproduced and re-embodied.

The scientific monograph of a survey kind presented to the reader's attention deals with fundamental ideas and basic schemes of optimization methods that can be effectively used for solving strategic planning and operations manage ment problems related, in particular, to transportation. This monograph is an English translation of a considerable part of the author's book with a similar title that was published in Russian in 1992. The material of the monograph embraces methods of linear and nonlinear programming; nonsmooth and nonconvex optimization; integer programming, solving problems on graphs, and solving problems with mixed variables; rout ing, scheduling, solving network flow problems, and solving the transportation problem; stochastic programming, multicriteria optimization, game theory, and optimization on fuzzy sets and under fuzzy goals; optimal control of systems described by ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, gen eralized differential equations (differential inclusions), and functional equations with a variable that can assume only discrete values; and some other methods that are based on or adjoin to the listed ones."

The regulation of modern civil aviation can be traced back to the later years of the Second World War. An intense debate about the future regulatory regime resulted in a compromise which to this day essentially dictates the structure of the global airline industry. Further progress towards 'normalising' the industry appears to be slowing down, and perhaps even going into reverse. Without an understanding of the development of regulation, it is not possible to understand fully the industry's current problems and how they might be resolved Many books have been written about the development of international air transport, covering deregulation, privatisation, the emergence of new business models among other things, but few if any have taken a broad view of the trends which have determined the industry's current structure. The Regulation of International Air Transport charts the regulation of international air transport from the end of the Second World War to the present day, following the key trends and developments. It provides an overview of what has determined the industry's current structure, the problems still facing the industry and the ways in which it could develop in the future. This wide-ranging study is important reading for both professional and academics within the aviation field, as well as anyone interested in the development of aviation regulations.

Low-Cost Aviation: Aeromobilities Culture, Politics, and Infrastructures covers critical societal issues such as labor regimes, unequal and changing flying publics, transnational dynamics of migration, tourism, business experiences, environmental challenges and shifting territorialities of LCCs at various scales. It situates LCCs holistically within a societal-infrastructural regime rather than solely within a transport context. The book explores the changing nature of passengers' profiles and mobile cultures, new consumption patterns and Economic Re-Configurations, as well as geopolitical and sustainability challenges. Providing a research agenda for aeromobilities, the book examines the most pressing social, cultural and political impacts of LCCs on society in different global contexts. It bridges transport and mobility studies, fostering transport sustainability and mobility justice to improve air transport management.

Dempsey and Thoms provide an authoritative overview of the development of transportation law in the America in the last century. They trace the development of American transportation (including railroads, pipelines, water transport, motor carriers, and airlines), the origins of economic regulation, the changing role of regulators, and the effects of deregulation. Economic regulations are separated into three areas: policing entry and exit from transportation, efforts to keep rates just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory, and mergers, consolidations, antitrust, and other issues. The limitation of loss, damage, and other tort suits against carriers by legislation is also considered. Other chapters review government operation of railroads from Amtrak and Conrail to commuter trains and local freight lines, the Railway Labor Act and other labor legislation pertinent to the transportation industry, and the sponsorship of urban mass transit by the federal government.

Accessible, friendly style, accentuating real-life experiences and ground-level practicalities for those already working within or hoping for a career in the business of air logistics. Packed with personal reports from global industry leaders for revealing insights into the industry and a rounded understanding. Addresses the reality of the impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and adds new content focusing on security and crime, the role of airports and road feeder services, and the range of typical air cargo products.

The Yearbook on Space Policy is the reference publication analyzing space policy developments. Each year it presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope is global and its perspective is European. The Yearbook also links space policy with other policy areas. It highlights specific events and issues, and provides useful insights, data and information on space activities. The Yearbook on Space Policy is edited by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) based in Vienna, Austria. It combines in-house research and contributions of members of the European Space Policy Research and Academic Network (ESPRAN), coordinated by ESPI. The Yearbook is designed for government decision-makers and agencies, industry professionals, as well as the service sectors, researchers and scientists and the interested public.