This book on hollow fiber contractors presents an up-to-date compilation of the latest developments and milestones in this membrane technology. Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors: Module Fabrication, Design and Operation, and Potential Applications provides a comprehensive discussion of hollow fiber membrane applications (including a few case studies) in biotechnology, chemical, food, and nuclear engineering. The chapters in this book have been classified using the following, based on different ways of contacting fluids with each other: Gas-liquid contacting; Liquid-liquid contacting; Supported liquid membrane; Supported gas membrane; Fluid-fluid contacting. Other features include: Discusses using non-dispersive solvent extraction, hollow fiber strip dispersion, hollow fiber supported liquid membranes and role of process intensification in integrated use of these processes Provides technical and economic perspectives with several case studies related to specific scenarios Demonstrates module fabrication, design, operation and maintenance of hollow fiber contactors for different applications and performance Presents discussion on newer concepts like membrane emulsification, membrane nanoprecipitation, membrane crystallization and membrane condenser Special focus on emerging areas such as the use of hollow fiber contactor in back end of nuclear fuel cycle, membrane distillation, dehumidification of air and gas absorption and stripping Discusses theoretical analysis including computational modeling of different hollow fiber membrane processes, and presents emphasis on newly developed area of hollow fiber membrane based analytical techniques Presents discussion on upcoming area dealing with hollow fiber contactors-based technology in fermentation and enzymatic transformation and in chiral separations This book is equally suited for newcomers to the field, as well as for engineers and scientists that have basic knowledge in this field but are interested in obtaining more information about specific future applications.

Bioanalytical science and its technological subdomain, biosensors, are ever-evolving subjects, striving for rapid improvement in terms of performance and expanding the target range to meet the vast societal and market demands. The key performance factors for a biosensor that drive the research are selectivity, sensitivity, response time, accuracy, and reproducibility, with additional requirements of its portability and inexpensive nature. These performance factors are largely governed by the materials and techniques being used in these bioanalytical platforms. The selection of materials to meet these requirements is critical, as their interaction or involvement with the biological recognition elements should initiate or improve these performance factors. The technique discussed primarily applies to transducers involved in converting a biochemical signal to optical or electrical signals. Over the years, the emergence of novel materials and techniques has drastically improved the performance of these bioanalytical systems, enabling them to expand their analytical horizon. These advanced materials and techniques are central to modern bioanalytical and biosensor research. Advanced Materials and Techniques for Biosensors and Bioanalytical Applications provides a comprehensive review of the subject, including a knowledge platform for both academics and researchers. Considering biosensors as a central theme to this book, an outline on this subject with background principles has been included, with a scope of extending the utility of the book to coursework in graduate and postgraduate schools. Features: * Basic principles on different classes of biosensors, recent advances and applications * Smart materials for biosensors and other rapid, portable detection devices * Metal nanoparticles and nanocrystals for analytical applications * Carbon-based nanoparticles and quantum dots for sensing applications * Nanozymes as potential catalysts for sensing applications * Bioelectrochemiluminescence and photoelectrochemical-based biosensors * Paper electronics and paper-based biosensors * Microbial biosensors: artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and synthetic biology * Biofuel cells as a signal transduction platform * FET-based biosensors, including ISFET and BioFET This book serves as a reference for scientific investigators and a textbook for a graduate-level course in biosensors and advanced bioanalytical techniques.

For more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. For Volume 50, the series editors have invited established, well-known chemists from across the globe to offer cutting-edge reviews on their areas of expertise. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.

Molecular recognition, also known as biorecognition, is the heart of all biological interactions. Originating from protein stretching experiments, dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) allows for the extraction of detailed information on the unbinding process of biomolecular complexes. It is becoming progressively more important in biochemical studies and is finding wider applications in areas such as biophysics and polymer science. In six chapters, Dynamic Force Spectroscopy and Biomolecular Recognition covers the most recent ideas and advances in the field of DFS applied to biorecognition:

• Chapter 1: Reviews the basic and novel aspects of biorecognition and discusses the emerging capabilities of single-molecule techniques to disclose kinetic properties and molecular mechanisms usually hidden in bulk measurements
• Chapter 2: Describes the basic principle of atomic force microsocopy (AFM) and DFS, with particular attention to instrumental and theoretical aspects more strictly related to the study of biomolecules
• Chapter 3: Overviews the theoretical background in which experimental data taken in nonequilibrum measurements of biomolecular unbinding forces are extrapolated to equilibrium conditions
• Chapter 4: Reviews the most common and efficient strategies adopted in DFS experiments to immobilize the interacting biomolecules to the AFM tip and to the substrate
• Chapter 5: Presents and discusses the most representative aspects related to the analysis of DFS data and the challenges of integrating well-defined criteria to calibrate data in automatic routinary procedures
• Chapter 6 Overviews the most relevant DFS applications to study biorecognition processes, including the biotin/avidin pair, and selected results on various biological complexes, including antigen/antibody, proteins/DNA, and complexes involved in adhesion processes
• Chapter 7 Summarizes the main results obtained by DFS applied to study biorecognition processes with forthcoming theoretical and experimental advances

Although DFS is a widespread, worldwide technique, no books focused on this subject have been available until now. Dynamic Force Spectroscopy and Biomolecular Recognition provides the state of the art of experimental data analysis and theoretical procedures, making it a useful tool for researchers applying DFS to study biorecognition processes.

Spectroscopic Techniques and Hindered Molecular Motion presents a united, theoretical approach to studying classical local thermal motion of small molecules and molecular fragments in crystals by spectroscopic techniques. Mono- and polycrystalline case studies demonstrate performance validity. The book focuses on small molecules and molecular fragments, such as N2, HCl, CO2, CH4, H2O, NH4, BeF4, NH3, CH2, CH3, C6H6, SF6, and other symmetrical atomic formations, which exhibit local hindered motion in molecular condensed media: molecular and ionic crystals, molecular liquids, liquid crystals, polymeric solids, and biological objects. It reviews the state of studying the hindered molecular motion (HMM) phenomenon and the experimental works on the basis of the latest theoretical research. Case Studies Physical models of hindered molecular motion General solution of the stochastic problem for the hindered molecular motion in crystals Formulae of the angular autocorrelation function symmetrized on the crystallographic point symmetry groups Formulae of the spectral line shapes concerning the dielectric, infrared, Raman, nuclear magnetic relaxation, and neutron scattering spectroscopy in the presence of the hindered molecular motion Experimental probation of the theoretical outcomes Proton relaxation in three-atomic molecular fragments undergoing axial symmetry hindered motion Structural distortion in the ordered phase of crystalline ammonium chloride Organic compounds, polymers, pharmaceutical products, and biological systems consist of the molecular fragments, which possess rotational or conformational degrees of freedom or an atomic exchange within the fragme

This detailed handbook covers different chromatographic analysis techniques and chromatographic data for compounds found in air, water, and soil, and sludge. The new edition outlines developments relevant to environmental analysis, especially when using chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques. It addresses new issues, new lines of discussion, and new findings, and develops in greater detail the aspects related to chromatographic analysis in the environment. It also includes different analytical methodologies, addresses instrumental aspects, and outlines conclusions and perspectives for the future.

Conjugated polymeric materials and their nanocomposites are widely used for the creation of alternative sources of renewable energy, cell phone screens, mobile gadgets, video players and OLED-TV, as well as organic diodes, transistors, sensors, etc. with field-dependent and spin-assisted electronic properties. Multifrequency EPR Spectroscopy methods can help researchers optimize their structural, magnetic and electronic properties for the creation of more efficient molecular devices. This book will acquaint the reader with the basic properties of conjugated polymers, the fundamentals of EPR Spectroscopy, and the information that can be obtained at different wavebands of EPR spectroscopy.

This volume presents a complete and thorough examination of advances in the instrumentation, evaluation, and implementation of UV technology for reliable and efficient data acquisition and analysis. It provides real-world applications in expanding fields such as chemical physics, plasma science, photolithography, laser spectroscopy, astronomy and atmospheric science.

Carbocation chemistry is not only fundamental to the advancement of organic chemistry, it also has found widespread applications in organic synthesis. It is not an exaggeration to say that carbocation chemistry is part of the foundation of organic chemistry. Carbocation Chemistry: Applications in Organic Synthesis provides a panoramic view of carbocation chemistry with an emphasis on synthetic applications. This book is an invaluable tool for organic, medicinal and analytical chemists, including those working in biochemistry as well as the petroleum, plastics and pharmaceutical industries. It is also suitable for upper level undergraduates and graduates in organic chemistry, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry.

This book reviews advances in important and practically relevant homogeneous catalytic transformations, such as single-site olefin polymerizations and chemo- and stereo-selective oxidations. Close attention is paid to the experimental investigation of the active sites of catalytic oxidation systems and their mechanisms. Major subjects include the applications of NMR and EPR spectroscopic techniques and data obtained by other physical methods. The book addresses a broad readership and focus on widespread techniques available in labs with NMR and EPR spectrometers.

Laboratory automation is an increasingly important part of the job description of many laboratory scientists. Although many laboratory scientists understand the methods and principles involved in automation, most lack the necessary engineering and programming skills needed to successfully automate or interface equipment in the lab. A step-by-step, how-to reference and guide, Practical Pharmaceutical Laboratory Automation explores the processes needed to automate the majority of tasks required in research today. The author discusses topics ranging from automated mathematical analysis to robotic automation of chemical processes, to combinations of these and other processes. He presents a detailed discussion of high throughput screening and assay development and takes an in-depth look at Visual Basic as the primary programming language used in laboratories. The text has a dedicated web site (http://www.pharmalabauto.com) that contains all the sample code and examples contained within the text as well as other information related to laboratory automation. Providing a starting point for tackling automation problems, Practical Pharmaceutical Laboratory Automation helps you develop a strategy for automation that gets consistent results.

Provides comprehensive coverage on using X-ray fluorescence for laboratory applications This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation. An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.

"A comprehensive guide to solid-state chemistry which is ideal for all undergraduate levels. It covers well the fundamentals of the area, from basic structures to methods of analysis, but also introduces modern topics such as sustainability." Dr. Jennifer Readman, University of Central Lancashire, UK "The latest edition of Solid State Chemistry combines clear explanations with a broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids." Professor Robert Palgrave, University College London, UK Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 5th edition is a fully revised edition of one of our most successful textbooks with at least 20% new information. Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials, porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This edition aims, as previously, not only to teach the basic science that underpins the subject, but also to direct the reader to the most modern techniques and to expanding and new areas of research. The user-friendly style takes a largely non-mathematical approach and gives practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts. A notable and timely addition to the 5th edition is a chapter on sustainability written by an expert in the field. Examples of how solid state chemistry contribute to sustainability are also given in relevant chapters. Other new topics in this edition include cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and covalent organic frameworks. A companion website offering accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more has been provided for this edition. New in the Fifth Edition A companion website which offers accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more A new chapter on sustainability in solid-state chemistry written by an expert in this field Cryo-electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) Covalent organic frameworks Graphene oxide and bilayer graphene Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998, and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2, and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Lesley E. Smart studied chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom. After completing a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer, and Molecular Science Programme director, and she held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund.

Reflecting the myriad changes and advancements in the technologies involved in FTIR, particularly the development of diamond ATRs, this second edition of Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy has been extensively rewritten and expanded to include new topics and figures as well as updates of existing chapters. Designed for those new to FTIR, but with enough reference material to appeal to journeyman and expert spectroscopists, this book does not demand any extensive familiarity with chemistry or physics. Specializing in concise and comprehensible explanations of FTIR topics, the author introduces the field of infrared spectroscopy, including the strengths and weaknesses of FTIR as a chemical analysis technique. He then describes the instrument itself and explores topics such as how an interferometer generates a spectrum, optimization of spectral quality, and which tests are used to monitor instrument health. The book discusses how to properly use spectral processing to increase the information of a spectrum without damaging the data and takes considerable care in instructing on sample preparation, as good sample preparation constitutes half the battle in extracting good data. The final chapters examine single analyte quantitative analysis and conclude with an overview of infrared microscopy. Drawing on the experience and knowledge of the author as both a professor and practitioner, Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy offers up-to-date information given in clear, easily understood language to appeal to beginner and expert spectroscopists alike. The author maintains a website and blog with supplemental material. His training course schedule is also available online.

Advances in Chromatography is a venerable series that has reported on the latest state-of-the-art developments in the field for the past four decades. The newest installment, Volume 49, continues the tradition of compiling the work of expert contributors who present timely and cutting edge reviews of current and emerging methods and applications in this dynamic field. Highlights in this edition include: The hyphenation of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in order to determine oligonucleotide adducts as markers for cancer Glycoproteomics and the glycosylation of proteins, addressing biomarkers in different types of diseases Chiral separation, an important area particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, where the technique has been applied with varying results Ion-pairing chromatography and analyte retention Conveying the most recent significant scientific developments in separation science, the book and its series are known for the authors' clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations. Accessible and engaging, this volume forms a solid foundation for the work of biochemists and analytical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill. Meticulously referenced, it will help fuel further research across a range of fields.

Written by leading international experts in academia and industry, Advances in Chromatography, Volume 46 presents all new chapters with thorough reviews on the latest developments in the field. Volume 46 includes new advances in two-dimensional gas chromatography, reversed phase liquid chromatography/shape selectivity, and supercritical fluid chromatography. The book highlights enantioselective separations with emphasis on chiral recognition mechanisms, screening approaches, and separation speed. It also emphasizes hyphenated techniques and enhanced fluidity chromatography with emphasis on monolithic organo-silica hybrid columns. This volume provides an excellent starting point for gaining quick knowledge to the field of separation science.

Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problems, and several aspects that need further research and development. Chapters in the book are arranged in order of decreasing wavelength of the light/electrons. The text starts with infrared spectroscopy, one of the most important aerosol characterization methods for laboratory studies, field measurements, remote sensing, and space missions. It then focuses on Raman spectroscopy for investigating aerosol processes in controlled laboratory studies and for analyzing environmental particles and atmospheric pollution. The next section discusses the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure light extinction, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to identify and classify biological aerosol particles, and ultrafast laser techniques to improve the specificity of bioaerosol detection. The final section examines recent developments involving novel techniques based on UV, x-ray, and electron beam studies. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of the spectroscopy of aerosols. It includes some results for the first time in the literature and presents a unique link between fundamental aspects and applications.

Spectroscopic Techniques and Hindered Molecular Motion presents a united, theoretical approach to studying classical local thermal motion of small molecules and molecular fragments in crystals by spectroscopic techniques. Mono- and polycrystalline case studies demonstrate performance validity. The book focuses on small molecules and molecular fragments, such as N2, HCl, CO2, CH4, H2O, NH4, BeF4, NH3, CH2, CH3, C6H6, SF6, and other symmetrical atomic formations, which exhibit local hindered motion in molecular condensed media: molecular and ionic crystals, molecular liquids, liquid crystals, polymeric solids, and biological objects. It reviews the state of studying the hindered molecular motion (HMM) phenomenon and the experimental works on the basis of the latest theoretical research. Case Studies Physical models of hindered molecular motion General solution of the stochastic problem for the hindered molecular motion in crystals Formulae of the angular autocorrelation function symmetrized on the crystallographic point symmetry groups Formulae of the spectral line shapes concerning the dielectric, infrared, Raman, nuclear magnetic relaxation, and neutron scattering spectroscopy in the presence of the hindered molecular motion Experimental probation of the theoretical outcomes Proton relaxation in three-atomic molecular fragments undergoing axial symmetry hindered motion Structural distortion in the ordered phase of crystalline ammonium chloride Organic compounds, polymers, pharmaceutical products, and biological systems consist of the molecular fragments, which possess rotational or conformational degrees of freedom or an atomic exchange within the fragme

This book provides a comprehensive overview of ionic liquid based separation techniques. The glimpse of thermodynamic predictive models along with global optimization techniques will help readers understand the separation techniques at molecular and macroscopic levels. Experimental and characterization techniques are coupled with model based predictions so as to provide multicomponent data for the scientific community. The models will focus more on the a-priori based predictions which gives higher emphasis on hydrogen-bonded systems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique will also eventually help the readers to apply optimization technique to an extraction process. The overriding goal of this work is to provide pathways for leading engineers and researchers toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the phase equilibria of Ionic Liquid systems.

This work provides a clear presentation of the chromatographic process - demonstrating the functions of all associated instrumentation and the procedures necessary to obtain accurate qualitative and quantitative results. The work supplies a host of applications from a variety of sources to help identify the best equipment, the most appropriate columns and the most suitable phase systems for specific samples.

This volume is intended to show beginners in modern Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis which technique of infrared analysis should be selected and how to use it to obtain certain information from the most common samples brought into research and analytical laboratories in production industries.

A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis covers basic methods of instrumental analysis, including electroanalytical techniques, optical techniques, atomic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermoanalytical techniques, separation techniques, and flow analytical techniques. Each chapter provides a brief theoretical introduction followed by basic and special application experiments. This book is ideal for readers who need a knowledge of special techniques in order to use instrumental methods to conduct their own analytical tasks.

Since the first edition of this book appeared, computers have come to the aid of modern experimenters and data analysts, bringing with them data analysis techniques that were once beyond the calculational reach of even professional statisticians. Today, scientists in every field have access to the techniques and technology they need to analyze statistical data. All they need is practical guidance on how to use them. Valuable to everyone who produces, uses, or evaluates scientific data, Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis, Second Edition provides straightforward discussion of basic statistical techniques and computer analysis. The purpose, structure, and general principles of the book remain the same as the first edition, but the treatment now includes updates in every chapter, additional topics, and most importantly, an introduction to use of the MINITAB Statistical Software. The presentation of each technique includes motivation and discussion of the statistical analysis, a hand-calculated example, the same example calculated using MINITAB, and discussion of the MINITAB output and conclusions. Highlights of the Second Edition: "Detailed discussion and use of MINITAB in examples complete with code and output "A new chapter addressing proportions, time to event data, and time series data in the metrology setting "Additional material on hypothesis testing "Discussion of critical values "A look at mistakes commonly made in data analysis

Analytical Methods for Polymer Characterization presents a collection of methods for polymer analysis. Topics include chromatographic methods (gas chromatography, inverse gas chromatography, and pyrolysis gas chromatography), mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance), thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), microscopy methods (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy), and x-ray diffraction. The author also discusses mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties.

Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry focuses on a relatively new approach to chemical analysis in general, and to separation science in particular. It is the first book to systemically cover the theoretical background, techniques, instrumentation, and practical applications of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry as a hyphenated tool of analytical chemistry. It also examines the high and as-yet unexploited potential of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry for analytical use in scientific investigations. This book overviews the combination of planar chromatography, a relatively simple and cost-effective separation step for determining complex mixtures of compounds, with mass spectrometry, an efficient, highly instrumental, and relatively expensive technique that enables rapid identification of separated chemical species. It covers electrophoretic-mass spectrometry methods and applications, which are considered planar chromatographic techniques and are increasingly being exploited in proteomic and molecular biology studies as well as for medical diagnostic purposes. It also provides a selection of applications, such as drug control and forensic and food analysis, including more difficult substances such as carbohydrates and lipids. The book advocates growth in using planar chromatography-mass spectrometry in laboratories that have appropriate equipment but have not yet employed the techniques in combination. It also describes the use of a relatively inexpensive commercial system that can be adopted by laboratories currently working without the coupled methodology. Aiming to improve power and efficiency when other analytical methods are inadequate, Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry encourages separation science practitioners in academia and industry to combine the two methods for enhanced results.