This book explores the mechanism of alkali-metal ion/molecule association reaction, surveys the instrumental basis to study its kinetic, and describes the instrumentation to the measurement of alkali-metal ion affinities. The applications of the ion complexation mechanism in the condensed phase in reaction to direct analysis MS are also covered. Other topics include mechanism and reaction rate, experimental and theoretical ion affinities, applications of ion attachment reactions (IAR) to mass spectrometry such as alkali ion CIMS, ion attachment MS and cationization mass spectrometry of ESI, FAB, FD, LD, MALDI and SIMS and topics of IAR-based direct analysis mass spectrometry.

Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry provides timely and critical reviews of important topics in computational chemistry as applied to all chemical disciplines. Topics covered include quantum chemistry, molecular mechanics, force fields, chemical education, and applications in academic and industrial settings. Focusing on the most recent literature and advances in the field, each article covers a specific topic of importance to computational chemists.

"Writing Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, Third Edition "is an invaluable guide to understanding the movements of atoms and electrons in the reactions of organic molecules. Expanding on the successful book by Miller and Solomon, this new edition further enhances your understanding of reactions. The whole book has been extensively revised with new material including a completely new chapter. To further aid understanding, all illustrations have been redrawn with the use of color to clearly indicate how each reaction works. This book illustrates that understanding organic reactions is based on applying general principles rather than memorizing unrelated processes. This approach helps you understand that writing mechanisms is a practical method of applying knowledge of previously encountered reactions and reaction conditions to new reactions. After simply explaining basic principles, this book then examines each type of reaction. A clear background and explanation is provided for each reaction, followed by an example of the reaction in use. At the end of each section is a series of problems, with a wider range of challenging questions, to test your understanding of the mechanism, with answers to check that you are right. Students and research chemists alike will find this revised book useful to organize what may seem an overwhelming quantity of information into a set of simple general principles and guidelines for determining and describing organic reaction mechanisms.
Extensively rewritten and reorganized with a completely new chapter on oxidation and reduction reactions including stereochemical reactionsEssential for those who need to have mechanisms explained in greater detail than most organic chemistry textbooks provideNow illustrated with hundreds of colorful chemical structures to help you understand reaction processes more easilyNew and extended problem sets and answers to help you understand the general principles and how to apply this to real applicationsNew information boxes throughout the text to provide useful background to reactions and the people behind the discovery of a reaction

This thesis presents various characteristics of 122-type iron pnictide (FeSC) such as crystal and electronic structure, carrier-doping effect, and impurity-scattering effect, using transport, magnetization, specific heat, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and optical spectral measurements. Most notably the measurement on the magnetic fluctuation in the material successfully explains already known unusual electronic properties, i.e., superconducting gap symmetry, anisotropy of in-plane resistivity in layered structure, and charge dynamics; and comparing them with those of normal phase, the controversial problems in FeSCs are eventually settled. The thesis provides broad coverage of the physics of FeSCs both in the normal and superconducting phase, and readers therefore benefit from the efficient up-to-date study of FeSCs in this thesis. An additional attraction is the detailed description of the experimental result critical for the controversial problems remaining since the discovery of FeSC in 2008, which helps readers follow up recent developments in superconductor research.

Analytical nanoscience and nanotechnology is a growing topic that is expected to have a great impact in the field of analytical chemistry. Many of the exceptional properties of gold nanoparticles make them suitable for different analytical applications and these applications allow extrapolations for their use in other fields as well. In analytical chemistry gold nanoparticles play two main roles, namely: i) As target analytes in the realm of the analysis of the nanoworld; and ii) As tools to improve analytical processes, such as the use of gold nanoparticles as components of electrodes, in spectroscopic techniques and (bio)chemical sensors and lateral flow sensors. This book is a comprehensive review of the role of gold nanoparticles in analytical nanoscience and nanotechnology, with chapters devoted to their synthesis, physico-chemical characteristics, derivatization and potential toxicity. The main microscopic, spectroscopic and separation techniques for the characterization are reviewed as well as the developments for their determination in environmental, biological and agrifood samples.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has proved to be a uniquely powerful and versatile tool for analyzing and characterizing chemicals and materials of all kinds. This book focuses on the latest developments and applications for 'solid-state' NMR, which has found new uses from archaeology to crystallography to biomaterials and pharmaceutical science research. The book provides materials engineers, analytical chemists, and physicists, in and out of laboratories, a survey of the techniques and the essential tools of solid-state NMR, together with a practical guide on applications. In this concise introduction to the growing field of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the reader will find: * Basic NMR concepts for solids, including guidance on the spin-1/2 nuclei concept * Coverage of the quantum mechanics aspects of solid state NMR and an introduction to the concept of quadrupolar nuclei * An understanding relaxation, exchange and quantitation in NMR * An analysis and interpretation of NMR data, with examples from crystallography studies * Appendices covering spin properties of spin-1/2 nuclides as well as NMR simulation procedures

Our understanding of the rheological and seismic properties of the Earth's interior relies on interpreting geophysical observations using mineral physics data. The complexity of natural materials complicates these interpretations, but here the key features of such materials in controlling the attenuation of seismic waves are determined by a set of careful experiments. This thesis clearly explains how dynamic mechanical spectroscopy has been used to determine the visco-elastic properties of igneous and sedimentary rocks containing geological fluids. These experiments highlight, for the first time, the importance of mineral and rock microstructures as controls on geophysical properties of solids, particularly near the melting point. The results have impacts in areas ranging from volcanic processes, through the structure of the deep Earth, to fluid-saturated porous media.

This book highlights the symmetry properties of acoustic fields and describes the gauge invariance approach, which can be used to reveal those properties. Symmetry is the key theoretical framework of metamaterials, as has been demonstrated by the successful fabrication of acoustical metamaterials. The book first provides the necessary theoretical background, which includes the covariant derivative, the vector potential, and invariance in coordinate transformation. This is followed by descriptions of global gauge invariance (isotropy), and of local gauge invariance (anisotropy). Sections on time reversal symmetry, reflection invariance, and invariance of finite amplitude waves round out the coverage.

Basic Laboratory Methods for Biotechnology, Third Edition is a versatile textbook that provides students with a solid foundation to pursue employment in the biotech industry and can later serve as a practical reference to ensure success at each stage in their career. The authors focus on basic principles and methods while skillfully including recent innovations and industry trends throughout. Fundamental laboratory skills are emphasized, and boxed content provides step by step laboratory method instructions for ease of reference at any point in the students' progress. Worked through examples and practice problems and solutions assist student comprehension. Coverage includes safety practices and instructions on using common laboratory instruments. Key Features: Provides a valuable reference for laboratory professionals at all stages of their careers. Focuses on basic principles and methods to provide students with the knowledge needed to begin a career in the Biotechnology industry. Describes fundamental laboratory skills. Includes laboratory scenario-based questions that require students to write or discuss their answers to ensure they have mastered the chapter content. Updates reflect recent innovations and regulatory requirements to ensure students stay up to date. Tables, a detailed glossary, practice problems and solutions, case studies and anecdotes provide students with the tools needed to master the content. To succeed in the lab, it is crucial to be comfortable with the math calculations that are part of everyday work. This accessible introduction to common laboratory techniques focuses on the basics, helping even readers with good math skills to practice the most frequently encountered types of problems. Basic Laboratory Calculations for Biotechnology, Second Edition discusses very common laboratory problems, all applied to real situations. It explores multiple strategies for solving problems for a better understanding of the underlying math. Primarily organized around laboratory applications, the book begins with more general topics and moves into more specific biotechnology laboratory techniques at the end. This book features hundreds of practice problems, all with solutions and many with boxed, complete explanations; plus hundreds of "story problems" relating to real situations in the lab. Additional features include: Discusses common laboratory problems with all material applied to real situations Presents multiple strategies for solving problems help students to better understand the underlying math Provides hundreds of practice problems and their solutions Enables students to complete the material in a self-paced course structure with little teacher assistance Includes hundreds of "story problems"that relate to real situations encountered in the laboratory

This book offers a theoretical description of topological matter in terms of effective field theories, and in particular topological field theories, focusing on two main topics: topological superconductors and topological insulators.Even though there is vast literature on these subjects, the book fills an important gap by providing a concise introduction to both topological order and symmetry-protected phases using a modern mathematical language, and developing the theoretical concepts by highlighting the physics and the physical properties of the systems. Further, it discusses in detail the topological interactions for topologically ordered matter, and the response to smooth external fields for symmetry protected matter. The book also covers more specialized topics that cannot be found elsewhere. Specifically, the response of superconductors to geometry, including the newly discovered geo-Meissner effect; and a correction to the usual Meissner effect, only present in the topologically interesting chiral superconductors.

As a spectroscopic method, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has seen spectacular growth over the past two decades, both as a technique and in its applications. Today the applications of NMR span a wide range of scientific disciplines, from physics to biology to medicine. Each volume of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance comprises a combination of annual and biennial reports which together provide comprehensive of the literature on this topic. This Specialist Periodical Report reflects the growing volume of published work involving NMR techniques and applications, in particular NMR of natural macromolecules which is covered in two reports: "NMR of Proteins and Acids" and "NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes". For those wanting to become rapidly acquainted with specific areas of NMR, this title provides unrivalled scope of coverage. Seasoned practitioners of NMR will find this an in valuable source of current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

Chemiluminescence (K. Nakashima & K. Imai).

Fluorescent Probes for Evaluation of Local Physical and Structural Parameters (B. Valeur).

Photochemical Fluorometry (J.-J.

Aaron).

Applications of Organized Bile Salt Media for Luminescence Analysis (L. McGown).

Spectral Hole-Burning (K. Holliday & U. Wild).

Near-Infrared Luminescence Spectroscopy (S. Akiyama).

Microspectrofluorometry on Supported Planar Membranes (L. Tamm & E. Kalb).

Clinical Applications of Luminescence Spectroscopy (G. Schenk).

Laser-Excited Molecular Fluorescence in Analytical Sciences (J. Hofstraat, et al.).

Index.

This thesis mainly focuses on the design and synthesis of novel multifunctional nanoprobes, investigating their feasibility for applications involving sensing, molecular imaging, and the simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Above all, it discusses the development of innovative nanomaterials to address the issues limiting the effectiveness of currently available nanoprobes such as the synthesis shortcoming and poor performance in sensing, imaging and therapeutic applications. One of the strengths of this thesis is its integration of knowledge from chemistry, materials science and biomedicine. Further, it presents the theoretical fundamentals in the design of nanoprobes, which can offer guidance for future studies on the development of novel multifunctional nanomaterials with significantly enhanced performance.

This book examines the electronic structure of earth-abundant and environmentally friendly materials for use as absorber layers within photovoltaic cells. The corroboration between high-quality photoemission measurements and density of states calculations yields valuable insights into why these materials have demonstrated poor device efficiencies in the vast literature cited. The book shows how the materials' underlying electronic structures affect their properties, and how the band positions make them unsuitable for use with established solar cell technologies. After explaining these poor efficiencies, the book offers alternative window layer materials to improve the use of these absorbers. The power of photoemission and interpretation of the data in terms of factors generally overlooked in the literature, such as the materials' oxidation and phase impurity, is demonstrated. Representing a unique reference guide, the book will be of considerable interest and value to members of the photoemission community engaged in solar cell research, and to a wider materials science audience as well.

Scanning and stationary-beam electron microscopes are indispensable tools for both research and routine evaluation in materials science, the semiconductor industry, nanotechnology and the biological, forensic, and medical sciences. This book introduces current theory and practice of electron microscopy, primarily for undergraduates who need to understand how the principles of physics apply in an area of technology that has contributed greatly to our understanding of life processes and "inner space." Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy will appeal to technologists who use electron microscopes and to graduate students, university teachers and researchers who need a concise reference on the basic principles of microscopy.

This book discusses the development of various reliable scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging techniques for studying the distribution of biomarkers and nanomaterials in thin and thick animal samples, plant antioxidant (AO) defense systems, as well as human melanoma. The authors demonstrate that SECM could improve the diagnosis and understanding of different melanoma stages on the basis of highly resolved maps of the tyrosinase distribution. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme involved in fruit maturation and is a biomarker for melanoma. As such the book presents various tyrosinase SECM detection strategies developed for the analysis of the spatial distribution of tyrosinase in melanoma and in banana samples. It describes the first imaging of the redox active proteins within the entire mouse heart with an SECM system using a spider probe composed of eight independent microelectrodes. Further, it investigates distributions of injected graphene nanoribbons (GONRs) for drug delivery by Soft-Probe-SECM. Lastly, the book outlines a non-invasive electrochemical strategy for mapping the AO activity of apple peel using Soft-Probe-SECM.

A comprehensive device model considering both spatial distributions of the terahertz field and the field-effect self-mixing factor has been constructed for the first time in the thesis. The author has found that it is the strongly localized terahertz field induced in a small fraction of the gated electron channel that plays an important role in the high responsivity. An AlGaN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistor with a 2-micron-sized gate and integrated dipole antennas has been developed and can offer a noise-equivalent power as low as 40 pW/Hz1/2 at 900 GHz. By further reducing the gate length down to 0.2 micron, a noise-equivalent power of 6 pW/Hz1/2 has been achieved. This thesis provides detailed experimental techniques and device simulation for revealing the self-mixing mechanism including a scanning probe technique for evaluating the effectiveness of terahertz antennas. As such, the thesis could be served as a valuable introduction towards further development of high-sensitivity field-effect terahertz detectors for practical applications.

This thesis describes novel approaches and implementation of high-resolution microscopy in the extreme ultraviolet light regime. Using coherent ultrafast laser-generated short wavelength radiation for illuminating samples allows imaging beyond the resolution of visible-light microscopes. Michael Zurch gives a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and techniques involved, starting from the laser-based frequency conversion scheme and its technical implementation as well as general considerations of diffraction-based imaging at nanoscopic spatial resolution. Experiments on digital in-line holography and coherent diffraction imaging of artificial and biologic specimens are demonstrated and discussed in this book. In the field of biologic imaging, a novel award-winning cell classification scheme and its first experimental application for identifying breast cancer cells are introduced. Finally, this book presents a newly developed technique of generating structured illumination by means of so-called optical vortex beams in the extreme ultraviolet regime and proposes its general usability for super-resolution imaging.

Modern Instrumental Analysis covers the fundamentals of instrumentation and provides a thorough review of the applications of this technique in the laboratory. It will serve as an educational tool as well as a first reference book for the practicing instrumental analyst. The text covers five major sections:
1. Overview, Sampling, Evaluation of Physical Properties, and Thermal Analysis
2. Spectroscopic Methods
3. Chromatographic Methods
4. Electrophoretic and Electrochemical Methods
5. Combination Methods, Unique Detectors, and Problem Solving
Each section has a group of chapters covering important aspects of the titled subject, and each chapter includes applications that illustrate the use of the methods. The chapters also include an appropriate set of review questions.
* Covers the fundamentals of instrumentation as well as key applications
* Each chapter includes review questions that reinforce concepts
* Serves as a quick reference and comprehensive guidebook for practitioners and students alike

This volume provides stepwise instructions for the analysis of numerous clinically important analytes by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry offers clinical laboratory scientists a number of advantages including increased sensitivity and specificity, multiple component analysis, and no need for specialized reagents. The techniques described are a must for the measurement of many clinically relevant analytes in the fields of drug analysis, endocrinology, and inborn errors of metabolism. Each chapter provides a brief introduction about a specified analyte, followed by detailed instructions on the analytical protocol. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting edge and practical, Clinical Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Biomolecular Analysis: Methods and Protocols is a great resource for clinical laboratory scientists who are already using or thinking of bringing mass spectrometry to their laboratories.

"Fundamentals of Advanced Omics Technologies: From Genes to Metabolites" covers the fundamental aspects of the new instrumental and methodological developments in omics technologies, including those related to genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, proteomics and metabolomics, as well as other omics approaches such as glycomics, peptidomics and foodomics. The principal applications are presented in the following complementary volume.

The chapters discuss in detail omics technologies, DNA microarray analysis, next-generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide analysis of methylation and histone modifications, emerging nanotechniques in proteomics, imaging mass spectrometry in proteomics, recent quantitative proteomics approaches, and advances in high-resolution NMR-based metabolomics, as well as MS-based non-targeted metabolomics and metabolome analysis by CE-MS, global glycomics analyses, foodomics, and high resolution analytical tools for quantitative peptidomics. Key aspects related to chemometrics, bioinformatics, data treatment, data integration and systems biology, deep-sequencing data analysis, statistical approaches for the analysis of microarray data, the integration of transcriptome and metabolome data and computational approaches for visualization and integration of omics data are also covered.
Covers the latest advances in instrumentation, experimental design, sample preparation, and data analysisProvides thorough explanations and descriptions of specific omics technologiesDescribes advanced tools and methodologies for data pretreatment, storage, curation and analysis, as well as data integration

Tandem Mass Spectrometry Edited by F. W. McLafferty More than 50 contributors, representing 32 of the world's leading research groups in mass spectrometry, examine the fundamentals, methods, instrumentation and applications of MS/MS, as well as promising new directions. The book describes the general types of MS/MS applications, primarily trace analysis in complex mixture, molecular structure elucidation, and gaseous ion reaction mechanisms; basic methods and theory, including the production and dissociation of characteristic ions; the principal types of instruments employed; special techniques; and applications of MS/MS in numerous fields. 506 pp. (0 471-86597-4) 1983 Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy Methods and Applications, Part One Edited by Stephen G. Schulman Providing encyclopedic coverage, the author examines the applications of fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence spectra to the analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. The book features discussions of topics never presented in an analytical text, such as excited state optical activity and bioinorganic luminescence spectroscopy, and exhaustive reviews of fluorescence and phosphorescence of pharmaceuticals. Chapters on fluorescence detection in chromatography and luminescence immunoassay are the most up-to-date treatments available on these subjects. 826 pp. (0 471-86848-5) 1985 Auger Electron Spectroscopy M. Thompson, M. Baker, A. Christie, and J. Tyson After comparing AES with other techniques in the general field of electron spectroscopy, this book reviews the fundamentals and theories underlying the AES effect. The authors--experienced users of AES--offer an easy-to-follow summary of procedures alongwith generic descriptions of equipment components. The book also deals with a sequence of studies of gas phase spectra from rare gases to metals to molecules. Chemical aspects of the methods are discussed, followed by a particularly comprehensive description of AES with reference to materials science. 375 pp. (0 471-04377-X) 1985

As a spectroscopic method, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has seen spectacular growth over the past two decades, both as a technique and in its applications. Today the applications of NMR span a wide range of scientific disciplines, from physics to biology to medicine. Each volume of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance comprises a combination of annual and biennial reports which together provide comprehensive of the literature on this topic. This Specialist Periodical Report reflects the growing volume of published work involving NMR techniques and applications, in particular NMR of natural macromolecules which is covered in two reports: "NMR of Proteins and Acids" and "NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes." For those wanting to become rapidly acquainted with specific areas of NMR, this title provides unrivalled scope of coverage. Seasoned practitioners of NMR will find this an in valuable source of current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

This thesis focuses on the fundamental problem of characterising partially coherent beams. The book describes several non-interferometric methods based on phase-space tomography for recovering the spatial coherence information of optical beams. In the context of optical beams, partially coherent light provides numerous advantages over coherent light. From microscopy to optical communications, there are many disciplines that benefit from using partially coherent beams. However, their range of applications currently remains limited due to the complexity of extracting information. In addition to providing a feasible experimental solution for the general case, the book explores several situations in which beam symmetries are exploited to simplify the information extraction process. Each characterisation method is accompanied by a corresponding theoretical explanation and a thorough description of experimental examples.