This book presents an overview of fundamental aspects of surface-based biosensors and techniques for enhancing their detection sensitivity and speed. It focuses on rapid detection using miniaturized sensors and describes the physical principles of nanoscale transducers, surface modifications, microfluidics and reaction engineering, diffusion and kinetics. A key challenge in the field of bioanalytical sensors is the rapid delivery of target biomolecules to the sensing surface. While various nanostructures have shown great promise in sensitive detection, diffusion-limited binding of analyte molecules remains a fundamental problem. Recently, many researchers have put forward novel schemes to overcome this challenge, such as nanopore channels, electrokinetics, and dielectrophoresis, to name but a few. This book provides the readers an up-to-date account on these technological advances.

Fluorescent proteins are intimately connected to research in the life sciences. Tagging of gene products with fluorescent proteins has revolutionized all areas of biosciences, ranging from fundamental biochemistry to clinical oncology, to environmental research. The discovery of the Green Fluorescent Protein, its first, seminal application and the ingenious development of a broad palette of fluorescence proteins of other colours, was consequently recognised with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2008.

"Fluorescent Proteins II" highlights the physicochemical and biophysical aspects of fluorescent protein technology beyond imaging. It is tailored to meet the needs of physicists, chemists and biologists who are interested in the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins, while also focussing on specific applications. The implementations described are cutting-edge studies and exemplify how the physical and chemical properties of fluorescent proteins can stimulate novel findings in life sciences.

This thesis combines quantum electrical engineering with electron spin resonance, with an emphasis on unraveling emerging collective spin phenomena. The presented experiments, with first demonstrations of the cavity protection effect, spectral hole burning and bistability in microwave photonics, cover new ground in the field of hybrid quantum systems. The thesis starts at a basic level, explaining the nature of collective effects in great detail. It develops the concept of Dicke states spin-by-spin, and introduces it to circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), applying it to a strongly coupled hybrid quantum system studied in a broad regime of several different scenarios. It also provides experimental demonstrations including strong coupling, Rabi oscillations, nonlinear dynamics, the cavity protection effect, spectral hole burning, amplitude bistability and spin echo spectroscopy.

This edition contains carefully selected contributions by leading scientists in high-resolution laser spectroscopy, quantum optics and laser physics. Emphasis is given to ultrafast laser phenomena, implementations of frequency combs, precision spectroscopy and high resolution metrology. Furthermore, applications of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics are widely covered. This book is dedicated to Nobel prize winner Theodor W. Hansch on the occasion of his 75th birthday. The contributions are reprinted from a topical collection published in Applied Physics B, 2016. Selected contributions are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com. Please see the copyright page for further details.

"...a comprehensive and well written book, which...will be useful reading for both researchers entering the field and experienced specialists looking for new ideas....a valuable and long-lasting contribution to experimental mechanics." - Stepan Lomov, KU Leuven This expert volume, an enhanced Habilitation thesis by the head of the Materials Testing Research Group at the University of Augsburg, provides detailed coverage of a range of inspection methods for insitu characterization of fiber-reinforced composites. The failure behavior of fiber reinforced composites is a complex evolution of microscopic damage phenomena. Beyond the use of classical testing methods, the ability to monitor the progression of damage insitu offers new ways to interpret the materials failure modes. Methods covered include digital image correlation, acoustic emission, electromagnetic emission, computed tomography, thermography, shearography, and promising method combinations. For each method, the discussion includes operational principles and practical applications for quality control as well as thoughtful assessment of the method's strengths and weakness so that the reader is equipped to decide which method or methods are most appropriate in a given situation. The book includes extensive appendices covering common experimental parameters influencing comparability of acoustic emission measurements; materials properties for modeling; and an overview of terms and abbreviations.

Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules: Absorption and Fluorescence Studies is clearly written and contains invaluable examples, coupled with illustrations that demonstrate a comprehensible analysis and presentation of the data. This book offers practical information on the fundamentals of absorption and fluorescence, showing that it is possible to interpret the same result in different ways. It is an asset to students, professors and researchers wishing to discover or use absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and to scientists working on the structure and dynamics of macromolecules.
* Offers concise information on the fundamentals of absorption and fluorescence
* Critically reviews examples taken from previously published literature
* Highly illustrated, it is suitable for academic and institutional libraries and government laboratories

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique with which to probe the properties of matter, equally applicable to the solid, liquid and gas phases. Semiconductors are arguably our most technologically-relevant group of materials given they form the basis of the electronic and photonic devices that now so widely permeate almost every aspect of our society. The most effective utilisation of these materials today and tomorrow necessitates a detailed knowledge of their structural and vibrational properties. Through a series of comprehensive reviews, this book demonstrates the versatility of XAS for semiconductor materials analysis and presents important research activities in this ever growing field. A short introduction of the technique, aimed primarily at XAS newcomers, is followed by twenty independent chapters dedicated to distinct groups of materials. Topics span dopants in crystalline semiconductors and disorder in amorphous semiconductors to alloys and nanometric material as well as in-situ measurements of the effects of temperature and pressure. Summarizing research in their respective fields, the authors highlight important experimental findings and demonstrate the capabilities and applications of the XAS technique. This book provides a comprehensive review and valuable reference guide for both XAS newcomers and experts involved in semiconductor materials research.

"A comprehensive guide to solid-state chemistry which is ideal for all undergraduate levels. It covers well the fundamentals of the area, from basic structures to methods of analysis, but also introduces modern topics such as sustainability." Dr. Jennifer Readman, University of Central Lancashire, UK "The latest edition of Solid State Chemistry combines clear explanations with a broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids." Professor Robert Palgrave, University College London, UK Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 5th edition is a fully revised edition of one of our most successful textbooks with at least 20% new information. Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials, porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This edition aims, as previously, not only to teach the basic science that underpins the subject, but also to direct the reader to the most modern techniques and to expanding and new areas of research. The user-friendly style takes a largely non-mathematical approach and gives practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts. A notable and timely addition to the 5th edition is a chapter on sustainability written by an expert in the field. Examples of how solid state chemistry contribute to sustainability are also given in relevant chapters. Other new topics in this edition include cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and covalent organic frameworks. A companion website offering accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more has been provided for this edition. New in the Fifth Edition A companion website which offers accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more A new chapter on sustainability in solid-state chemistry written by an expert in this field Cryo-electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) Covalent organic frameworks Graphene oxide and bilayer graphene Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998, and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2, and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Lesley E. Smart studied chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom. After completing a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer, and Molecular Science Programme director, and she held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund.

Provides a summary of non-equilibrium glassy and amorphous structures and their macro- and microscopic thermal properties.

The book contains a carefully selected works of fourteen internationally recognized scientists involving the advances of the physics and chemistry of the glassy and amorphous states.

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials. Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

This book systematically covers immunoassays for food, presenting detailed approaches such as antigen design, food matrix pre-treatment and detection format optimization for 9 classes of food hazards and nutrition constituents. Offering ideas on how to improve the efficiency of recognized xenobiotics and food contents, this practical book also describes the discovery and utilization of novel immune agents like aptamer and molecular imprinted polymers in food analysis. It is intended for a broad range of areas, including biologists and food chemists, and is sure to become a key reference resource for students and professionals alike.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) is now widely regarded as having evolved into a subscience. The field has become immensely diverse, ranging from medical use through solid state NMR to liquid state applications, with countless books and scientific journals devoted to these topics. Theoretical as well as experimental advance continues to be rapid, and has in fact accelerated by many novel innovations. This multi-authored book focuses on the latest developments in the rapidly evolving field of high resolution NMR, specifically with a view to applications on the structure elucidation of organic molecules of moderate molecular weight. Conceptually it differs from basic educational texts, hard-core scientific papers and regular review articles in that each chapter may be regarded as the authors' personal account of their special insights and results that crystallised after several years of research into a given topic. The book revolves around several themes and offers a handful of scientific "gems" of various colors, reflecting the great diversity of NMR. It contains 16 loosely connected chapters written by some of today's most accomplished NMR scientists in the world. Each chapter is a unique synthesis of the authors' previous research results in the given field, and thus projects special insights. Much emphasis has been given to the latest developments in NMR, in particular to selective pulses and pulsed field gradients. As a part of the series "Analytical Spectroscopy Library," with subsequent editions coming along this book should provide a platform for future research accounts of similar flavor. The material is presented in a mostly non-mathematical fashion, and is intended mainly for chemists, application NMR scientists and students with already some background in NMR. Some of the chapters slightly overlap in the discussed topics, which is particularly exciting in terms of gaining insight into the same area from different angles.

Micro-X-ray fluorescence offers the possibility for a position- sensitive and non-destructive analysis that can be used for the analysis of non-homogeneous materials and layer systems. This analytical technique has shown a dynamic development in the last 15 years and is used for the analysis of small particles, inclusions, of elemental distributions for a wide range of different applications both in research and quality control. The first experiments were performed on synchrotrons but there is a requirement for laboratory instruments which offers a fast and immediate access for analytical results. The book discuss the main components of a -XRF instrument and the different measurement modes, it gives an overview about the various instruments types, considers the special requirements for quantification of non-homogeneous materials and presents a wide range of application for single point and multi-point analysis as well as for distribution analysis in one, two and three dimensions.

This book represents volume 2 of a 3-volume monograph on Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects. While volume 1 addressed the basic theory of scattering and stopping of swift point charges, i.e., protons, antiprotons and alpha particles, the present volume focuses on ions heavier than helium as well as molecules and clusters over an energy range from a few keV/u to a few hundred MeV/u. The book addresses the foundations in atomic-collision physics of a wide variety of application areas within materials and surface science and engineering, micro and nano science and technology, radiation medicine and biology as well as nuclear and particle physics. Problems have been added to all chapters. This should make the book useful for both self-study and advanced university courses. An effort has been made to establish a unified notation throughout the monograph.

This book is devoted to advanced materials and perspective sensors, which is one of the most important problems in nanotechnology and security. This book is useful for researchers, scientist and graduate students in the fields of solid state physics, nanotechnology and security.

Many and ever more mobile users wish to enjoy a variety of multimedia services, in very diverse geographical environments. The growing number of communication options within and across wireless standards is accommodating the growing volume and heterogeneity in wireless wishes. On the other hand, advancement in radio technologies opening much more flexibility, a.o. through Software Defined Radios, opens up the possibility to realize mobile devices featuring multi-mode options at low cost and interesting form factors.

It is crucial to manage the new degrees of freedom opened up in radios and standards in a smart way, such that the required service is offered at satisfactory quality as efficiently as possible. Efficiency in energy consumption is clearly primordial for battery powered mobile terminals specifically, and in the context of growing ecological concerns in a broader context. Moreover, efficient usage of the spectrum is a growing prerequisite for wireless systems, and coexistence of different standards puts overall throughput at risk.

The management of flexibility risks bringing about intolerable complexity and hamper the desired agility. A systematic approach, consisting of anticipative preparing for smooth operation, allows mastering this challenge. Case studies show that already today, this approach enables smart operation of radios realizing impressive efficiency gains without hampering Quality-of-Service. In the future wireless communication scenes will be able to profit form the opening of the spectrum. Even smarter and cognitive behavior will become possible and essential.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

This book mainly focuses on the study of the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 by vacuum, ultra-violet, laser-based, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). A new form of electron coupling has been identified in Bi2212, which occurs in the superconducting state. For the first time, the Bogoliubov quasiparticle dispersion with a clear band back-bending has been observed with two peaks in the momentum distribution curve in the superconducting state at a low temperature. Readers will find useful information about the technique of angle-resolved photoemission and the study of high-temperature superconductors using this technique. Dr. Wentao Zhang received his PhD from the Institute of Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Chemometrics in Spectroscopy builds upon the statistical information covered in other books written by these leading authors in the field by providing a broader range of mathematics and progressing into the fundamentals of multivariate and experimental data analysis. Subjects covered in this work include: matrix algebra, analytic geometry, experimental design, calibration regression, linearity, design of collaborative laboratory studies, comparing analytical methods, noise analysis, use of derivatives, analytical accuracy, analysis of variance, and much more are all part of this chemometrics compendium. Developed in the form of a tutorial offering a basic hands-on approach to chemometric and statistical analysis for analytical scientists, experimentalists, and spectroscopists. Without using complicated mathematics, Chemometrics in Spectroscopy demonstrates the basic principles underlying the use of common experimental, chemometric, and statistical tools. Emphasis has been given to problem-solving applications and the proper use and interpretation of data used for scientific research.
* Offers basic hands-on approach to chemometric and statistical analysis for analytical scientists, experimentalists, and spectroscopists.
* Useful for analysts in their daily problem solving, as well as detailed insights into subjects often considered difficult to thoroughly grasp by non-specialists.
* Provides mathematical proofs and derivations for the student or rigorously-minded specialist

Electrochemical Sensor Analysis (ECSA) presents the recent advances in electrochemical (bio)sensors and their practical applications in real clinical, environment, food and industry related samples, as well as in the safety and security arena. In a single source, it covers the entire field of electrochemical (bio)sensor designs and characterizations.
The 38 chapters are grouped in seven sections: 1) Potentiometric sensors, 2) Voltammetric sensors, 3) Electrochemical gas sensors 4) Enzyme-based sensors 5) Affinity biosensors 6) Thick and thin film biosensors and 7) Novel trends. Written by experts working in the diverse technological and scientific fields related to electrochemical sensors, each section provides an overview of a specific class of electrochemical sensors and their applications.
An accompanying CD-ROM contains 53 related analytical protocols detailing the steps required for practical applications and some design-related issues. Each protocol first describes the objectives of the procedure, followed by a detailed list of all the required materials, reagents, and solutions. The steps to prepare the (bio)sensor including its calibration, measurement sequences followed by sample treatment (if applied) and analysis are described in detail. Each procedure ends with some brief discussions of the typical results expected as well as with selected recommended literature.
This interdisciplinary text will be useful for researchers and professionals alike.
* Covers applications and problem solving (sensitivity, interferences) in real sample analysis
* Details procedures to construct and characterize electrochemical (bio)sensors

Solid-State spectroscopy is a burgeoning field with applications in many branches of science, including physics, chemistry, biosciences, surface science, and materials science. Handbook of Applied Solid-State Spectroscopy brings together in one volume information about various spectroscopic techniques that is currently scattered in the literature of these disciplines. This concise yet comprehensive volume covers theory and applications of a broad range of spectroscopies, including NMR, NQR, EPR/ESR, ENDOR, scanning tunneling, acoustic resonance, FTIR, auger electron emission, x-ray photoelectron emission, luminescence, and optical polarization, and more. Emphasis is placed on fundamentals and current methods and procedures, together with the latest applications and developments in the field.

Reviews in Plasmonics is a comprehensive collection of current trends and emerging hot topics in the field of Plasmonics and closely related disciplines. It summarizes the years progress in Plasmonics and its applications, with authoritative analytical reviews specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet also appealing to the wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of Plasmonics.

Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been applied to a wide variety of material and device characterizations in solar cell research fields. In particular, device performance analyses using exact optical constants of component layers and direct analyses of complex solar cell structures are unique features of advanced ellipsometry methods. This second volume of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Photovoltaics presents various applications of the ellipsometry technique for device analyses, including optical/recombination loss analyses, real-time control and on-line monitoring of solar cell structures, and large-area structural mapping. Furthermore, this book describes the optical constants of 148 solar cell component layers, covering a broad range of materials from semiconductor light absorbers (inorganic, organic and hybrid perovskite semiconductors) to transparent conductive oxides and metals. The tabulated and completely parameterized optical constants described in this book are the most current resource that is vital for device simulations and solar cell structural analyses.