In this thought provoking book, Leonare Loeb Adler threads together 26 empirical studies that originated in diverse geographical areas. These studies present a comparison and greater understanding of the behavior of people living in a variety of different cultures. The focus on the book is well expressed in Dr. Adler's introduction in which she states that cross-cultural research recognizes that while the discovery of differences may be significant, the findings of similarities provide even more meaningful information. This book focuses on a variety of current cross-cultural and cross-ethic issues, which are pertinent to specific ages and stages in a life-span perspective. The broad interests and common concerns discussed are shared by people everywhere. Students and scholars in all the political and social science disciplines will find "Cross-Cultural Studies in Human Development" a source of stimulating ideas.

The book begins with a focus on childhood issues, including a Piagetian cognitive study in a Third World country. A report on a new test which assesses early and late stages of development in young school children of different cultures is followed by a chapter discussing applied behavior analysis in dealing with children in the classroom. In addition, there is a chapter on social concerns in childhood development. The second part of this book studies normal as well as handicapped adolescents in different cultures and presents detailed discussions on current issues such as therapeutic management of drug addiction as well as moral development. Part Three focuses on adulthood. The contributors address a wide range of topics including gender issues, attitudes toward extended family members, filial obligations to the elderly, and coming to terms with the death of a parent. Studies of topics important to the elderly complete this book's life-span perspective. The final section examines friendship and social support among old people in cross-cultural and cross-ethnic comparisons. Other chapters deal with disabilities and depression among the elderly, as well as a study of caregivers and counselors.

Does a client's age affect the counselling process? What special challenges do older clients present for the counsellor? This book links life-span concepts directly to the daily concerns of counsellors. With the focus on major types of problems that bring clients to counselling, Thomas integrates current research with counselling techniques to enable counsellors to better understand the relationship between changes in personality traits and counselling elderly clients. He identifies key decisions that are typically made in the counselling process and determines what kinds of age-related information will positively influence the counselling process.

Joining two usually distinct areas of psychoanalytic treatment, this volume explores the psychoanalytic theory of object relations and its application to the study of marital and family interaction. Freud's object relations model lends itself well to the study of internalized object relations and external personal relations. Integrating various psychoanalytic approaches as well as contributions of Piagetian scholars, this essay also incorporates general systems theory. The study covers the breakdown of marital relationships, narcissism of partners, separation and individuation of adolescent offspring, role typing, family communication, defense mechanisms, entrapping, and emotional processes. It concludes with a synthesis of marital and family object relations models.

"Object Relations and the Family ProcesS" introduces the reader to the object relations model. It describes the process of acquiring object concepts of both permanence and libidinal strivings. The concept of libidinal object is then defined. An overview of the psychoanalytic theory of object relations is given and the intrapersonal and interpersonal spheres of object relations are described. The remainder of the book is devoted to the author's presentation of his hypothetical model. Both psychoanalysts and therapists will find this model a useful one.

How are political systems likely to shape the choices, uses, and effects of technological progress? This important new book addresses that question in a case study of Brazil's national alcohol program, Proalcool. Proalcool's stated goals are economic growth, and the reduction of personal regional income disparities, through the production of alcohol as a substitute for petroleum fuels used in internal combustion engines. Established by presidential decree in 1975, the program sought to save Brazil's floundering sugar industry and today can be counted as one of the world's largest and most advanced alternative energy experiments. To better understand how Brazil's political system has shaped this technology, the author investigates the prograM's actual social and economic consequences. He then seeks explanations for these outcomes focusing on the systemic or structural reasons that determined the development of Proalcool's technology. He concludes that the program is best understood as an agent and as a product of an authoritarian political regime, and goes further to analyze its potential role in Brazil's nascent democracy.

The book offers an evaluation of the ways in which the new democratic regime in Brazil is likely to shape the choice, use and development of technologies with the potential for profound and lasting changes on the Brazilian economy. By comparing and contrasting the essential features of a democratic regime with a bureaucratic authoritarian one, the author outlines the ways in which the new Brazilian regime--and other Latin American regimes--are likely to shape their technological choices and the futures of their citizens.

An original compilation of diverse sources on Chinese patterns of thinking and behavior, this comprehensive reference work is addressed primarily to social scientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health professionals. More than 3500 bibliographic citations are included, some 1800 of which are abstracted. Materials were selected from a painstaking search of the literature in psychology, psychiatric, and related disciplines and cover primarily Chinese and English-language sources, although some relevant publications in other languages are also cited.

An original compilation of diverse sources on Chinese patterns of thinking and behavior, this comprehensive reference work is addressed primarily to social scientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health professionals. More than 3500 bibliographic citations are included, some 1800 of which are abstracted. Materials were selected from a painstaking search of the literature in psychology, psychiatric, and related disciplines and cover primarily Chinese and English-language sources, although some relevant publications in other languages are also cited. By providing easy access to material often scattered in books, monographs, and periodicals addressed to different audiences, this volume performs a major service for students and scholars involved in cross-cultural or Chinese studies.

The volume begins with an introductory chapter that presents quantitative data on publication trends and offers a qualitative evaluation of the literature. The studies that follow are divided into 13 chapters largely based on the American Psychological Association content classifications. Within chapters citations are arranged alphabetically by author. Items from non-English sources have been translated into English, while many English abstracts of Chinese publications were extensively edited or rewritten. In addition, an introduction and introductory notes to each chapter place the citations in context. As author index and an extensive subject index provide cross-referencing and aid in literature searches. An invaluable acquisition for any library with a Chinese studies or psychology collection, this volume will both introduce readers to the Chinese psychological literature and facilitate their access to this important body of work.

Out of the investigations and speculations of contemporary science, a challenging view of human behavior and society has emerged and gained strength. It is a view that equates "human nature" utterly and unalterably with the pursuit of self-interest. Influenced by this view, people increasingly appeal to natural imperatives, instead of moral ones, to explain and justify their actions and those of others.

Why do people respond emotionally to fiction when they know that it is only make-believe? This question which is fundamental to aesthetics and literary studies, is here tackled from a new perspective. The author first discusses the various answers that have been offered by philosophers form Aristotle to Roger Scruton. He shows that while some philosophers have denied any rational basis to our emotional responses to fiction, others have argued that the emotions evoked by fiction are not real emotions at all. In contrast, Dr Boruah argues that fictional emotions are rational, and that they are based on the same sorts of beliefs that we form about real situations and real people. He illustrates his discussion throughout by an extensive use of literary examples, ranging from Shakespeare to Tolstoy.

This book was first published in 1988. B. F. Skinner was arguably the most important and influential psychologist of the last century. Yet in his long and distinguished career he consistently declined to be engaged by his critics. In his ninth decade, he elected to confront them all: cognitivists, ethologists, brain scientists, biologists, linguists, and philosophers - close to one hundred and fifty scientists and scholars from the entire spectrum of behavior-related disciplines around the world. Skinner's views on consciousness, language, problem solving, evolution, biology, brain function, computers, theory and explanation, presented in six seminal papers, are analyzed, criticized and explained in the 'open peer commentary' format of the Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal. The result is a remarkably lucid and revealing historical record of Skinnerian thinking and its impact on psychology and its allied disciplines. General readers, students, professionals and historians will find this unique intellectual exchange an invaluable resource.

This non-technical guide to power analysis in research planning provides users of applied statistics with the tools they need for more effective analysis. Expanded and updated, the book uses the same approach and organization as the previous edition, but includes a chapter covering power analysis in set correlation and multivariate methods, a chapter considering the effect size, psychometric reliability and the efficacy of qualifying dependent variables, and expanded power and sample size tables for multiple regression/correlation.

Structural Modelling by Example offers a comprehensive overview of the application of structural equation models in the social and behavioral sciences and in educational research. It is devoted in nearly equal proportions to substantive issues and to methodological ones. The substantive section comprises case studies of the use of these models in a number of disciplines. The authors emphasize the reasons for modelling by these methods, the processes involved in defining the model, and the interpretation of the results. The methodological section comprises investigations of the behavior of structural equation modelling methods under a number of conditions. The aim is to clarify the situations in which these methods can usefully be applied and the interpretations that can be made. All researchers with a basic understanding of regression and factor analysis will find this book to be an invaluable resource as they seek to evaluate the possibilities of these new approaches for their own data.

This immensely practical volume describes the rationale, development, and utilization of cognitive-behavioral techniques in promoting health, preventing disease, and treating illness, with a particular focus on pain management. An ideal resource for a wide range of practitioners and researchers, the book's coverage of pain management includes theoretical, research, and clinical issues, and includes illustrative case material.

This is a comprehensive account of the behaviour and social organisation of humans and other animals. The development and evolution of all types of behaviour are reviewed using up-to-date examples. There is a full survey of all the classic behavioural research including the latest information available. The concepts of aggression and altruism are explained. there are detailed accounts of social organisation in insect and ape communities. Finally, the book discusses human behaviour and social organisation: the development of individuals within society and the biological and cultural bases of human social behaviour are examined.

Is it better to be a big frog in a small pond or a small frog in a big pond? Here, economist Robert H. Frank argues that concerns about status permeate and profoundly alter a broad range of human behavior. He shows how status considerations affect the salaries people earn, the way they spend them, and even many of the laws, regulations, and cultural norms they adopt. Provocative and insightful, this book is sure to spark widespread and lively debate in classrooms and boardrooms alike.

This well-written and lively account of the principles of how motivational systems operate includes discussions of both theories and empirical results from individual systems. It reviews current experimental evidence on hunger, thirst, sex and other areas and argues that common factors must be emphasised as much as differences between the systems. The book summarises the theoretical principles that emerge: it shows where motivation theory and learning theory should come together, rather than diverge. Models with general predictive power are elaborated and related to the goal directed aspect of motivation. The book deals with motivation at all levels from the physiological to that of mathematical modelling and explains complex ideas lucidly. It complements other books in the Problems in the Behavioural Sciences Series including Hunger (le Magnen), Thirst (Rolls & Rolls) and Contemporary Animal Learning Theory (Dickson).

From birth, the urge to eat is the most common everyday experience. Eating to be nourished is the most basic behaviour of human life, and is one of the main functions in all living organisms. Clear answers to a number of important questions have only recently begun to emerge. Why are animals hungry? How are they driven to seek and eat selected foods? How do they become satiated so that they ingest the exact amount of food they need for growth and to maintain stable body weight in adulthood? This book is the first synthesis, by one hand, of the new knowledge on feeding behaviour. It describes the roles of body depletion and repletion of energy and of specific nutrients, of the orosensory qualities of food and of the brain in integrating and interpreting internal and external signals. This volume complements that of B.J. & E.T. Rolls, Thirst, in the same series.

Ranging from behavioral to molecular levels of analysis, this informative study presents the results of recent research into the biochemistry and neural mechanisms of imprinting. Horn discusses some of the difficulties that researchers have encountered in analyzing the neural basis of memory and describes ways in which these difficulties have been overcome through the analysis of memories underlying habituation and imprinting. He also considers the biochemical consequences of imprinting and its cerebral localization, and examines the relationships between human and animal memory.

Agnes Arber's international reputation is due in part to her exceptional ability to interpret the German tradition of scholarship for the English-speaking world. The Mind and the Eye is an erudite book, revealing its author's familiarity with philosophy from Plato and Aristotle through Aquinas to Kant and Hegel; but it is not dull, because the quiet enthusiasm of the author shines through. In this book she turns from the work of a specialist in one science to those wider questions which any scientist must ask at intervals. What, in short, is the relationship between the eye that sees and the mind that weighs and pronounces? An important feature of this Cambridge Science Classics reissue is the introduction provided by Professor P. R. Bell, who as a Cambridge botany student at the time that Agnes Arber was writing The Natural Philosopby of Plant Form, is uniquely able to set The Mind and the Eye in the context of contemporary biological research.

This volume surveys the way that understanding of the minds of animals and ideas about the relationship between animal and human behaviour developed from around 1870 to 1930. In describing the research and theories which contributed to these developments, this book looks at the people who undertook such studies and the reasons why they did so. Its main purpose is to examine the different ways in which the outcome of this work affected their ideas about the human mind and exerted such a formative influence on psychology in general. This book will be used by first and second year undergraduates studying psychology, and will also appeal to students of the history of science and philosophy. In addition, the lucid, non-technical style of this book will provide an excellent introduction to the general reader who would like to know more about this interesting subject.

This text was published in 1982, when sociobiology was experiencing the rapid expansion typical of a new subject. It did not do so without its critics, who pointed to the logical flaws and empirical problems present in many functional arguments. The authors of this book were invited to identify areas within sociobiology which provided particular problems or which had previously been ignored and needed to be developed. These contributions cover a wide array of areas within the field. In many cases they pointed the way to future improvements in practice as well as theory and the book should continue to be of fundamental interest to those involved in any way with the behavioural sciences, population biology, ecology and evolutionary studies.

Thirst is a subjective sensation, triggered by a lack of water and accompanied by the desire to drink. As a powerful and compelling sensation, it is perhaps only exceeded by the hunger for air and by pain, and is central to any concern with the overall mechanisms of homeostasis. Drinking is essential to the survival of most terrestrial vertebrates, and provides a useful model system with which to analyse the control of a complex type of behaviour. Furthermore, drinking requires integrated behavioural responses to physiological stimuli and environmental demands, and therefore offers a good example for the analysis of the biological mechanisms underlying behaviour. First published in 1982, this book describes the control of thirst and water intake, and the physiology and psychology of drinking. Although this book is intended primarily for students of psychology, physiology and medicine, it should be of interest to all those concerned with the scientific study of thirst and with the physiological and neural bases of behaviour.

This 1980 book provides a general but comprehensive study of the way in which animals learn and in particular, learn about the relationship between events in their environment. The study of animal learning and conditioning can be approached from two very different perspectives. The psychologist can focus directly on behaviour, relying on the conditioning experiment in his attempt to formulate behavioural laws and principles which will transcend the confines of the laboratory. The learning theorist however, is concerned not with behavioural change per se but rather with the way in which animals acquire knowledge through experience: the types of relationship to which they are sensitive, their representation of their knowledge about these and the mechanisms that control these representations. Dr Dickinson provides an integrated survey of the experimental and theoretical work which was being carried out as he wrote. The book will continue to interest scholars of animal learning theory.

In the first lecture, entitled "The Founders: Jeffersonion Action and Faith," Erikson uses selected themes from Jefferson's life to illustrate some principles of psychohistory. In the second lecture, "The Inheritors: Modern Insight and Foresight," Erikson applied his main concepts to the problems of ongoing history. The title of the lectures contains one such concept. "New identity" is the result of radical historical change and is here meant to characterize the emerging American identity as first embodied in such men as Jefferson. Erikson first explores certain themes in his examination of the emerging American identity during Jefferson's time. He then attempts to relate the Jeffersonian themes to contemporary problems of repression and suppression, of moralistic vindication, and true liberation by insight. Finally, Erikson maintains that now that children will be born by the privileged choice of parental persons, an adult environment fitting the living and the to-be-living becomes an ethical necessity. There is no question that this work ranks among Erikson's most challenging and seminal books.

This study of childhood neuroses focuses on the role of the early mother-child relationship and its effect on the development of the ego, super-ego, object relations and aggression. The pathological conditions discussed are arranged in accordance with the developmental stages.