With vastly increased complexity and functionality in the "nanometer era" (i.e. hundreds of millions of transistors on one chip), increasing the performance of integrated circuits has become a challenging task. This is due primarily to the inevitable increase in the distance among circuit elements and interconnect design solutions have become the greatest determining factor in overall performance.
Three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs), which contain multiple layers of active devices, have the potential to enhance dramatically chip performance and functionality, while reducing the distance among devices on a chip. They promise solutions to the current "interconnect bottleneck" challenges faced by IC designers. They also may facilitate the integration of heterogeneous materials, devices, and signals. However, before these advantages can be realized, key technology challenges of 3D ICs must be addressed.
This is the first book on 3-D integrated circuit design, covering all of the technological and design aspects of this emerging design paradigm, while proposing effective solutions to specific challenging problems concerning the design of three-dimensional integrated circuits. A handy, comprehensive reference or a practical design guide, this book provides a sound foundation for the design of three-dimensional integrated circuits.
* Demonstrates how to overcome "Interconnect Bottleneck" with 3D Integrated Circuit Design...leading edge design techniques offer solutions to problems (performance/power consumption/price) faced by all circuit designers.
* The FIRST book on 3D Integrated Circuit Design...provides up-to-date information that is otherwise difficult tofind;
* Focuses on design issues key to the product development cyle...good design plays a major role in exploiting the implementation flexibilities offered in the third dimension;
* Provides broad coverage of 3D IC Design, including Interconnect Prediction Models, Thermal Management Techniques, and Timing Optimization...offers practical view of designing 3D circuits.

Over the past decade, system-on-chip (SoC) designs have evolved to address the ever increasing complexity of applications, fueled by the era of digital convergence. Improvements in process technology have effectively shrunk board-level components so they can be integrated on a single chip. New on-chip communication architectures have been designed to support all inter-component communication in a SoC design. These communication architecture fabrics have a critical impact on the power consumption, performance, cost and design cycle time of modern SoC designs. As application complexity strains the communication backbone of SoC designs, academic and industrial R&D efforts and dollars are increasingly focused on communication architecture design.
This book is a comprehensive reference on concepts, research and trends in on-chip communication architecture design. It will provide readers with a comprehensive survey, not available elsewhere, of all current standards for on-chip communication architectures.
KEY FEATURES
* A definitive guide to on-chip communication architectures, explaining key concepts, surveying research efforts and predicting future trends
* Detailed analysis of all popular standards for on-chip communication architectures
* Comprehensive survey of all research on communication architectures, covering a wide range of topics relevant to this area, spanning the past several years, and up to date with the most current research efforts
* Future trends that with have a significant impact on research and design of communication architectures over the next several years

This textbook is based on 20 years of teaching a graduate-level course in random processes to a constituency extending beyond signal processing, communications, control, and networking, and including in particular circuits, RF and optics graduate students. In order to accommodate today's circuits students' needs to understand noise modeling, while covering classical material on Brownian motion, Poisson processes, and power spectral densities, the author has inserted discussions of thermal noise, shot noise, quantization noise and oscillator phase noise. At the same time, techniques used to analyze modulated communications and radar signals, such as the baseband representation of bandpass random signals, or the computation of power spectral densities of a wide variety of modulated signals, are presented. This book also emphasizes modeling skills, primarily through the inclusion of long problems at the end of each chapter, where starting from a description of the operation of a system, a model is constructed and then analyzed. Provides semester-length coverage of random processes, applicable to the analysis of electrical and computer engineering systems; Designed to be accessible to students with varying backgrounds in undergraduate mathematics and engineering; Includes solved examples throughout the discussion, as well as extensive problem sets at the end of every chapter; Develops and reinforces student's modeling skills, with inclusion of modeling problems in every chapter; Solutions for instructors included.

This book provides a single-source reference to routing algorithms for Networks-on-Chip (NoCs), as well as in-depth discussions of advanced solutions applied to current and next generation, many core NoC-based Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). After a basic introduction to the NoC design paradigm and architectures, routing algorithms for NoC architectures are presented and discussed at all abstraction levels, from the algorithmic level to actual implementation. Coverage emphasizes the role played by the routing algorithm and is organized around key problems affecting current and next generation, many-core SoCs. A selection of routing algorithms is included, specifically designed to address key issues faced by designers in the ultra-deep sub-micron (UDSM) era, including performance improvement, power, energy, and thermal issues, fault tolerance and reliability.

This book will explain how to verify SoC logic designs using "formal" and "semi-formal" verification techniques. The critical issue to be addressed is whether the functionality of the design is the one that the designers intended. Simulation has been used for checking the correctness of SoC designs (as in "functional" verification), but many subtle design errors cannot be caught by simulation. Recently, formal verification, giving mathematical proof of the correctness of designs, has been getting much more attention. So far, most of the books on formal verification target the register transfer level (RTL) or lower levels of design. For higher design productivity, it is essential to debug designs as early as possible. That is, designs should be completely verified at very abstracted design levels (higher than RTL). This book covers all aspects of high-level formal and semi-formal verification techniques for system level designs.
- First book that covers all aspects of formal and semi-formal, high-level (higher than RTL) design verification targeting SoC designs.
- Formal verification of high-level designs (RTL or higher).
- Verification techniques are discussed with associated system-level design methodology.

This book highlights numerical models as powerful tools for the optimal design of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Most MEMS experts have a background in electronics, where circuit models or behavioral models (i.e. lumped-parameter models) of devices are preferred to field models. This is certainly convenient in terms of preliminary design, e.g. in the prototyping stage. However, design optimization should also take into account fine-sizing effects on device behavior and therefore be based on distributed-parameter models, such as finite-element models. The book shows how the combination of automated optimal design and field-based models can produce powerful design toolboxes for MEMS. It especially focuses on illustrating theoretical concepts with practical examples, fostering comprehension through a problem-solving approach. By comparing the results obtained using different methods, readers will learn to identify their respective strengths and weaknesses. In addition, special emphasis is given to evolutionary computing and nature-inspired optimization strategies, the effectiveness of which has already been amply demonstrated. Given its scope, the book provides PhD students, researchers and professionals in the area of computer-aided analysis with a comprehensive, yet concise and practice-oriented guide to MEMS design and optimization. To benefit most from the book, readers should have a basic grasp of electromagnetism, vector analysis and numerical methods.

The updated edition of this book provides comprehensive coverage of fundamental semiconductor physics. This subject is essential to an understanding of the physical and operational principles of a wide variety of semiconductor electronic and optoelectronic devices. It has been revised to reflect advances in semiconductor technologies over the past decade, including many new semiconductor devices that have emerged and entered into the marketplace.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of CMOS circuits for passive wireless microsystems. Major topics include: an overview of passive wireless microsystems, design challenges of passive wireless microsystems, fundamental issues of ultra-low power wireless communications, radio-frequency power harvesting, ultra-low power modulators and demodulators, ultra-low power temperature-compensated current and voltage references, clock generation and remote calibration, and advanced design techniques for ultra low-power analog signal processing.

This book is a comprehensive guide to new DFT methods that will show the readers how to design a testable and quality product, drive down test cost, improve product quality and yield, and speed up time-to-market and time-to-volume.
. Most up-to-date coverage of design for testability.
. Coverage of industry practices commonly found in commercial DFT tools but not discussed in other books.
. Numerous, practical examples in each chapter illustrating basic VLSI test principles and DFT architectures.
. Lecture slides and exercise solutions for all chapters are now available.
. Instructors are also eligible for downloading PPT slide files and MSWORD solutions files from the manual website.

This textbook is designed for graduate-level courses, and for self-study, in analog and sampled-data, including switched-capacitor, circuit theory and design for ongoing, or active electrical engineers, needing to become proficient in analog circuit design on a system, rather than on a device, level. After decades of experience in industry and teaching this material in academic settings, the author has extracted many of the most important and useful features of analog circuit theory and design and presented them in a manner that is easy to digest and utilize. The methodology and analysis techniques presented can be applied to areas well beyond those specifically addressed in this book. This book is meant to enable readers to gain a 'general knowledge' of one aspect of analog engineering (e.g., that of network theory, filter design, system theory and sampled-data signal processing). The presentation is self-contained and should be accessible to anyone with a first degree in electrical engineering.

This book has been written to help digital engineers who need a few basic analog tools in their toolbox. For practicing digital engineers, students, educators and hands-on managers who are looking for the analog foundation they need to handle their daily engineering problems, this will serve as a valuable reference to the nuts-and-bolts of system analog design in a digital world.
This book is a hands-on designer's guide to the most important topics in analog electronics-such as Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion, operational amplifiers, filters, and integrating analog and digital systems. The presentation is tailored for engineers who are primarily experienced and/or educated in digital circuit design. This book will teach such readers how to "think analog" when it is the best solution to their problem. Special attention is also given to fundamental topics, such as noise and how to use analog test and measurement equipment, that are often ignored in other analog titles aimed at professional engineers.
* Extensive use of case-histories and real design examples.
* Offers digital designers the right analog "tool" for the job at hand.
* Conversational, annecdotal "tone" is very easily accessible by students and practitioners alike.

"Current Sources and Voltage References" provides fixed, well-regulated levels of current or voltage within a circuit. These are two of the most important "building blocks" of analog circuits, and are typically used in creating most analog IC designs.
Part 1 shows the reader how current sources are created, how they can be optimized, and how they can be utilized by the OEM circuit designer. The book serves as a "must-have" reference for the successful development of precision circuit applications. It shows practical examples using either BJTs, FETs, precision op amps, or even matched CMOS arrays being used to create highly accurate current source designs, ranging from nanoAmps to Amps. In each chapter the most important characteristics of the particular semiconductor type being studied are carefully reviewed. This not only serves as a helpful refresher for experienced engineers, but also as a good foundation for all EE student coursework, and includes device models and relevant equations.
Part 2 focuses on semiconductor voltage references, from their design to their various practical enhancements. It ranges from the simple Zener diode to today's most advanced topologies, including Analog Devices' XFET(R) and Intersil's FGA(TM) (invented while this book was being written). Over 300 applications and circuit diagrams are shown throughout this easy-to-read, practical reference book.
* Discusses how to design low-noise, precision current sources using matched transistor pairs.
* Explains the design of high power current sources with power MOSFETs
* Gives proven techniques to reduce drift and improve accuracy in voltage references.

Fundamentals of Nonlinear Digital Filtering is the first book of its kind, presenting and evaluating current methods and applications in nonlinear digital filtering. Written for professors, researchers, and application engineers, as well as for serious students of signal processing, this is the only book available that functions as both a reference handbook and a textbook. Solid introductory material, balanced coverage of theoretical and practical aspects, and dozens of examples provide you with a self-contained, comprehensive information source on nonlinear filtering and its applications.

The greatly expanded and updated 3rd edition of this textbook offers the reader a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of logic functions and equations and their applications across computer science and engineering. The authors' approach emphasizes a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles as well as numerical and computer-based solution methods. The book provides insight into applications across propositional logic, binary arithmetic, coding, cryptography, complexity, logic design, and artificial intelligence. Updated throughout, some major additions for the 3rd edition include: a new chapter about the concepts contributing to the power of XBOOLE; a new chapter that introduces into the application of the XBOOLE-Monitor XBM 2; many tasks that support the readers in amplifying the learned content at the end of the chapters; solutions of a large subset of these tasks to confirm learning success; challenging tasks that need the power of the XBOOLE software for their solution. The XBOOLE-monitor XBM 2 software is used to solve the exercises; in this way the time-consuming and error-prone manipulation on the bit level is moved to an ordinary PC, more realistic tasks can be solved, and the challenges of thinking about algorithms leads to a higher level of education.

This book documents some of the most recent advances on the physical layer of the Internet of Things (IoT), including sensors, circuits, and systems. The application area selected for illustrating these advances is that of autonomous, wearable systems for real-time medical diagnosis. The book is unique in that it adopts a holistic view of such systems and includes not only the sensor and processing subsystems, but also the power, communication, and security subsystems. Particular attention is paid to the integration of these IoT subsystems as well as the prototyping platforms needed for achieving such integration. Other unique features include the discussion of energy-harvesting subsystems to achieve full energy autonomy and the consideration of hardware security as a requirement for the integrity of the IoT physical layer. One unifying thread of the various designs considered in this book is that they have all been fabricated and tested in an advanced, low-power CMOS process, namely GLOBALFOUNDRIES 65nm CMOS LPe.

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic (often a sine wave, a square wave, or a pulse trains) or a non-periodic (a double-mode wave or a chaotic wave) oscillating electronic signal. Oscillators convert direct current from a power supply to an alternating current signal, and are widely used in many electronic devices. This book surveys recent developments in the design, analysis and applications of this important class of circuits. Topics covered include an introduction to recent developments; analysis of bifurcation in oscillatory circuits; fractional-order oscillators; memristive and memcapacitive astable multivibrators; piecewise-constant oscillators and their applications; master-slave synchronization of hysteresis neural-type oscillators; multimode oscillations in coupled hard-oscillators; wave propagation of phase difference in coupled oscillator arrays; coupled oscillator networks with frustration; graph comparison and synchronization in complex networks; experimental studies on reconfigurable network of chaotic oscillators; fundamental operation and design of high-frequency tuned power oscillator; ring oscillators and self-timed rings in true random number generators; and attacking on-chip oscillators in cryptographic applications. Providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in oscillator circuits, this book is essential reading for researchers, advanced students and circuit designers working in circuit theory and modelling, especially nonlinear circuit engineering.

FPGAs have almost entirely replaced the traditional Application Specific Standard Parts (ASSP) such as the 74xx logic chip families because of their superior size, versatility, and speed. For example, FPGAs provide over a million fold increase in gates compared to ASSP parts. The traditional approach for hands-on exercises has relied on ASSP parts, primarily because of their simplicity and ease of use for the novice. Not only is this approach technically outdated, but it also severely limits the complexity of the designs that can be implemented. By introducing the readers to FPGAs, they are being familiarized with current digital technology and the skills to implement complex, sophisticated designs. However, working with FGPAs comes at a cost of increased complexity, notably the mastering of an HDL language, such as Verilog. Therefore, this book accomplishes the following: first, it teaches basic digital design concepts and then applies them through exercises; second, it implements these digital designs by teaching the user the syntax of the Verilog language while implementing the exercises. Finally, it employs contemporary digital hardware, such as the FPGA, to build a simple calculator, a basic music player, a frequency and period counter and it ends with a microprocessor being embedded in the fabric of the FGPA to communicate with the PC. In the process, readers learn about digital mathematics and digital-to-analog converter concepts through pulse width modulation.

A hands-on introduction to FPGA prototyping and SoC design This Second Edition of the popular book follows the same "learning-by-doing" approach to teach the fundamentals and practices of VHDL synthesis and FPGA prototyping. It uses a coherent series of examples to demonstrate the process to develop sophisticated digital circuits and IP (intellectual property) cores, integrate them into an SoC (system on a chip) framework, realize the system on an FPGA prototyping board, and verify the hardware and software operation. The examples start with simple gate-level circuits, progress gradually through the RT (register transfer) level modules, and lead to a functional embedded system with custom I/O peripherals and hardware accelerators. Although it is an introductory text, the examples are developed in a rigorous manner, and the derivations follow strict design guidelines and coding practices used for large, complex digital systems. The new edition is completely updated. It presents the hardware design in the SoC context and introduces the hardware-software co-design concept. Instead of treating examples as isolated entities, the book integrates them into a single coherent SoC platform that allows readers to explore both hardware and software "programmability" and develop complex and interesting embedded system projects. The revised edition: Adds four general-purpose IP cores, which are multi-channel PWM (pulse width modulation) controller, I2C controller, SPI controller, and XADC (Xilinx analog-to-digital converter) controller. Introduces a music synthesizer constructed with a DDFS (direct digital frequency synthesis) module and an ADSR (attack-decay-sustain-release) envelop generator. Expands the original video controller into a complete stream-based video subsystem that incorporates a video synchronization circuit, a test pattern generator, an OSD (on-screen display) controller, a sprite generator, and a frame buffer. Introduces basic concepts of software-hardware co-design with Xilinx MicroBlaze MCS soft-core processor. Provides an overview of bus interconnect and interface circuit. Introduces basic embedded system software development. Suggests additional modules and peripherals for interesting and challenging projects. The FPGA Prototyping by VHDL Examples, Second Edition makes a natural companion text for introductory and advanced digital design courses and embedded system course. It also serves as an ideal self-teaching guide for practicing engineers who wish to learn more about this emerging area of interest.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research into integrated circuits' ageing, explaining the causes of this phenomenon, describing its effects on electronic systems, and providing mitigation techniques to build ageing-resilient circuits.

This book systematically explains the fundamentals of system-level electromagnetic compatibility and introduces the basic concept of system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design. The topics covered include the critical technologies in the top-down quantification design of electromagnetic compatibility, quantification design of system-level electromagnetic compatibility, evaluation methods and application examples, quality control and application examples of electromagnetic compatibility development process, and real-world engineering example analysis of electromagnetic compatibility.The book proposes a top-down system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design method and is the first book to describe in detail how to quantitatively evaluate and predict system-level electromagnetic compatibility performance. It includes abundant engineering examples and experimental data demonstrating the usage and results of the top-down quantification design methods of system-level electromagnetic compatibility.It enables readers to obtain a thorough understanding of the theory and methods of system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design as well as the methodologies for engineering practice.

In November 2001 the Mathematical Research Center at Oberwolfach, Germany, hosted the third Conference on Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electronic Industry. It brought together researchers in mathematics, electrical engineering and scientists working in industry.

The contributions to this volume try to bridge the gap between basic and applied mathematics, research in electrical engineering and the needs of industry.