The explosion in the wireless industry, coupled with the higher frequencies in today's digital integrated circuits (IC) has made vital the need for accurate IC testing. This is the first book dedicated to the issues surrounding RFIC testing. This ground breaking work enables professionals to perform high-accuracy RF measurements of die and packages in the RF test lab. This timely volume defines the essential elements in an RF system, explains where errors can be found in such a system and shows how to mathematically remove them with calibration.

This book presents techniques necessary to predict cardiac arrhythmias, long before they occur, based on minimal ECG data. The authors describe the key information needed for automated ECG signal processing, including ECG signal pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. The adaptive and novel ECG processing techniques introduced in this book are highly effective and suitable for real-time implementation on ASICs.

This book discusses analysis, design and optimization techniques for streaming multiprocessor systems, while satisfying a given area, performance, and energy budget. The authors describe design flows for both application-specific and general purpose streaming systems. Coverage also includes the use of machine learning for thermal optimization at run-time, when an application is being executed. The design flow described in this book extends to thermal and energy optimization with multiple applications running sequentially and concurrently.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of both theoretical and pragmatic aspects of resource-allocation and scheduling in multiprocessor and multicore hard-real-time systems. The authors derive new, abstract models of real-time tasks that capture accurately the salient features of real application systems that are to be implemented on multiprocessor platforms, and identify rules for mapping application systems onto the most appropriate models. New run-time multiprocessor scheduling algorithms are presented, which are demonstrably better than those currently used, both in terms of run-time efficiency and tractability of off-line analysis. Readers will benefit from a new design and analysis framework for multiprocessor real-time systems, which will translate into a significantly enhanced ability to provide formally verified, safety-critical real-time systems at a significantly lower cost.

This book discusses the design and implementation of energy harvesting systems targeting wearable devices. The authors describe in detail the different energy harvesting sources that can be utilized for powering low-power devices in general, focusing on the best candidates for wearable applications. Coverage also includes state-of-the-art interface circuits, which can be used to accept energy from harvesters and deliver it to a device in the most efficient way. Finally, the authors present power management circuits for using multiple energy harvesting sources at the same time to power devices and to enhance efficiency of the system.

The design of circuits capable of generating short electrical pulses at very high power levels has been the subject of considerable research over the last 50 years. Much of this work is dispersed throughout conference proceedings and journals. There are very few books dedicated to the subject. Transient Electronics redresses the balance with a comprehensive survey of the most significant work in the field. It will serve as a self-contained guide to the application of pulsed circuit techniques in pulsed power technology.

Features include:

• A comprehensive guide to the use of the Laplace transform method for the analysis of the transient response of electronic circuits and transmission lines.

• A survey of pulse forming line and pulse forming network techniques including detailed analysis of their performance.

• A review of the many different types of pulsed transformer including transmission line transformers.

• Coverage of a wide range of specialised pulse generating circuits used in pulsed power generation.

• A chapter on the relatively new field of non-linear pulsed circuit technology.

This book offers readers comprehensive coverage of security policy specification using new policy languages, implementation of security policies in Systems-on-Chip (SoC) designs - current industrial practice, as well as emerging approaches to architecting SoC security policies and security policy verification. The authors focus on a promising security architecture for implementing security policies, which satisfies the goals of flexibility, verification, and upgradability from the ground up, including a plug-and-play hardware block in which all policy implementations are enclosed. Using this architecture, they discuss the ramifications of designing SoC security policies, including effects on non-functional properties (power/performance), debug, validation, and upgrade. The authors also describe a systematic approach for "hardware patching", i.e., upgrading hardware implementations of security requirements safely, reliably, and securely in the field, meeting a critical need for diverse Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Provides comprehensive coverage of SoC security requirements, security policies, languages, and security architecture for current and emerging computing devices; Explodes myths and ambiguities in SoC security policy implementations, and provide a rigorous treatment of the subject; Demonstrates a rigorous, step-by-step approach to developing a diversity of SoC security policies; Introduces a rigorous, disciplined approach to "hardware patching", i.e., secure technique for updating hardware functionality of computing devices in-field; Includes discussion of current and emerging approaches for security policy verification.

In the past four years we have witnessed rapid development in technology and significant market penetration in many applications for LED systems. New processes and new materials have been introduced; new standards and new testing methods have been developed; new driver, control and sensing technologies have been integrated; and new and unknown failure modes have also been presented. In this book, Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 2, we invited the experts from industry and academia to present the latest developments and findings in the LED system reliability arena. Topics in this book cover the early failures and critical steps in LED manufacturing; advances in reliability testing and standards; quality of colour and colour stability; degradation of optical materials and the associated chromaticity maintenance; characterization of thermal interfaces; LED solder joint testing and prediction; common failure modes in LED drivers; root causes for lumen depreciation; corrosion sensitivity of LED packages; reliability management for automotive LEDs, and lightning effects on LEDs. This book is a continuation of Solid State Lighting Reliability: Components to Systems (published in 2013), which covers reliability aspects ranging from the LED to the total luminaire or system of luminaires. Together, these two books are a full set of reference books for Solid State Lighting reliability from the performance of the (sub-) components to the total system, regardless its complexity.

This work is motivated by the ongoing open question of how information in the outside world is represented and processed by the brain. Consequently, several novel methods are developed. A new mathematical formulation is proposed for the encoding and decoding of analog signals using integrate-and-fire neuron models. Based on this formulation, a novel algorithm, significantly faster than the state-of-the-art method, is proposed for reconstructing the input of the neuron. Two new identification methods are proposed for neural circuits comprising a filter in series with a spiking neuron model. These methods reduce the number of assumptions made by the state-of-the-art identification framework, allowing for a wider range of models of sensory processing circuits to be inferred directly from input-output observations. A third contribution is an algorithm that computes the spike time sequence generated by an integrate-and-fire neuron model in response to the output of a linear filter, given the input of the filter encoded with the same neuron model.

This book provides readers with guidelines for designing integrated multi-MHz-switching converters for input voltages/system supplies up to 50V or higher. Coverage includes converter theory, converter architectures, circuit design, efficiency, sizing of passives, technology aspects, etc. The author discusses new circuit designs, new architectures and new switching concepts, including dead-time control and soft-switching techniques that overcome current limitations of these converters. The discussion includes technology related issues and helps readers to choose the right technology for fast-switching converters. This book discusses benefits and drawbacks in terms of integration, size and cost, efficiency and complexity, and enables readers to make trade-offs in design, given different converter parameters. Describes a study for increasing switching frequencies up to 30 MHz at input voltages up to 50V or higher in the scaling of the size of switching converter passives; Analyzes various buck converter implementations and shows that a preference due to higher efficiency depends on the operating point, on the available switch technologies, and on the implementation of the high-side supply generation; Describes an efficiency model based on a four-phase model, which enables separation of loss causes and loss locations.

This book offers the first comprehensive view on integrated circuit and system design for the Internet of Things (IoT), and in particular for the tiny nodes at its edge. The authors provide a fresh perspective on how the IoT will evolve based on recent and foreseeable trends in the semiconductor industry, highlighting the key challenges, as well as the opportunities for circuit and system innovation to address them. This book describes what the IoT really means from the design point of view, and how the constraints imposed by applications translate into integrated circuit requirements and design guidelines. Chapter contributions equally come from industry and academia. After providing a system perspective on IoT nodes, this book focuses on state-of-the-art design techniques for IoT applications, encompassing the fundamental sub-systems encountered in Systems on Chip for IoT: ultra-low power digital architectures and circuits low- and zero-leakage memories (including emerging technologies) circuits for hardware security and authentication System on Chip design methodologies on-chip power management and energy harvesting ultra-low power analog interfaces and analog-digital conversion short-range radios miniaturized battery technologies packaging and assembly of IoT integrated systems (on silicon and non-silicon substrates). As a common thread, all chapters conclude with a prospective view on the foreseeable evolution of the related technologies for IoT. The concepts developed throughout the book are exemplified by two IoT node system demonstrations from industry. The unique balance between breadth and depth of this book: enables expert readers quickly to develop an understanding of the specific challenges and state-of-the-art solutions for IoT, as well as their evolution in the foreseeable future provides non-experts with a comprehensive introduction to integrated circuit design for IoT, and serves as an excellent starting point for further learning, thanks to the broad coverage of topics and selected references makes it very well suited for practicing engineers and scientists working in the hardware and chip design for IoT, and as textbook for senior undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students ( familiar with analog and digital circuits).

An indispensible guide to the uses of optical ICs, this practical volume examines the theory, fabrication techniques, and applications of the latest generation of optical devices. Focusing on the hybrid type of OIC, the book discusses passive waveguide devices, functional optical waveguide devices, micro-fabrication, optical waveguide theory, and current research problems.

Contains case studies conducted at six facilities to evaluate the technical, environmental and cost impacts associated with the implementation of technologies for reducing the volume and toxicity of printed circuit board metals-containing sludges and solvent wastes. Analyses of these data are the ba

This book introduces the basic fundamentals, models, emulators and analyses of mem-elements in the circuit theory with applications. The book starts reviewing the literature on mem-elements, models and their recent applications. It presents mathematical models, numerical results, circuit simulations, and experimental results for double-loop hysteresis behavior of mem-elements. The authors introduce a generalized memristor model in the fractional-order domain under different input and different designs for emulator-based mem-elements, with circuit and experimental results. The basic concept of memristive-based relaxation-oscillators in the circuit theory is also covered. The reader will moreover find in this book information on memristor-based multi-level digital circuits, memristor-based multi-level multiplier and memcapacitor-based oscillators and synaptic circuits.

This book provides a practical, hands-on approach to teach the foundation of 2.5D/3D heterogeneous design. Based on the author's extensive, industrial experience, this book enables integrated circuit design techniques that provide more memory to the logic chip, also allowing for mixing chips and intellectual property blocks from any vendor to build a more complex chip, more efficiently and cost effectively. Various practical examples and industrial projects are presented throughout the book, including questions and term projects at the end of each chapter. This book is a great resource for practicing engineers and can be used at universities to teach a course at the senior undergraduate and graduate level.

This book will guide Photovoltaics researchers in a new way of thinking about harvesting light energy from all wavelengths of the solar spectrum. It closes the gap between general solar cells books and photovoltaics journal articles, by focusing on the latest developments in our understanding of solid-state device physics. The material presented is experimental and based on II-VI thin-film materials, mainly CdTe-based solar cells. The authors describe the use of new device design, based on multilayer graded bandgap configuration, using CdTe-based solar cells. The authors also explain how the photo-generated currents can be enhanced using multi-step charge carrier production. The possibility of fabricating these devices using low-cost and scalable electroplating is demonstrated. The value of electroplating for large area electronic devices such as PV solar panels, display devices and nano-technology devices are also demonstrated. By enabling new understanding of the engineering of electroplated semiconductor materials and providing an overview of the semiconductor physics and technology, this practical book is ideal to guide researchers, engineers, and manufacturers on future solar cell device designs and fabrications. Discusses in detail the processes of growths, treatments, solar cell device fabrication and solid state physics, improving readers' understanding of fundamental solid state physics; Enables future improvements in CdTe-based device efficiency; Explains the significance of defects in deposited semiconductor materials and interfaces that affect the material properties and resulting device performance.

This text sets out to provide a source of design techniques for leading to reduction in expense, size and weight of directional couplers and filters. It also gives step-by-step procedures for enhancing circuit performance. Numerous design examples and verified measured results for ultrawideband, bandpass, periodic and co-directional couplers are provided.

This thesis provides a thorough noise analysis for conventional CIS readout chains, while also presenting and discussing a variety of noise reduction techniques that allow the read noise in standard processes to be optimized. Two physical implementations featuring sub-0.5-electron RMS are subsequently presented to verify the proposed noise reduction techniques and provide a full characterization of a VGA imager. Based on the verified noise calculation, the impact of the technology downscaling on the input-referred noise is also studied. Further, the thesis covers THz CMOS image sensors and presents an original design that achieves ultra-low-noise performance. Last but not least, it provides a comprehensive review of CMOS image sensors.

This book introduces a novel framework for accurately modeling the errors in nanoscale CMOS technology and developing a smooth tool flow at high-level design abstractions to estimate and mitigate the effects of errors. The book presents novel techniques for high-level fault simulation and reliability estimation as well as architecture-level and system-level fault tolerant designs. It also presents a survey of state-of-the-art problems and solutions, offering insights into reliability issues in digital design and their cross-layer countermeasures.

As high density circuits move deeper into submicron dimensions Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) effects become an increasing concern. This new edition of a classic reference presents a practical and systematic approach to ESD device physics, modelling and design techniques. The authors draw upon their wealth of industrial experience to provide a complete overview of ESD and its implications in the development of advanced integrated circuits.

Fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring:

• Design methods for a variety of technologies from 1 micron to the current sub-micron regimes, along with complete design approaches for MOS, BiCMOS and Power MOSFETs.

• New sections on ESD design rules, process technology effects, layout approaches, package effects and circuit simulations.

• Guidance on the implementation of circuit protection measures for a range of I/O configurations.

• Detailed coverage of ESD simulation stress models.

To ensure the security and economy of future power system operation in the context of a high degree of renewable energy penetration, this thesis proposes a new distributed algorithm called generalized master-slave-splitting (G-MSS) theory and a new transmission-distribution coordinated energy management (TDCEM) method that is based on the G-MSS theory. The thesis studies the mathematical properties of the G-MSS theory in detail. Based on the G-MSS theory, a distributed TDCEM method - which involves distributed security analysis, distributed voltage stability analysis, distributed economic dispatch and distributed optimal power flow for an integrated transmission-distribution system - is then developed for the first time. The thesis demonstrates that the proposed TDCEM method significantly contributes to more reliable and optimal operation in power systems. The book will benefit researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of power system operation and optimization.

Magnetic nanowires and microwires are key tools in the development of enhanced devices for information technology (memory and data processing) and sensing. Offering the combined characteristics of high density, high speed, and non-volatility, they facilitate reliable control of the motion of magnetic domain walls; a key requirement for the development of novel classes of logic and storage devices. Part One introduces the design and synthesis of magnetic nanowires and microwires, reviewing the growth and processing of nanowires and nanowire heterostructures using such methods as sol-gel and electrodeposition combinations, focused-electron/ion-beam-induced deposition, chemical vapour transport, quenching and drawing and magnetic interactions. Magnetic and transport properties, alongside domain walls, in nano- and microwires are then explored in Part Two, before Part Three goes on to explore a wide range of applications for magnetic nano- and microwire devices, including memory, microwave and electrochemical applications, in addition to thermal spin polarization and configuration, magnetocalorific effects and Bloch point dynamics.