The subject of this book is to introduce a model-based quantitative performance indicator methodology applicable for performance, cost and reliability optimization of non-volatile memories. The complex example of flash memories is used to introduce and apply the methodology. It has been developed by the author based on an industrial 2-bit to 4-bit per cell flash development project. For the first time, design and cost aspects of 3D integration of flash memory are treated in this book.

Cell, array, performance and reliability effects of flash memories are introduced and analyzed. Key performance parameters are derived to handle the flash complexity. A performance and array memory model is developed and a set of performance indicators characterizing architecture, cost and durability is defined.

Flash memories are selected to apply the Performance Indicator Methodology to quantify design and technology innovation. A graphical representation based on trend lines is introduced to support a requirement based product development process.

The Performance Indicator methodology is applied to demonstrate the importance of hidden memory parameters for a successful product and system development roadmap.

"Flash Memories "offers an opportunity to enhance your understanding of product development key topics such as:

. Reliability optimization of flash memories is all about threshold voltage margin understanding and definition;
. Product performance parameter are analyzed in-depth in all aspects in relation to the threshold voltage operation window;
. Technical characteristics are translated into quantitative performance indicators;
. Performance indicators are applied to identify and quantify product and technology innovation within adjacent areas to fulfill the application requirements with an overall cost optimized solution; . Cost, density, performance and durability values are combined into a common factor - performance indicator - which fulfills the application requirements"

Overcoming the agility limitations of conventional frequency synthesizers in multi-band OFDM ultra wideband is a key research goal in digital technology. This volume outlines a frequency plan that can generate all the required frequencies from a single fixed frequency, able to implement center frequencies with no more than two levels of SSB mixing. It recognizes the need for future synthesizers to bypass on-chip inductors and operate at low voltages to enable the increased integration and efficiency of networked appliances. The author examines in depth the architecture of the dividers that generate the necessary frequencies from a single base frequency and are capable of establishing a fractional division ratio.

Presenting the first CMOS inductorless single PLL 14-band frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDMUWB makes this volume a key addition to the literature, and with the synthesizer capable of arbitrary band-hopping in less than two nanoseconds, it operates well within the desired range on a 1.2-volt power supply. The author's close analysis of the operation, stability, and phase noise of injection-locked regenerative frequency dividers will provide researchers and technicians with much food for developmental thought.

"

Since register transfer level (RTL) design is less about being a bright engineer, and more about knowing the downstream implications of your work, this book explains the impact of design decisions taken that may give rise later in the product lifecycle to issues related to testability, data synchronization across clock domains, synthesizability, power consumption, routability, etc., all which are a function of the way the RTL was originally written. Readers will benefit from a highly practical approach to the fundamentals of these topics, and will be given clear guidance regarding necessary safeguards to observe during RTL design.

The book summarizes the findings and contributions of the European ARTEMIS project, CESAR, for improving and enabling interoperability of methods, tools, and processes to meet the demands in embedded systems development across four domains - avionics, automotive, automation, and rail. The contributions give insight to an improved engineering and safety process life-cycle for the development of safety critical systems. They present new concept of engineering tools integration platform to improve the development of safety critical embedded systems and illustrate capacity of this framework for end-user instantiation to specific domain needs and processes. They also advance state-of-the-art in component-based development as well as component and system validation and verification, with tool support. And finally they describe industry relevant evaluated processes and methods especially designed for the embedded systems sector as well as easy adoptable common interoperability principles for software tool integration.

Starting Electronics is unrivalled as a highly practical introduction for technicians, non-electronic engineers, software engineers, students, and hobbyists. Keith Brindley introduces readers to the functions of the main component types, their uses, and the basic principles of building and designing electronic circuits. Breadboard layouts make this very much a ready-to-run book for the experimenter, and the use of readily available, inexpensive components makes this practical exploration of electronics easily accessible to all levels of engineer and hobbyist.

Other books tell readers what to do, but sometimes fail to explain why - Brindley gives readers hands-on confidence in addition to real scientific knowledge, and insight into the principles as well as the practice. All written explanations and steps are supplemented with numerous photos, charts, tables and graphs. Concepts and practical aspects are explained thoroughly with mathematical formulae and technical schematic drawings.

Each chapter introduces a concept or tool, explains the basic theory, and provides clear instructions for a simple experiment to apply the concept or tool, with quiz sections and answers, at the end of each chapter. New chapters on multimeters and soldering will be added, covering the fundamentals and experiments, with a basic parts list and an expanded and updated buyer s guide.
Guides the reader through the basics of electronics, from fundamentals of theory to practical work and experimentsStructured for learning and self-study: each chapter introduces a concept or tool, explains the basic theory, and provides clear instructions for a simple experiment to apply the concept or tool, with quiz sections and answers, at the end of each chapterNew chapters on multimeters and soldering, covering the fundamentals and experiments, with a basic parts list. Expanded and updated buyer s guide to accompany parts lists"

This book describes the integration, characterization and analysis of cost-efficient thin-film transistors (TFTs), applying zinc oxide as active semiconductors. The authors discuss soluble gate dielectrics, ZnO precursors, and dispersions containing nanostructures of the material, while different transistor configurations are analyzed with respect to their integration, compatibility, and device performance. Additionally, simple circuits (inverters and ring oscillators) and a complementary design employing (in)organic semiconducting materials are presented and discussed. Readers will benefit from concise information on cost-efficient materials and processes, applied in flexible and transparent electronic technology, such as the use of solution-based materials and dispersion containing nanostructures, as well as discussion of the physical fundamentals responsible for the operation of the thin-film transistors and the non-idealities of the device.

This book provides readers specializing in ultra-low power supply design for self-powered applications an invaluable reference on reconfigurable switched capacitor power converters. Readers will benefit from a comprehensive introduction to the design of robust power supplies for energy harvesting and self-power applications, focusing on the use of reconfigurable switched capacitor based DC-DC converters, which is ideal for such applications. Coverage includes all aspects of switched capacitor power supply designs, from fundamentals, to reconfigurable power stages, and sophisticated controller designs.

This book presents techniques for energy reduction in adaptive embedded multimedia systems, based on dynamically reconfigurable processors. The approach described will enable designers to meet performance/area constraints, while minimizing video quality degradation, under various, run-time scenarios. Emphasis is placed on implementing power/energy reduction at various abstraction levels. To enable this, novel techniques for adaptive energy management at both processor architecture and application architecture levels are presented, such that both hardware and software adapt together, minimizing overall energy consumption under unpredictable, design-/compile-time scenarios.

This thesis explores a route to induce and control the structure formation process in thin films by the use of strong electric fields. We investigate, establish and apply the use of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) lithography as a versatile patterning tool on the sub-micrometre and nanometre length scales for functional materials. Thin films are ubiquitous, they are found in nature and used in almost every aspect of daily life. While film instabilities are often undesirable in nature and technology, they can be utilized to produce structures by precisely controlling the destabilization of the film. EHD lithography utilizes instabilities induced by means of an electric field to fabricate periodic structures. EHD patterning is set to become a competitive candidate for low-cost lithographic technology for a number of applications. Herein, the applied potential of this lithographic process is explored by expanding its applicability to a broad range of materials and by a simultaneous patterning of multilayer systems or functional polymers yielding hierarchical architectures with novel functionalities.
EHD pattern formation enables for instance, the fabrication of multi-scale structured arrays as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active platforms. Furthermore, crystalline and conductive polymers are patterned using the EHD approach and the underlying structure formation mechanisms are discussed. This extension towards functional material systems offers interesting prospects for potential applications. Findings of this thesis are very promising for use in optoelectronic devices.

As electronic designers pack more and more circuits onto a single chip to create increasingly complex devices, they run into a daunting obstacle: intermodulation distortion. This distortion occurs when are circuits are too closely placed together and their operating frequencies begin to interfere with each other. This manual addresses all aspects of intermodulation distortion. From the basics of circuit design, to cutting-edge techniques, it offers practitioners hands-on guidance for their challenging projects.

One of the most notable features of nanometer scale CMOS technology is the increasing magnitude of variability of the key device parameters affecting performance of integrated circuits. The growth of variability can be attributed to multiple factors, including the difficulty of manufacturing control, the emergence of new systematic variation-generating mechanisms, and most importantly, the increase in atomic-scale randomness, where device operation must be described as a stochastic process. In addition to wide-sense stationary stochastic device variability and temperature variation, existence of non-stationary stochastic electrical noise associated with fundamental processes in integrated-circuit devices represents an elementary limit on the performance of electronic circuits. In an attempt to address these issues, Stochastic Process Variation in Deep-Submicron CMOS: Circuits and Algorithms offers unique combination of mathematical treatment of random process variation, electrical noise and temperature and necessary circuit realizations for on-chip monitoring and performance calibration. The associated problems are addressed at various abstraction levels, i.e. circuit level, architecture level and system level. It therefore provides a broad view on the various solutions that have to be used and their possible combination in very effective complementary techniques for both analog/mixed-signal and digital circuits. The feasibility of the described algorithms and built-in circuitry has been verified by measurements from the silicon prototypes fabricated in standard 90 nm and 65 nm CMOS technology.

An emerging trend in the automobile industry is its convergence with information technology (IT). Indeed, it has been estimated that almost 90% of new automobile technologies involve IT in some form. "Smart" driving technologies that improve safety as well as "green" fuel technologies are quite representative of the convergence between IT and automobiles. The smart driving technologies include three key elements: sensing of driving environments, detection of objects and potential hazards and the generation of driving control signals including warning signals.

Although radar-based systems are primarily used for sensing the driving environments, the camera has gained importance in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).

This book covers system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs including both algorithms and hardware related with image sensing and object detection by using the camera for smart driving systems. It introduces a variety of algorithms such as lens correction, super resolution, image enhancement and object detections from the images captured by low-cost vehicle camera. This is followed by implementation issues such as SoC architecture, hardware accelerator, software development environment and reliability techniques for automobile vision systems.

This book is aimed for the new and practicing engineers in automotive and chip-design industries to provide some overall guidelines for the development of automotive vision systems.

It will also help graduate students understand and get started for the research work in this field."

This book explores energy efficiency techniques for high-performance computing (HPC) systems using power-management methods. Adopting a step-by-step approach, it describes power-management flows, algorithms and mechanism that are employed in modern processors such as Intel Sandy Bridge, Haswell, Skylake and other architectures (e.g. ARM). Further, it includes practical examples and recent studies demonstrating how modem processors dynamically manage wide power ranges, from a few milliwatts in the lowest idle power state, to tens of watts in turbo state. Moreover, the book explains how thermal and power deliveries are managed in the context this huge power range. The book also discusses the different metrics for energy efficiency, presents several methods and applications of the power and energy estimation, and shows how by using innovative power estimation methods and new algorithms modern processors are able to optimize metrics such as power, energy, and performance. Different power estimation tools are presented, including tools that break down the power consumption of modern processors at sub-processor core/thread granularity. The book also investigates software, firmware and hardware coordination methods of reducing power consumption, for example a compiler-assisted power management method to overcome power excursions. Lastly, it examines firmware algorithms for dynamic cache resizing and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for memory sub-systems.

This book will provide readers with deep insight into the intriguing science of thermoelectric thin films. It serves as a fundamental information source on the techniques and methodologies involved in thermoelectric thin film growth, characterization and device processing. This book involves widespread contributions on several categories of thermoelectric thin films: oxides, chalcogenides, iodates, nitrides and polymers. This will serve as an invaluable resource for experts to consolidate their knowledge and will provide insight and inspiration to beginners wishing to learn about thermoelectric thin films. Provides a single-source reference on a wide spectrum of topics related to thermoelectric thin films, from organic chemistry to devices, from physical chemistry to applied physics, from synthesis to device implementation; Covers several categories of thermoelectric thin films based on different material approaches such as oxides, chalcogenides, iodates, nitrides and polymers; Discusses synthesis, characterization, and device processing of thermoelectric thin films, as well as the nanoengineering approach to tailor the properties of the used materials at the nanoscale level.

This book describes innovative techniques to address the testing needs of 3D stacked integrated circuits (ICs) that utilize through-silicon-vias (TSVs) as vertical interconnects. The authors identify the key challenges facing 3D IC testing and present results that have emerged from cutting-edge research in this domain. Coverage includes topics ranging from die-level wrappers, self-test circuits, and TSV probing to test-architecture design, test scheduling, and optimization. Readers will benefit from an in-depth look at test-technology solutions that are needed to make 3D ICs a reality and commercially viable.

This book is based on a graduate course entitled, Ubiquitous Healthcare Circuits and Systems, that was given by one of the editors at his university. It includes an introduction and overview to the field of biomedical ICs and provides information on the current trends in research. The material focuses on the design of biomedical ICs rather than focusing on how to use prepared ICs.

The book provides a comprehensive description and implementation methodology for the Philips/NXP Aethereal/aelite Network-on-Chip (NoC). The presentation offers a systems perspective, starting from the system requirements and deriving and describing the resulting hardware architectures, embedded software, and accompanying design flow. Readers get an in depth view of the interconnect requirements, not centered only on performance and scalability, but also the multi-faceted, application-driven requirements, in particular composability and predictability. The book shows how these qualitative requirements are implemented in a state-of-the-art on-chip interconnect, and presents the realistic, quantitative costs.

Since process variation and chip performance uncertainties have become more pronounced as technologies scale down into the nanometer regime, accurate and efficient modeling or characterization of variations from the device to the architecture level have become imperative for the successful design of VLSI chips. This book provides readers with tools for variation-aware design methodologies and computer-aided design (CAD) of VLSI systems, in the presence of process variations at the nanometer scale. It presents the latest developments for modeling and analysis, with a focus on statistical interconnect modeling, statistical parasitic extractions, statistical full-chip leakage and dynamic power analysis considering spatial correlations, statistical analysis and modeling for large global interconnects and analog/mixed-signal circuits. Provides readers with timely, systematic and comprehensive treatments of statistical modeling and analysis of VLSI systems with a focus on interconnects, on-chip power grids and clock networks, and analog/mixed-signal circuits; Helps chip designers understand the potential and limitations of their design tools, improving their design productivity; Presents analysis of each algorithm with practical applications in the context of real circuit design; Includes numerical examples for the quantitative analysis and evaluation of algorithms presented. Provides readers with timely, systematic and comprehensive treatments of statistical modeling and analysis of VLSI systems with a focus on interconnects, on-chip power grids and clock networks, and analog/mixed-signal circuits; Helps chip designers understand the potential and limitations of their design tools, improving their design productivity; Presents analysis of each algorithm with practical applications in the context of real circuit design; Includes numerical examples for the quantitative analysis and evaluation of algorithms presented.

A survey of monolithic tunable semiconductor lasers, including applications in optical communication systems. The text discusses the underlying physics, operational principles and performance and applications of tunable laser diodes, covering tuning mechanisms, properties and laser structures.

This book provides an overview of and essential insights on invasive computing. Pursuing a comprehensive approach, it addresses proper concepts, invasive language constructs, and the principles of invasive hardware. The main focus is on the important topic of how to map task-parallel applications to future multi-core architectures including 1,000 or more processor units. A special focus today is the question of how applications can be mapped onto such architectures while not only taking into account functional correctness, but also non-functional execution properties such as execution times and security properties. The book provides extensive experimental evaluations, investigating the benefits of applying invasive computing and hybrid application mapping to give guarantees on non-functional properties such as timing, energy, and security. The techniques in this book are presented in a step-by-step manner, supported by examples and figures. All proposed ideas for providing guarantees on performance, energy consumption, and security are enabled by using the concept of invasive computing and the exclusive usage of resources.

This book explains the application of recent advances in computational intelligence - algorithms, design methodologies, and synthesis techniques - to the design of integrated circuits and systems. It highlights new biasing and sizing approaches and optimization techniques and their application to the design of high-performance digital, VLSI, radio-frequency, and mixed-signal circuits and systems. This second of two related volumes addresses digital and network designs and applications, with 12 chapters grouped into parts on digital circuit design, network optimization, and applications. It will be of interest to practitioners and researchers in computer science and electronics engineering engaged with the design of electronic circuits.

This book describes in detail the impact of process variations on Network-on-Chip (NoC) performance. The authors evaluate various NoC topologies under high process variation and explain the design of efficient NoCs, with advanced technologies. The discussion includes variation in logic and interconnect, in order to evaluate the delay and throughput variation with different NoC topologies. The authors describe an asynchronous router, as a robust design to mitigate the impact of process variation in NoCs and the performance of different routing algorithms is determined with/without process variation for various traffic patterns. Additionally, a novel Process variation Delay and Congestion aware Routing algorithm (PDCR) is described for asynchronous NoC design, which outperforms different adaptive routing algorithms in the average delay and saturation throughput for various traffic patterns.

This work offers a practical, non-theoretical introduction to the principles, application and benefits of multi-sensor technology in smart weapon development, surveillance systems, and an increasing variety of non-military applications. It also provides an overview of MMW (Millimeter-Wave) and IR (infrared) sensor constraints, design principles, system alternatives and targeting applications.

This book is about formal veri?cation, that is, the use of mathematical reasoning to ensure correct execution of computing systems. With the increasing use of c- puting systems in safety-critical and security-critical applications, it is becoming increasingly important for our well-being to ensure that those systems execute c- rectly. Over the last decade, formal veri?cation has made signi?cant headway in the analysis of industrial systems, particularly in the realm of veri?cation of hardware. A key advantage of formal veri?cation is that it provides a mathematical guarantee of their correctness (up to the accuracy of formal models and correctness of r- soning tools). In the process, the analysis can expose subtle design errors. Formal veri?cation is particularly effective in ?nding corner-case bugs that are dif?cult to detect through traditional simulation and testing. Nevertheless, and in spite of its promise, the application of formal veri?cation has so far been limited in an ind- trial design validation tool ?ow. The dif?culties in its large-scale adoption include the following (1) deductive veri?cation using theorem provers often involves - cessive and prohibitive manual effort and (2) automated decision procedures (e. g. , model checking) can quickly hit the bounds of available time and memory. This book presents recent advances in formal veri?cation techniques and d- cusses the applicability of the techniques in ensuring the reliability of large-scale systems. We deal with the veri?cation of a range of computing systems, from - quential programsto concurrentprotocolsand pipelined machines.

Chip-integrated power management solutions are a must for ultra-low power systems. This enables not only the optimization of innovative sensor applications. It is also essential for integration and miniaturization of energy harvesting supply strategies of portable and autonomous monitoring systems. The book particularly addresses interfaces for energy harvesting, which are the key element to connect micro transducers to energy storage elements. Main features of the book are: - A comprehensive technology and application review, basics on transducer mechanics, fundamental circuit and control design, prototyping and testing, up to sensor system supply and applications. - Novel interfacing concepts - including active rectifiers, MPPT methods for efficient tracking of DC as well as AC sources, and a fully-integrated charge pump for efficient maximum AC power tracking at sub-100W ultra-low power levels. The chips achieve one of widest presented operational voltage range in standard CMOS technology: 0.44V to over 4.1V. - Two special chapters on analog circuit design - it studies benefits and obstacles on implemented chip prototypes with three goals: ultra- low power, wide supply voltage range, and integration with standard technologies. Alternative design approaches are pursued using bulk-input transistor stages in forward-bias operation for amplifiers, modulators, and references. - Comprehensive Appendix - with additional fundamental analysis, design and scaling guidelines, circuit implementation tables and dimensions, schematics, source code listings, bill of material, etc. The discussed prototypes and given design guidelines are tested with real vibration transducer devices. The intended readership is graduate students in advanced courses, academics and lecturers, R&D engineers.