This thesis considers molecular orientation in thin films and introduces an optical model describing this orientation as applied to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). It also describes the electronic structure of intermolecular charge transfer excitons correlated to molecular orientation in solids. It has long been known that molecular orientation influences the electrical and optical properties of molecular films. One notable example is in liquid crystals where rigid rod or disk shaped molecules are commonly used. Understanding the origin of the molecular orientation and its control by surface treatment and electric field resulted in the development of liquid crystal displays. The same thing has happened in organic electronics, and considerable effort has been devoted to understanding and controlling molecular orientation in solid films to improve charge carrier mobility and light absorption, ultimately to improve the performance of organic solar cells and thin film transistors. In contrast, less attention has been paid to molecular orientation and its influence on the characteristics of OLEDs, probably because of the use of amorphous films rather than micro-crystalline films, and it is only in recent years that some molecular films are known to have preferred orientation. This thesis addresses this topic, focusing on OLEDs, describing the origin and control of the orientation of phosphorescent Ir complexes possessing spherical shape rather than rod or disk shape, the simulation of the optical characteristics of OLEDs influenced by preferred molecular orientation, and finally the orientation of intermolecular charge transfer excitons and its correlation to electronic structures in thin films.

The third edition of this distinguished text describes the basic quantum-mechanical processes in homogeneous semiconductors which are most relevant to applied semiconductor physics. Unlike other texts which have sought to cover all aspects of semiconductors, including physical and chemical aspects, this text concentrates almost exclusively on electronic processes. Principle topics include crystalline materials in which the electron and holes in the bands obey non-degenerate statistics. Basic quantum mechanics are discussed, stressing the principles of first- and second-order perturbation theory. This updated edition includes a new chapter on phonon processes. Besides being a useful reference for workers in the field, this book will be a valuable text for students studying quantum processes in semiconductors.

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

Since the publication of the first edition of this book, the field of non-crystalline conduction has developed rapidly, leading Nobel-Prize-winning author Sir Nevill Mott to offer this extensively revised and updated account. As in the first edition, it deals with the basics of electrons in non-crystalline systems, updating the theory of interactions in non-crystalline systems, introducing a more detailed discussion on the 'minimum metallic conductivity', and addressing the relevance of disorder in the new high-temperature superconductors. Postgraduates and researchers in solid-state physics will find this work a valuable resource.

This thesis contains three breakthrough results in condensed matter physics. Firstly, broken reflection symmetry in the hidden-order phase of the heavy-fermion material URu2Si2 is observed for the first time. This represents a significant advance in the understanding of this enigmatic material which has long intrigued the condensed matter community due to its emergent long range order exhibited at low temperatures (the so-called "hidden order"). Secondly and thirdly, a novel collective mode (the chiral spin wave) and a novel composite particle (the chiral exciton) are discovered in the three dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3. This opens up new avenues of possibility for the use of topological insulators in photonic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices. These discoveries are facilitated by using low-temperature polarized Raman spectroscopy as a tool for identifying optically excited collective modes in strongly correlated electron systems and three-dimensional topological insulators.

Paul Ewald's 1916-1917 masterpiece "On the Foundations of Crystal Optics" described the self-consistent interaction of electromagnetic waves with crystals on a molecular level. While astonishing in its detailed predictions for X-ray diffraction, full appreciation of the theory and its utility had to await much later advances in measurement techniques and crystal growth. Today, concepts introduced in the theory--now known as the Ewald sphere, Ewald summation, and Ewald-Oseen extinction--have become mainstays in diverse areas of modern physics. This memorial volume, with contributions by leading figures in the field, is an affectionate survey of Ewald's life, scientific work, and leading role in the international crystallographic community. Historians of science, and particularly of solid state physics and crystallography, will find this volume a compelling and fascinating tribute to this important scientist.

A complete account of the theory of the diffraction of x-rays by crystals with particular reference to the processes of determining the structures of protein molecules, this book is aimed primarily at structural biologists and biochemists but will also be valuable to those entering the field with a background in physical sciences or chemistry. It may be used at any post-school level, and develops from first principles all relevant mathematics, diffraction and wave theory, assuming no mathematical knowledge beyond integral calculus.
The book covers a host of important topics in the area, including:
- The practical aspects of sample preparation and x-ray data collection, using both laboratory and synchrotron sources
- Data analysis at both theoretical and practical levels
- The important role played by the Patterson function in structure analysis by both molecular replacement and experimental phasing approaches
- Methods for improving the resulting electron density map
- The theoretical basis of methods used in refinement of protein crystal structures
- In-depth explanation of the crucial task of defining the binding sites of ligands and drug molecules
- The complementary roles of other diffraction methods which reveal further detail of great functional importance in a crystal structure.

The self-contained properties of discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) render them powerful functional materials for many semiconducting device applications and models for energy and charge migration in self-organized dynamic functional soft materials. The past three decades have seen tremendous interest in this area, fueled primarily by the possibility of creating a new generation of organic semiconductors and wide viewing displays using DLCs. While a number of books on classical calamitic liquid crystals are available, there are, as yet, no books that are dedicated exclusively to the basic design principles, synthesis, and physical properties of DLCs. The first reference book to cover DLCs, Chemistry of Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Monomers to Polymers highlights the chemistry and thermal behavior of DLCs. Divided into six chapters, each with a general description, background, and context for the concepts involved, the book begins with a basic introduction to liquid crystals, describing molecular self-assembly and various types of liquid crystals. It outlines their classification, covers their history and general applications, and focuses on DLCs and their discovery, structure, characterization, and alignment. The book goes on to examine the chemistry and physical properties of various monomeric DLCs, including 25 sections describing the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of monomeric DLCs formed by different cores. The bulk of the book covers the chemistry and mesomorphism of discotic dimers, oligomers, and polymers and concludes with a look at some applicable properties of DLCs. A comprehensive and up-to-date resource, this book is designed to be accessible and of value not just for students and researchers but also to the directors and principal investigators working in this field, providing the foundation and fuel to advance this fast-growing technological field.

This outstanding book serves as both an introductory research work and a graduate text on condensed matter physics. It is also accessible to plasma physicists and their students. The emphasis is on applications to a variety of systems and phenomena rather than theoretical derivations and techniques. Experimentalists who wish to obtain a feel for the theories involved in these systems will find careful explanations for many of the most active areas of work in physics today. The chapters are self-contained and can be read independently. In total, this text gives the beginning researcher a solid foundation on which to build his or her knowledge of this tremendously rich and growing field.

This work pursues a novel route to functionalizing large surfaces with hybrid nanoparticles. It also casts new light on the combined use of surface plasmon resonance and X-rays. SPR spectroscopy is employed to study Au-based plasmonic nanostructures fabricated by novel methods, and a new experimental device is developed combining SPR with X-ray absorption spectroscopy at a synchrotron beamline. Using the new SPR-XAS setup developed in this work, the author has studied in-situ and real-time effects of X-ray irradiation in materials such as glasses and Co-phthalocyanines.

This book is t e fifth in aseries of scientific textbooks designed to cover advances in selected research fields from a basic and general view point. The reader is taken carefully but rapidly through the introductory material in order that t e significance of recent developments can be understood with only limited initial knowledge. The inclusion in the Appendix of the abstracts of many of the more important papers in the field provides further assistance for the non-specialist, and acts as aspringboard to supplementary reading for those who wish to consult the original liter ature. Surface analysis has been the subject of numerous books and review articles, and the fundamental scientific principles of t e more popular techniques are now reasonably weIl established. This book is concerned with the very powerful techniques of Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AES and XPS), with an emphasis on how they may be performed as part of a modern analytical facility. Since the development of AES and XPS in the late 1960s and early 1970s there have been great strides forward in the sensitivities and resolutions of the instrumentation. Simultaneously, these spectroscopies have undergone a veritable explosion, both in their acceptance alongside more routine ana1ytical techniques and in the range of problems and materials to which they are applied. As a result, many researchers in industry and in academia now come into contact with AES and XPS not as specialists, but as users."

This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This ninth volume in a ten-volume set covers industiral applications. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

High-temperature and high-pressure treatment of diamond is becoming an important technology to elaborate diamonds. This is the first book providing a comprehensive review of the properties of HPHT-treated diamonds, based on the analysis of published data and the work of the authors. The book gives a detailed analysis of the physics of transformation of internal structures of diamonds subjected to HPHT treatment and discusses how these transformations can be detected using methods of optical microscopy and spectroscopy. It also gives practical recommendations for the recognition of HPHT-treated diamonds. The book is written in a language and terms which can be understood by a broad audience of physicists, mineralogists and gemologists.

Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions presents studies of the processes accompanying the effect of periodic electric and magnetic fields on salt solutions in polar dielectric liquids. The authors explain phenomena from a physical point of view, without theoretical constructions and mathematical calculations. This is done in order to make the book accessible to a wide audience and to help the reader navigate in a multilateral topic that is touched upon when studying processes that occur in liquid media under the external influence of an electromagnetic nature. Additional Features: Explores the phenomenon of selective drift of solvated ions in polar dielectric liquids Applies general principles of electricity and magnetism to describe experimental results Demonstrates how small perturbations of the equilibrium distribution determine not the corrections to the effects but the effects themselves Approaches nonequilibrium molecular physics as a science of physical and chemical processes This book will be useful to specialists, engineers and graduate students, especially those recording and transmitting information in liquid media.

The aim of the authors in this monograph has been to present a general review of the magnetic properties of the rare earth metals, and a comprehensive, unified, and coherent account of the magnetic structures and excitations. These both reflect the nature of the fundamental interactions, and determine many of the characteristic properties of the metals. The authors have tried to concentrate on the essential principles and their applications to typical examples, generally restricting the discussion to the pure elements and considering alloys and compounds only when they are necessary to illuminate particular topics. Both authors have been involved for some time in the effort that has been made in Denmark to study, both theoretically and experimentally, the magnetic structures and especially the excitations in the rare earths. This account of the subject represents the results of their experience, and it is has been written in the hope that it will be useful not only to those who have a special interest in rare earth magnetism, but also to a wider audience who wish to learn something about the techniques and achievements of modern research in magnetism.

Roger Elliott has been one of the leading figures in theoretical condensed matter physics for over three decades. In 1989, a Symposium was held in Oxford to mark his sixtieth birthday. This book is a collection of 38 articles by his colleagues and ex-students, which are based on papers presented at the Symposium. The articles are authoritative accounts of current developments in the physics of random systems (structural, dynamic, and statistical properties), magnetism and superconductivity, phase transitions, and quantum optics and excitonic effects. The theme of disorder is one that runs strongly throughout the book.

Explores a unique topic in physics. Traces the author's search for hypothetical subatomic particles. Both a memoir and a scientific detective story. Employs humor and eliminates jargon wherever possible. Suitable for both general readers and scientists.

How does a solar cell work? How efficient can it be? Why do intricate patterns of metal lines decorate the surface of a solar module? How are the modules arranged in a solar farm? How can sunlight be stored during the day so that it can be used at night? And, how can a lifetime of more than 25 years be ensured in solar modules, despite the exposure to extreme patterns of weather? How do emerging machine-learning techniques assess the health of a solar farm? This practical book will answer all these questions and much more.Written in a conversational style and with over one-hundred homework problems, this book offers an end-to-end perspective, connecting the multi-disciplinary and multi-scale physical phenomena of electron-photon interaction at the molecular level to the design of kilometers-long solar farms. A new conceptual framework explains each concept in a simple, crystal-clear form. The novel use of thermodynamics not only determines the ultimate conversion efficiencies of the various solar cells proposed over the years, but also identifies the measurement artifacts and establishes practical limits by correlating the degradation modes. Extensive coverage of conceptual techniques already developed in other fields further inspire innovative designs of solar farms.This book will not only help you to make a solar cell, but it will help you make a solar cell better, to trace and reclaim the photons that would have been lost otherwise. Collaborations across multiple disciplines make photovoltaics real and given the concern about reducing the overall cost of solar energy, this interdisciplinary book is essential reading for anyone interested in photovoltaic technology.

Neutrons provide an important tool for investigations in physics. Ultracold neutrons (UCN) belong to the extremely low energy range (10] -7 eV to 10]-8 eV), have velocities in the range 1-10 m s]-1 and wavelengths of 100-1000 A. Ultracold neutrons can be kept in hermetically sealed vessels for up to 15 minutes until they decay. This time is sufficient to observe the action of very weak fields and gives an insight into the properties of neutrons and their environment. Capture and heating by wall nuclei reduce the storage time of neutrons to below 15 minutes. Present research areas include attempts to understand and prevent the large losses of UCN, improve storage time, and to obtain fundamental results such as an upper limit to the electric dipole moment of neutrons and improved measurements of decay time. These studies have also led to a new approach to diffraction and diffusion theory, which is applicable to any radiation: waves or corpuscles. The book explains how physicists should cope with the problems of UCN research, how UCN can be used for fundamental and applied research, and summarizes the results which have been published.

Advanced Chromatic Monitoring provides a major source of information about the novel approach of chromaticity with examples of how chromaticity may be deployed for various monitoring applications. It shows with examples what can be achieved with chromatic methods in producing relevant information with a variety of test techniques and in facilitating the interpretation of complex data about complicated situations. It will be of interest to postgraduates and researchers in a wide breadth of physical disciplines (engineering, medicine, environmental sciences) and those involved with data acquisition and analysis. Key Features: Applicable to a wide range of disciplines (engineering, medical, environmental, etc) and those interested in science, technology, data acquisition and analysis Provides an extrapolation of new knowledge well beyond that covered in existing literature with regard to dealing with complicated forms and sets of data Addresses inspiring and innovative areas of research including environmental, power delivery and medical monitoring About the Editors: Emeritus Professor Gordon R. Jones - founder and former Director of the Centre for Intelligent Monitoring Systems (CIMS), former Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, and former Director of Electric Arcs Research Group at the University of Liverpool. He was awarded the IEEE Education, Science and Technology Achievement Medal (1999). Professor Joe W. Spencer - the present Director of CIMS at the University of Liverpool, having been Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at Liverpool. He is involved in operating a multi-million pound technology transfer unit (Sensor City, Liverpool) with whose establishment he played a major role and with which CIMS has major interactions.

The technology behind computers, fiber optics, and networks did not originate in the minds of engineers attempting to build an Internet. The Internet is a culmination of intellectual work by thousands of minds spanning hundreds of years. We have built concept upon concept and technology upon technology to arrive at where we are today, in a world constructed of silicon pathways and controlled by silicon processors. From computers to optical communications, The Silicon Web: Physics for the Internet Age explores the core principles of physics that underlie those technologies that continue to revolutionize our everyday lives. Designed for the nonscientist, this text requires no higher math or prior experience with physics. It starts with an introduction to physics, silicon, and the Internet and then details the basic physics principles at the core of the information technology revolution. A third part examines the quantum era, with in-depth discussion of digital memory and computers. The final part moves onto the Internet era, covering lasers, optical fibers, light amplification, and fiber-optic and wireless communication technologies. The relation between technology and daily life is so intertwined that it is impossible to fully understand modern human experience without having at least a basic understanding of the concepts and history behind modern technology, which continues to become more prevalent as well as more ubiquitous. Going beyond the technical, the book also looks at ways in which science has changed the course of history. It clarifies common misconceptions while offering insight on the social impacts of science with an emphasis on information technology. As a pioneering researcher in quantum mechanics of light, author Michael Raymer has made his own significant contributions to contemporary communications technology

For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure, and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena: Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena; and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena help to establish a framework for understanding many of the experimental measurements on magnetic materials.

Although nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological signaling molecule, its free-radical electronic configuration makes it a most reactive molecule and the scariest colorless gas causing immense environmental and health hazards. Detection of NO levels in biological samples and in the atmosphere is therefore crucial. In the past few years, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing many active sensors and effective devices for detecting and quantifying atmospheric NO, NO generated in biological samples, and NO exhaled in the human breath. This book provides a concrete summary of recent state-of-the-art small-molecule probes and novel carbon nanomaterials used for chemical, photoluminescent, and electrochemical NO detection. One chapter is especially dedicated to the available devices used for detecting NO in the human breath that indirectly infers to lung inflammation. The authors with expertise in diverse dimensions have attempted to cover almost all areas of NO sensing.