Self-sufficient and user-friendly, this book provides a complete introduction to the anisotropic elasticity theory necessary to model a wide range of crystal defects. Assuming little prior knowledge of the subject, the reader is first walked through the required basic mathematical techniques and methods. This is followed by treatments of point, line, planar and volume type defects such as vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries, inhomogeneities and inclusions. Included are analyses of their elastic fields, interactions with imposed stresses and image stresses, and interactions with other defects, all employing the basic methods introduced earlier. This step by step approach, aided by numerous exercises with solutions provided, strengthens the reader's understanding of the principles involved, extending it well beyond the immediate scope of the book. As the first comprehensive review of anisotropic elasticity theory for crystal defects, this text is ideal for both graduate students and professional researchers.

New Developments In Crystal Growth

The study of solids is one of the richest, most exciting, and most successful branches of physics. While the subject of solid state physics is often viewed as dry and tedious this new book presents the topic instead as an exciting exposition of fundamental principles and great intellectual breakthroughs. Beginning with a discussion of how the study of heat capacity of solids ushered in the quantum revolution, the author presents the key ideas of the field while emphasizing the deep underlying concepts. The book begins with a discussion of the Einstein/Debye model of specific heat, and the Drude/Sommerfeld theories of electrons in solids, which can all be understood without reference to any underlying crystal structure. The failures of these theories force a more serious investigation of microscopics. Many of the key ideas about waves in solids are then introduced using one dimensional models in order to convey concepts without getting bogged down with details. Only then does the book turn to consider real materials. Chemical bonding is introduced and then atoms can be bonded together to crystal structures and reciprocal space results. Diffraction experiments, as the central application of these ideas, are discussed in great detail. From there, the connection is made to electron wave diffraction in solids and how it results in electronic band structure. The natural culmination of this thread is the triumph of semiconductor physics and devices. The final section of the book considers magnetism in order to discuss a range of deeper concepts. The failures of band theory due to electron interaction, spontaneous magnetic orders, and mean field theories are presented well. Finally, the book gives a brief exposition of the Hubbard model that undergraduates can understand. The book presents all of this material in a clear fashion, dense with explanatory or just plain entertaining footnotes. This may be the best introductory book for learning solid state physics. It is certainly the most fun to read.

The three-dimensional aspects of molecular shape can be crucial to both properties and reactions. The Third Dimension explores the arrangements of atoms in molecules and in different types of solids. Initial chapters describe the common crystal structures and how they are related to close-packed arrangements of ions. Metallic, ionic, molecular and extended covalent crystals are covered; major types of crystal defects are also discussed. The book then introduces isomerism, and explores the stereochemical consequences of the tetrahedral carbon atom. Chirality is also investigated. The book concludes with a Case Study on Liquid Crystals, which describes structures, properties and applications. As visualisation in 3D is an important part of this book, the accompanying CD-ROMs provide video material, interactive questions and exercises using models to aid understanding of crystals, organic molecules and stereochemistry. All necessary programs are provided. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)

Epigenetic Technological Applications is a compilation of state-of-the-art technologies involved in epigenetic research. Epigenetics is an exciting new field of biology research, and many technologies are invented and developed specifically for epigenetics study. With chapters covering the latest developments in crystallography, computational modeling, the uses of histones, and more, Epigenetic Technological Applications addresses the question of how these new ideas, procedures, and innovations can be applied to current epigenetics research, and how they can keep pushing discovery forward and beyond the epigenetic realm.

The Atlas-monograph presents a novel approach to the study of the development of snow cover based on its crystal morphology and the fundamental laws of natural symmetry. The Atlas displays more than 320 microphotos of crystals of depth hoar and newly fallen, wind-transported, and small- and medium-grained snow in various mountain and flatland regions of Russia. The principal types of geometrical symmetry are shown along with the phase forms of crystal growth and decomposition and constructive and regressive metamorphism in both loose and dense snow. Illustrated are the morphological features of contact interaction between particles in crystal aggregates under free and tightly packed conditions of growth. Phototables of crystals are furnished with schematics and essential explanatory comments underscoring the most important crystal-morphological features of the hydrothermal fields and the fields of deforming stresses in the snowpack. The presented conceptual model describes the unclosed sublimation-metamorphic evolution cycle of seasonal snow cover and the regional variants of this cycle as its polymorphic (in that number regional) modifications. This model serves as a cornerstone of evolutionary concept. Snow cover is represented as a natural community of the shapes of growing crystals interacting with each other and exposed to environmental influences. It is worked out of the empirical deterministic models describing the sublimation-metamorphic cycle of seasonal snow cover and the polymorphic variants of this cycle. The main driving force of processes yielding an evolutionary row of crystals is the internal interactions within a snow pack. For all that the factor of time (the age of the genetic player) plays a crucial role in sublimation metamorphism. Stadiality of the forms of crystal growth and self-development snow layers are revealed. They are a result of the successive process of superposition of ice crystal-chemical symmetry and dissymmetry of the whole system. Soil-snow-atmosphere, according to the known P. Curie principle. The book is intended for glaciologists and snow scientists employed in the study of the structure of snow cover and in avalanche forecasting as well as for specialists in the field of mineralogical crystallography and crystal growth.

An excellent book for professional crystallographers! In 2012 the crystallographic community celebrated 100 years of X-ray diffraction in honour of the pioneering experiment in 1912 by Max von Laue, Friedrich and Knipping. Experimental developments e.g. brilliant X-ray sources, area detection, and developments in computer hardware and software have led to increasing applications in X-ray analysis. This completely revised edition is a guide for practical work in X-ray analysis. An introduction to basic crystallography moves quickly to a practical and experimental treatment of structure analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding results and avoiding pitfalls. Essential reading for researchers from the student to the professional level interested in understanding the structure of molecules.

Chemical crystallography is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the technologically important crystal structures are studied, and the effect of crystal structure on the various fundamental mechanisms responsible for many physical properties are discussed. This new book presents and reviews data on the co-ordination chemistry of several metal complexes with dipicolinic acid and the crystal structure of some anti-malarial metal complexes.

Fibre (rod) and sheet-shaped crystals with specified size for use as final products without additional machining are required in various applications of modern engineering. In order to avoid formation of internal mechanical stress in the crystal, lateral surface shaping without contact with container walls is preferred. As the crystal is not restricted by crucible walls, its cross-section is determined by the meniscus-shaping capillary forces and the heat and mass-exchange in the melt-crystal system. Any variation of the pulling rate, pressure, temperature gradient in the furnace, and melt temperature at the meniscus base leads to a change in the crystal cross-section and to pinch formation. Over the past two decades, many experimental and theoretical studies have been reported on a powerful approach to crystal lateral surface shaping without contact with container walls, namely the so-called edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique. The shape and size of a single crystal grown by EFG is determined by the shape and size of the meniscus, (i.e: the liquid bridge retained between the die and the crystal) which depend on the radius or half-thickness of the die and other properties such as pulling rate, pressure, temperature gradient and melt temperature. In this book, theoretical and numerical results are obtained using a non-linear mathematical model of the EFG method. Theoretical results presented for fibres and sheets are rigorously obtained on the basis of the equations of the model. Numerical results are obtained on the basis of theoretical results using experimental data. Such results offer a complete package of the possibilities of the model for equipment designers and practical crystal growers.

This book is intended as an easy to read supplement to the often brief descriptions of hydrogen bonding found in most undergraduate chemistry and molecular biology textbooks. It describes and discusses current ideas concerning hydrogen bonds ranging from the very strong to the very weak, with introductions to the experimental and theoretical methods involved.

The last ten years have seen a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of biological crystal growth. While it had long been assumed that crystallisation would occur by the same classical mechanisms which form the basis for most descriptions of crystallisation processes, it is now becoming apparent that this is not the case. There are a number of key observations which have changed our view of crystallisation mechanisms. While it had long been assumed that crystalline biominerals typically form by ion-by-ion growth, it is now recognised that they often precipitate via amorphous precursor phases. This is well established for calcium carbonate and there is growing evidence that biogenic crystalline calcium phosphate phases may form via an analogous route. Recent re-examination of the structure of many calcium carbonate biominerals is also suggesting that "non-classical" crystallisation pathways, where crystals grow from the assembly of precursor particles, may also be widespread. Significantly, these mechanisms are not unique to the biological world. Possibly partly inspired by the identification of these biogenic mineralisation strategies, there is currently great interest from the general crystal growth community in these new and controversial ideas. A number of studies on crystal nucleation have recently re-examined classical nucleation theory, and the observation of pre-nucleation clusters is a recurrent theme of great interest. This controversial result apparently contradicts classical nucleation theory which leads the subject of crystal nucleation and growth via assembly to demand attention. The Scientific Committee warmly invites you to take part in this thought-provoking Discussion and looks forward to welcoming you to Leeds.

In recent years, there has been increasing activity in the research and design of optical systems based on liquid crystal (LC) science. Bringing together contributions from leading figures in industry and academia, Optical Applications of Liquid Crystals covers the range of existing applications as well as those in development. Unique in its thorough coverage of applications, not just the basic chemistry and physics of liquid crystals, the book begins with the existing applications of liquid crystals, from the ubiquitous LCD through to LC projectors and holography. The remaining chapters discuss more promising technologies in development, including photoaligning, photopatterning, and bistable twisted nematic LCs.

This book deals with the phenomenological theory of first-order structural phase transitions, with a special emphasis on reconstructive transformations in which a group-subgroup relationship between the symmetries of the phases is absent. It starts with a unified presentation of the current approach to first-order phase transitions, using the more recent results of the Landau theory of phase transitions and of the theory of singularities. A general theory of reconstructive phase transitions is then formulated, in which the structures surrounding a transition are expressed in terms of density-waves, providing a natural definition of the transition order-parameters, and a description of the corresponding phase diagrams and relevant physical properties. The applicability of the theory is illustrated by a large number of concrete examples pertaining to the various classes of reconstructive transitions: allotropic transformations of the elements, displacive and order-disorder transformations in metals, alloys and related structures, crystal-quasicrystal transformations.

In the past decade, a number of orientational effects have been observed, produced by the passage of charged particles through crystals. These effects have a wide application in solid state physics, nuclear physics and the physics of hyperfine interactions. This book is not a survey but an introduction to this rapidly expanding branch of physics devoted to orientational effects and in particular to particle channelling in crystals. In it the authors discuss the interaction of charged particle beams with crystals and analyze the derivation of the fundamental equations describing this interaction. The channelling effect, the spatial redistribution of the particle flux and in the crystal lattice, and the problem of determining the position of an implanted atom in the lattice cell are also examined in detail. Student and postgraduate researchers as well as scientists and engineers working in experimental nuclear physics on the production of new materials and the physics of orientational effects, ion doping and solid state radiation physics may find this study useful.

The present volume continues the aim of Structure Reports to present critical accounts of all crystallographic structure determinations. Details of the arrange­ ment in the volumes, symbols used etc. are given in previous volumes (e. g. 41B or 42A, pages vi-viü). University of Guelph, G. FERGUSON Guelph, Ontario, Canada 1 May, 1993 STR UCTURE REPORTS for 1985 Volume52B Part2 STRUCTURE REPORTS for 1985 Valurne 52B (Part 2) ORGANIC SECTION General editor G. Ferguson Section editor G. Ferguson Published for the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, VI Transition-metal Compounds (continued), 1103 Subject Index, 1902 Permuted Subject Index, 1993 Formula Index, 2053 Permuted Formula Index, 2078 Author Index, 2102 STRUCTURE REPORTS SECTIONID ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Edited by G. Ferguson with the assistance of C. H. Morgan D. F. Rendie S. J. Rettig S. N. Scrimgeour T. J. R. Weakley C. C. Wilson D. W. Young 2 ARRANGEMENT To find a particular organic or organometallic compound consult one of the indices (subject, permuted subject, formula or permuted formula) at the end of Part 2 of this volume. The general arrangement follows the classification used in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Base and is: aliphatic or open chain compounds; open chains with N, S; benzene derivatives; c cyclic hydrocarbons; condensed ring systems; heterocyclic compounds; carbohydrates; amino acids; natural products; molecular complexes; organometallic compounds - B, Si, P, AJJ, Sb, groups lA, IIA, III, IV, VI; transition meta! complexes - . .