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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Classical mechanics > Fluid mechanics
Supercomputer technologies have evolved rapidly since the first commercial-based supercomputer, CRAY-1 was introduced in 1976. In early 1980's three Japanese super computers appeared, and Cray Research delivered the X-MP series. These machines including the later-announced CRAY-2 and NEC SX series created one generation of supercomputers, and the market was spread dramatically. The peak performance was higher than 1 GFLOPS and the compiler improvement was remarkable. There appeared many articles and books that described their architecture and their performance on The late 1980's saw a new generation of supercomputers. several benchmark problems. Following CRAY Y-MP and Hitachi S-820 delivered in 1988, NEC announced SX-3 and Fujitsu announced the VP2000 series in 1990. In addition, Cray Research announced the Y-MP C-90 late in 1991. The peak performance of these machines reached several to a few ten's GFLOPS. The hardware characteristics of these machines are known, but their practical performance has not been well documented so far. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the important research fields that have been progressing with the growth of supercomputers. Today's fluid dynamic re search cannot be discussed without supercomputers and since CFD is one of the im portant users of supercomputers, future development of supercomputers has to take the requirements of CFD into account. There are many benchmark reports available today. However, they mostly use so called kernels. For fluid dynamics researchers, benchmark test on real fluid dynamic codes are necessary."
11 The GAMM Committee for Efficient Numerical Methods for Partial 11 Differential Equations organises workshops on subjects concerning the algorithmic treatment of partial differential equations. The topics are discretisation methods like the finite element and the boundary element method for various types of applications in structural and fluid mechanics. Particular attention is devoted to the advanced solution methods. The series of such workshops was continued in 1991, January 25- 27, with the 7th Kiel-Seminar on the special topic 11 11 Numerical techniques for boundary element methods at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel. The seminar was attended by 57 scientists from 8 countries. The list of topics contained applications of the boundary element method (BEM) to various problems of practical interest, algo rithmic aspects of the BEM (coupling with finite element method, parallelisation), convergence analysis, and in particular the treatment of the numerical integration. In six contributions the quadrature of weakly singular, Cauchy singular, and hypersingular integrals is analysed. 11 11 The editor thanks the DFG-Schwerpunkt Randelementmethoden for its support. He also likes to express his gratitude to all persons involved in the organisation of the seminar."
V.A. Solonnikov, A. Tani: Evolution free boundary problem for equations of motion of viscous compressible barotropic liquid.- W. Borchers, T. Miyakawa: On some coercive estimates for the Stokes problem in unbounded domains.- R. Farwig, H. Sohr: An approach to resolvent estimates for the Stokes equations in L(q)-spaces.- R. Rannacher: On Chorin's projection method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations.- E. S}li, A. Ware: Analysis of the spectral Lagrange-Galerkin method for the Navier-Stokes equations.- G. Grubb: Initial value problems for the Navier-Stokes equations with Neumann conditions.- B.J. Schmitt, W. v.Wahl: Decomposition of solenoidal fields into poloidal fields, toroidal fields and the mean flow. Applications to the Boussinesq-equations.- O. Walsh: Eddy solutions of the Navier-Stokesequations.- W. Xie: On a three-norm inequality for the Stokes operator in nonsmooth domains.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Waste-to-Energy Processes: A Hands-On Approach provides the key knowledge needed to perform CFD simulations using powerful commercial software tools. The book focuses on fluid mechanics, heat transfer and chemical reactions. To do so, the fundamentals of CFD are presented, with the entire workflow broken into manageable pieces that detail geometry preparation, meshing, problem setting, model implementation and post-processing actions. Pathways for process optimization using CFD integrated with Design of Experiments are also explored. The book's combined approach of theory, application and hands-on practice allows engineering graduate students, advanced undergraduates and industry practitioners to develop their own simulations.
The volume presents a comprehensive overview of rotation effects on fluid behavior, emphasizing non-linear processes. The subject is introduced by giving a range of examples of rotating fluids encountered in geophysics and engineering. This is then followed by a discussion of the relevant scales and parameters of rotating flow, and an introduction to geostrophic balance and vorticity concepts. There are few books on rotating fluids and this volume is, therefore, a welcome addition. It is the first volume which contains a unified view of turbulence in rotating fluids, instability and vortex dynamics. Some aspects of wave motions covered here are not found elsewhere.
The aim of the 1989 GAMM Workshop on 3D-Computation of Incompressible Internal Flows was the simulation of a realistic incompressible flow field in an important industrial application. In view of the difficulties involved in formulating such a test case, requiring the availability of an experimental data base, extreme care had to be taken in the selection of the proper one. Professor I. L. Ryhming's proposal, that the flow through a Francis turbine configuration or parts thereof would be feasible as a test case, because of the numerical challenges as well as the possibility to produce an experimental data base by using the experimental facilities of the Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Mechanics Institute (IMHEF) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), was accepted by the GAMM Committee in April 1987. A scientific committee, formed under the chairmanship of Professor I. L. Ryhming, met a few times to decide on the Francis turbine configuration, the test case specifications, etc. , whereby the design input came from the water turbine experts. This committee decided to restrict the studies to the three following typical applications for the best operating point of the turbine: * simulation of the 3D flow in a Francis runner in rotation * simulation of the 3D flow in the distributor (stay and guide vane rings) of this turbine * simulation of the 3D flow in an elbow draft tube The simultaneous computation of two or three of these geometries was encouraged.
This volume contains 37 contributions in which the research work is summarized which has been carried out between 1984 and 1990 in the Priority Research Program "Physik abgeloster Stromungen" of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Society). The aim of the Priority Research Program was the inten sive research of the whole range of phenomena associated with separated flows. Physi cal models as well as prediction methods had to be developed based on detailed experi mental investigations. It was in accordance with the main concept of the research program that scientists working on problems of separated flows in different technical areas of application participated in this program. The following fields have been represented in the program: aerodynamics of wings and bodies, aerodynamics of auto mobiles, turbomachinery, ship hydrodynamics, hydraulics, internal flows, heat exchan gers, bio-fluid-dynamics, aerodynamics of buildings and structures. In order to concentrate on problems common in all those areas the emphasis of the program was on basic research dealing with generic geometric configurations showing the fundamental physical phenomena of separated flows. The engagement and enthusiasm of all participating scientists are highly appreciated. The program was organized such that all researchers met once a year to report on the progress of their work. Special thanks ought to go to Prof. E. A. Muller (Gottingen), Prof. H. Oertel jun. (Braunschweig), Dr. W. Schmidt (Dornier), Dr. H. -W. Stock (Dornier) and Dr. B. Wagner (Dornier), who had the functions of referees on those annual meetings."
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, is intended to be used in a first course in Fluid Mechanics, taken by a range of engineering majors. The text begins with dimensions, units, and fluid properties, and continues with derivations of key equations used in the control-volume approach. Step-by-step examples focus on everyday situations, and applications. These include flow with friction through pipes and tubes, flow past various two and three dimensional objects, open channel flow, compressible flow, turbomachinery and experimental methods. Design projects give readers a sense of what they will encounter in industry. A solutions manual and figure slides are available for instructors.
The study of materials which exhibit new and unconventional properties is of central importance for the devel- opment of advanced and refined technologies in many fields of engineering science. In this connection there has been a rapidly growing interest in real fluid effects on wave phenomena in the past few years. A prominent example is provided by Bethe-Zel'dovich-Thompson (BZT) fluids which have the distinguishing feature that they exhibit negative nonlinearity over a finite range of temperature and pressures in the pure vapour phase. However, two phase flows with and without phase change are an even richer source of new unexpected and previously thought impossible phenomena. Topics covered by this volume include waves in gases near the critical point, waves in retrograde fluids, temperature waves in superfluid helium and density waves in suspensions of particles in liquids. Clearly, the aim of the various contributions is twofold. First, they are intended to provide scientists and engineers working in these and related areas with an overview of various new physical phenomena as for example expansion shocks, sonic shocks, shock splitting, evaporation and liquafaction shocks and the experimental techniques needed to study these phenomena. Second, an attempt is made to discuss aspects of their mathematical modeling with special emphasis on properties which these phenomena have in common.
Out of the multitude of physical processes whose mechanisms depend on the interaction between the atmosphere and a lake, only those have been selected for discussion in this book which are inevitable in the mathematical modeling of lake hydrology and the microclimates, i.e., the meteorological regime over lakes and surrounding land. There are many reasons for a combined consideration of tile hydrological and meteorological aspects. First of all, they are essentially similar from a fluid mechanical point of view. Thus, the same phenomenon, viz., the turbulent plan etary boundary layer, is represented in lakes as the upper well-mixed water layer and in the atmosphere as the lower air layer directly influenced by thermal and dynamical action of the underlying surface. Processes at the air/water interface are equally important in energy transfer in both media. And finally, dynamical and thermal interaction between the adjoining atmospheric and lacustrine bound ary layers appears to be even stronger than between the upper and deep-water layers of a lake."
The most frequently used method for the numerical integration of parabolic differential equa tions is the method of lines, where one first uses a discretization of space derivatives by finite differences or finite elements and then uses some time-stepping method for the the solution of resulting system of ordinary differential equations. Such methods are, at least conceptually, easy to perform. However, they can be expensive if steep gradients occur in the solution, stability must be controlled, and the global error control can be troublesome. This paper considers a simultaneaus discretization of space and time variables for a one-dimensional parabolic equation on a relatively long time interval, called 'time-slab'. The discretization is repeated or adjusted for following 'time-slabs' using continuous finite element approximations. In such a method we utilize the efficiency of finite elements by choosing a finite element mesh in the time-space domain where the finite element mesh has been adjusted to steep gradients of the solution both with respect to the space and the time variables. In this way we solve all the difficulties with the classical approach since stability, discretization error estimates and global error control are automatically satisfied. Such a method has been discussed previously in 3] and 4]. The related boundary value techniques or global time integration for systems of ordinary differential equations have been discussed in several papers, see 12] and the references quoted therein."
This book is designed to fill a professional vacuum in the new field of advance, high-angle, vectored stealth aircraft. The subject matter presented in the volume has never before been investigated and presented as a unified field of study because it covers entirely new fields and because specialized fragments of this unified field are scattered throughout literature in specific problems. The book is of interest to aeronautical and mechanical engineers, electrical and control engineers, aerospace industry, USAF, US Navy, NASA, pilots and instructors.
Prof. Newman is considered one of the great chemical engineers of his time. His reputation derives from his mastery of all phases of the subject matter, his clarity of thought, and his ability to reduce complex problems to their essential core elements. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC, USA, and has won numerous national awards including every award offered by the Electrochemical Society, USA. His motto, as known by his colleagues, is "do it right the first time." He has been teaching undergraduate and graduate core subject courses at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), USA, since joining the faculty in 1966. His method is to write out, in long form, everything he expects to convey to his class on a subject on any given day. He has maintained and updated his lecture notes from notepad to computer throughout his career. This book is an exact reproduction of those notes. This book shows a clean and concise way on how to use different analytical techniques to solve equations of multiple forms that one is likely to encounter in most engineering fields, especially chemical engineering. It provides the framework for formulating and solving problems in mass transport, fluid dynamics, reaction kinetics, and thermodynamics through ordinary and partial differential equations. It includes topics such as Laplace transforms, Legendre's equation, vector calculus, Fourier transforms, similarity transforms, coordinate transforms, conformal mapping, variational calculus, superposition integrals, and hyperbolic equations. The simplicity of the presentation instils confidence in the readers that they can solve any problem they come across either analytically or computationally.
From the Preface:"The purpose of this book is to present and apply a language and to discuss methods which make it very convenient to exploit such analogies, and which are uniquely suited to describe and explain non-equilibrium phenomena in a rich variety of many-particle systems: the language of time correlation functions and linear response theory."
The numerical simulation of the Euler equations of Fluid Dynamics has been these past few years a challenging problem both for research scientists and aerospace engineers. The increasing interest of more realistic models such as the Euler equations originates in Aerodynamics and also Aerothermics where aerospace applications such as military aircrafts and also space vehicles require accurate and efficient Euler solvers (which can be extended to more complicated modelisations including non-equilibrium chemistry) for su personic and hypersonic flows at high angles of attack and Mach number regimes involving strong shocks and vorticity. This book contains the proceedings of the GAMM Workshop on the Numerical Simu lation of Compressible Euler Flows. that W: LS held at INRIA, Rocquencourt (France), on June 10-13, 1986. The purpose of this event was to compare in terms of accuracy and efficiency several codes for solving compressible inviscid, mainly steady, Euler flows. This workshop was a sequel of the GAMM workshop held in 1979 in Stockholm; this time, though, because of the present strong activity in numerical methods for the Euler equat.ions, the full-potential approach was not included. Since 1979, other Eulpr workshops have been organised, sev eral of them focussed on airfoil calculations; however, many recently derived methods were not presented at these workshops, because, among other reasons, the methods were not far enough developed, or had not been applied to flow problems of sufficient complexity. In fact, the 1986 GAMM workshop scored very high as regards to the novelty of methods."
The last decade has seen a dramatic increase of our abilities to solve numerically the governing equations of fluid mechanics. In design aerodynamics the classical potential-flow methods have been complemented by higher modelling-level methods. Euler solvers, and for special purposes, already Navier-Stokes solvers are in use. The authors of this book have been working on the solution of the Euler equations for quite some time. While the first two of us have worked mainly on algorithmic problems, the third has been concerned off and on with modelling and application problems of Euler methods. When we started to write this book we decided to put our own work at the center of it. This was done because we thought, and we leave this to the reader to decide, that our work has attained over the years enough substance in order to justify a book. The problem which we soon faced, was that the field still is moving at a fast pace, for instance because hyper sonic computation problems became more and more important."
This monograph is the result of my PhD thesis work in Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Massachusettes Institute of Technology under the supervision of Professor Earll Murman. A new finite element al gorithm is presented for solving the steady Euler equations describing the flow of an inviscid, compressible, ideal gas. This algorithm uses a finite element spatial discretization coupled with a Runge-Kutta time integration to relax to steady state. It is shown that other algorithms, such as finite difference and finite volume methods, can be derived using finite element principles. A higher-order biquadratic approximation is introduced. Several test problems are computed to verify the algorithms. Adaptive gridding in two and three dimensions using quadrilateral and hexahedral elements is developed and verified. Adaptation is shown to provide CPU savings of a factor of 2 to 16, and biquadratic elements are shown to provide potential savings of a factor of 2 to 6. An analysis of the dispersive properties of several discretization methods for the Euler equations is presented, and results allowing the prediction of dispersive errors are obtained. The adaptive algorithm is applied to the solution of several flows in scramjet inlets in two and three dimensions, demonstrat ing some of the varied physics associated with these flows. Some issues in the design and implementation of adaptive finite element algorithms on vector and parallel computers are discussed."
These proceedings contain original (refereed) research articles by specialists from many countries, on a wide variety of aspects of Navier-Stokes equations. Additionally, 2 survey articles intended for a general readership are included: one surveys the present state of the subject via open problems, and the other deals with the interplay between theory and numerical analysis.
Gesamtwerk: In diesem Werk der beiden bedeutenden Aerodynamiker wird das gesamte Gebiet der Flugzeugaerodynamik von den Grundlagen bis zu den Entwicklungen der 60er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts in klarer, ingenieursgemasser Form dargestellt. Das Hauptgewicht liegt dabei auf den physikalisch und technisch wichtigen Sachverhalten. Die erlauterten Berechnungsverfahren werden durch zahlreiche Beispielrechnungen und Abbildungen veranschaulicht sowie durch Vergleich mit experimentellen Werten uberpruft. Zweiter Band: Im zweiten Band wird die Theorie des Tragflugels endlicher Spannweite bei inkompressibler Stroemung, die Theorie des Tragflugels bei kompressibler Stroemung, die Aerodynamik des Rumpfes, der Flugel-Rumpf-Anordnung, der Leitwerke sowie der Ruder und Klappen behandelt.
For the last ten years, there has been an ever-increasing awareness that fluid motion and transport processes influenced by buoyancy are of interest in many fields of science and technology. In particular, a lot of research has been devoted to the oscillatory behaviour of metallic melts (low-Pr fluids) due to the very crucial impact of such flow oscillations on the quality of growing crystals, semi-conductors or metallic alloys, for advanced technology applications. Test cases on the 2D oscillatory convection in differentially heated cavities containing low-Pr fluids have been defined by the organizing committee, and proposed to the community in 1987. The GAMM-Worshop was attended by 55 scientists from 12 countries, in Oct. 1988 in Marseille (France). Twenty-eight groups contributed to the mandatory cases coming from France (12), other European countries (7) and other countries: USA, Japan and Australia (9). Several groups also presented solutions of various related problems such as accurate determination of the threshold for the onset of oscillations, thermocapillary effect in open cavities, and 3D simulations. Period doubling, quasi- periodic behaviour, reverse transition and hysteresis loops have been reported for high Grashof numbers in closed cavities. The workshop was also open to complementary contributions (5), from experiments and theory (stability and bifurcation analysis). The book contains details about the various methods employed and the specific results obtained by each contributor.
In recent years the subject of relativistic fluid dynamics has found substantial applications in astrophysics and cosmology (theories of gravitational collapse, models of neutron stars, galaxy formation), as well as in plasma physics (relativistic fluids have been considered as models for relativistic particle beams) and nuclear physics (relativistic fluids are currently used in the analysis of the heavy ion reactions). Modern methods of analysis and differential geometry have now also been introduced. The International C.I.M.E. Course brought together expertise and interest from several areas (astrophysics, plasma physics, nuclear physics, mathematical methods) to create an appropriate arena for discussion and exchange of ideas. The main lecture courses introduced the most significant aspects of the subject and were delivered by leading specialists. The notes of these have been written up for this volume and constitute an up-to-date and thorough treatment of these topics. Several contributions from the seminars on specialized topics of complementary interest to the courses are also included.
Gesamtwerk: In diesem Werk der beiden bedeutenden Aerodynamiker wird das gesamte Gebiet der Flugzeugaerodynamik von den Grundlagen bis zu den Entwicklungen der 60er Jahre des 20.Jahrhunderts in klarer, ingenieursgemasser Form dargestellt. Das Hauptgewicht liegt dabei auf den physikalisch und technisch wichtigen Sachverhalten. Die erlauterten Berechnungsverfahren werden durch zahlreiche Beispielrechnungen und Abbildungen veranschaulicht sowie durch Vergleich mit experimentellen Werten uberpruft. Erster Band: Der erste Band behandelt die Grundlagen der Stromungsmechanik einschliesslich der Gasdynamik und der Grenzschichttheorie, und zwar mit besonderer Betonung der Anwendungen in der Flugtechnik. Ausserdem enthalt der erste Band die Profiltheorie, d.h. den ersten Teil der Aerodynamik des Tragflugels." |
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