This book opens with an introduction to the main purpose and tasks of the GIANA challenge, as well as a summary and an analysis of the results and performance obtained by the 20 participating teams. The early and accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases is critical for increasing the chances of patient survival, and efficient screening is vital for locating precursor lesions. Video colonoscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) are the gold-standard tools for colon and intestinal tract screening, respectively. Yet these tools still present some drawbacks, such as lesion miss rate, lack of in vivo diagnosis capabilities, and perforation risk. To mitigate these, computer-aided detection/diagnosis systems can play a key role in assisting clinicians in the different stages of the exploration. This book presents the latest, state-of-the-art approaches in this field, and also tackles the clinical considerations required to efficiently deploy these systems in the exploration room. The coverage draws upon results from the Gastrointestinal Image Analysis (GIANA) Challenge, part of the EndoVis satellite events of the conferences MICCAI 2017 and 2018. Each method proposed to address the different subtasks of the challenges is detailed in a separate chapter, offering a deep insight into this topic of interest for public health. This book appeals to researchers, practitioners, and lecturers spanning both the computer vision and gastroenterology communities.

The topics covered in this issue, an update from what was first published in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics in 2008, reflect the fact that NOTES is seeing a resurgence in popularity. Now, eight years later, there is more data to confirm safety, to look at the best options for using natural orifices, and to talk about optimal training scenarios. The Guest Editor has enlisted some of the top experts on NOTES to contribute articles devoted to Seminal Developments: SM Tunnel Technique; Peroral Endoscopic Myotomoy (POEM); Submucosal Tumor Endoscopic Resection; Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection; Submucosal Tunneling for NOTES Procedures Beyond Resection; Pyloromyotomy; New NOTES: Western Perspective; and Why Did the Old NOTES Fail: Lessons Learned that can Guide New NOTES Development.

Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease provides valuable insights for those seeking nutritional treatment options for those suffering from liver and/or related gastrointestinal disease including Crohn s, allergies, and colitis among others. Information is presented on a variety of foods including herbs, fruits, soy and olive oil. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers in nutrition, nephrology, and gastroenterology.

* Addresses the most positive results from dietary interventions using bioactive foods to impact diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal system, including reduction of inflammation, improved function, and nutritional efficiency * Presents a wide range of liver and gastrointestinal diseases and provides important information for additional research * Associated information can be used to understand other diseases, which share common etiological pathways"

This issue of Critical Care Clinics focuses on Gastrointestinal Critical Care. Articles include: Non variceal Upper Gastrointestinal bleeds, Lower Gastrointestinal bleeds, Mesenteric Ischemia, Peritonitis, The open abdomen and intra abdominal infections, Gut motility issues in critical illness, Gut as the motor of multiple organ dysfunction, Intra abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome, Abdominal circulatory interactions in critical illness, Severe acute pancreatitis and necrotizing pancreatitis, and Nutrition in the critically ill.

Dr. Jon Koff has assembled and expert team of authors of the topic of Cystic Fibrosis. Articles include: Epidemiology and Pathobiology, Genetics and genetic medicine in Cystic Fibrosis, Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Cystic Fibrosis, Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis, Diagnostic Testing in Cystic Fibrosis, Treating Pseudomonas in Cystic Fibrosis, Diagnosis of Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis, Transition from Pediatrics to Adult Care, Lung Transplant in Cystic Fibrosis, and more!

The 20 chapters in this book have been selected from the contents of the Abdominal Imaging section in Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology 6e. These chapters provide a succinct up-to-date overview of current imaging techniques and their clinical applications in daily practice and it is hoped that with this concise format the user will quickly grasp the fundamentals they need to know. Throughout these chapters, the relative merits of different imaging investigations are described, variations are discussed and recent imaging advances are detailed.

This book is a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of pre-malignant disease, emphasizing common themes in the field, including stem cell biology and histologic modes of cancer progression between the distal esophagus and stomach. Its sixteen chapters discuss metaplastic tissue change in the upper GI, clonalexpansion of early neoplasia, stem cell dynamics in experimental models, pathology of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, therapeutic modalities for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, pathology of Barrett's esophagus, screening, early detection and novel diagnostic tools for Barrett's esophagus, clonal evolution of Barrett's esophagus, endoscopic therapeutic modalities of early esophageal cancer, pathology of early gastric cancer, and experimental models for gastric cancer. Stem Cells, Pre-neoplasia and Early Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract is an integrative text on both the current state of translational research on every cancer development of the upper gastrointestinal tract as well as on novel clinical diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. It highlights a rapidly growing field within cancer research and is essential reading for oncologists, biochemists and advanced graduate students alike. Springer's Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology series presents multidisciplinary and dynamic findings in the broad fields of experimental medicine and biology. The wide variety in topics it presents offers readers multiple perspectives on a variety of disciplines including neuroscience, microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, biomedical engineering and cancer research.

List of contents.- One: Methodology, Prevalence and Incidence of Gallstone Disease.- The GREPCO studies: methodology, prevalence and incidence data.- Prevalence and incidence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione study.- Gallbladder disease prevalence and cholecystectomy rates.- Prevalence of clinical gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans.- The Italian multicenter study on epidemiology and prevention of cholelithiasis (MICOL): ultrasonographic standardization.- Prevalence of gallstone disease in 18 Italian population samples: first results from the MICOL study.- Two: The Natural History of Gallstone Disease.- The natural history of gallstones: the GREPCO experience.- Natural history of gallstone disease: the Sirmione study.- 9. The outcome of gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.- 10. Factors affecting the decision to undergo cholecystectomy for mildly symptomatic gallstones.- Three: Risk Factors for Gallstone Disease.- 11. Prevalence of gallstone disease in thalassaemia minor.- 12. Cholelithiasis and blood groups: evidence for a lack of association.- 13. Genetic, ethnic, and environmental factors: findings from the San Antonio heart study.- 14. Risk factors for gallstone disease: genetic, ethnic and environmental factors.- 15. Aging and gallstone disease.- 16. Gallstone prevalence in obese women: pathogenic role of hyperlipoproteinaemia and gallbladder motility.- 17. Serum lipids and gallstone disease.- 18. Dietary habits and gallstones: a study of male self-defense officials in Japan.- 19. Gallbladder and pregnancy.- 20. Risk factors for gallstone disease: the Sirmione study.- 21. Gallstones that form during rapid weight loss.- 22. Concluding remarks.

Over a short few decades, the field of pediatric endoscopy has matured from the exploratory to the routine. Performance of endoscopic procedures in children is now a fundamental aspect of the practice of more than 2000 pediatric gastroenterologists in North America, and endoscopic instruments are increasingly being developed with an eye to their pediatric applications. Ensuring safe and effective endoscopy in children requires specific medical knowledge and technical competency, in addition to appropriately designed equipment and settings. Obtaining consent from parents, as well as assent from patients, for the purposes of performing diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal procedures begins with a deep understanding of risks and benefits that endoscopy affords and is typically gained through formal training in the field. Diagnostic endoscopy may help to confirm common pediatric conditions including eosinophilic esophagitis and inflammatory bowel disease, while therapeutic procedures to treat strictures in the GI tract may help children avoid more invasive surgeries. Using endoscopy in children to achieve hemostasis or to remove commonly swallowed foreign bodies, such as lithium batteries or high-powered magnets, can be lifesaving, and the insertion of feeding tubes can help medically complex patients to thrive. In short, pediatric endoscopy is an integral component of healthcare for children, and gaining and understanding of its best practices may help all clinicians to better recognize its role in pediatric disease outcomes.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease is reviewed extensively in this important Surgical Clinics of North America issue. Articles include: Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Historical Perspective, Epidemiology and Risk Factors; Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Serologic Markers and Endoscopy; Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Radiologic Imaging; Medical Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Crohn's Disease of the Foregut and Small Intestine; Crohn's Disease of the Colon, Rectum and Anus; Indications and Options for Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis; Challenges in the Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Colorectal Neoplasia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Nutritional Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient; Psychosocial Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient; Genetics and Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; and more!

This book concerns the mathematical modeling and computer simulation of the human stomach. It follows the four modern P's (prevention, prediction, personalization, and precision in medicine) approach in addressing the highly heterogeneous nature of processes underlying gastric motility disorders manifested as gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, myenteric enteropathy etc. The book comprehensively guides readers through the fundamental theoretical concepts to complex physiological models of the organ. This requires a deep and thorough understanding of driving pathophysiological mechanisms as well as the collaborative effort of specialists working in fundamental and biological science. Such a multidisciplinary partnership is vital because it upholds gnostic capabilities and provides the exchange of thoughts and ideas thus offering broad perspectives into the evolution and management of diseases. The book is a valuable resource for applied mathematicians, computational biologists, bioengineers, physicians, physiologists and researchers working in various fields of biomedicine.

Dr. Robert Gore (co-editor of Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology) has assembled an expert panel of authors on the topic of The Acute Abdomen. Articles will include: Evaluating the patient with right upper quadrant pain; Evaluating the patient with left upper quadrant pain; Evaluating the patient with right lower quadrant pain; Evaluating the patient with left lower quadrant pain; Acute pancreatitis; Acute disorders of the abdominal aorta; Bowel obstruction; Bowel ischemia; Acute infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides; Acute urinary tract disorders; Acute gynecologic disorders; Evaluating the acute abdomen in the pregnant patient; MR evaluation of the acute, non-traumatic abdomen in adolescents and adults; and more!

The Guest Editors have assembled key opinion leaders to provide state of the art articles on this important update on ERCP. A chapter on cannulation techniques and sphincterotomy will highlight recent literature on wire-guided cannulation, use of papillotomes, when and if to precut for entry and the use of smart circuitry for papillotomy. A chapter on surgically altered anatomy will highlight the increasing occurrence of biliary tract disease in patient's s/p gastric bypass for obesity along with other surgery and the use of balloon enteroscopes, overtubes and intraoperative procedures A chapter on EUS assisted biliary and pancreatic access will highlight the growing experience with these combine techniques. There is growing literature on preventing post-ercp pancreatitis which is changing the standard of care and Joe Elmunzer is the best person to highlight this. Stu Sherman will review advances in the management of bile duct stones and when to intervene in gallstone pancreatitis. Peter Cotton just published a landmark study on SOD that will change the standard of care and will review the state of the science on this disease as it relates to both biliary tract and pancreatic disease. The management of benign biliary strictures and leaks is evolving with the introduction of covered metal stents and Jacques Deviere is at the forefront. Amrita Sethi will discuss diagnosis of biliary malignancy highlighting the use of FISH, molecular markers and enhanced imaging such as pCLE. Michele Kahaleh will review recent experience with biliary tumor ablation using RFA probes and PDT. Alan Barkun helps endoscopists determine when to use plastic stents, metal stents, and covered stents and when to drain one, two or three segments of liver in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. George Papachristo and Dhiraj Yadav will review most recent data on endoscopic therapy for acute recurrent and smoldering acute pancreatitis. Nagy Reddy will provide on update on endotherapy for painful chronic pancreatitis. Finally, Raj Shah will update on advances in pancreatoscopy and cholangioscopy including the use of ultra slim per-oral scopes and new digital mother/baby scopes.

A thorough update is presented by the Guest Editors on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Barrett's Esophagus. Not only do they address the most pertinent clinical issues like screening, biomarkers, surveillance, therapeutics, and predictors of disease progression but they present state of the art material on therapeutic/treatment modalities like EMR, ESD, and ablative therapy. Further, articles are presented on epidemiology, molecular pathogensis, and cost-analysis studies so that the reader will come away with a comprehensive update on Barrett's Esophagus.

This issue on Diagnostic Testing for Enteric Patholgens is led by two experts in the field of clinical pathology: Alexander J. McAdam and Collette Fitzgerald. Topics include Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia; Escherichia coli; Campylobacter; Clostridium difficile; Use of markers of intestinal inflammation for diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis; Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria that cause gastroenteritis; Norovirus; Rotavirus; Intestinal Abebae; Intestinal coccidia and cryptosporidium; Intestinal microsporidia; and Multiplex PCR tests for gastroentieritis. An added features of this issues a Q and A on a controversial area in clinical microbiology, related to STI testing. Several participants from different fields each answer the same series of questions; specialists from clinical laboratory medicine, public health and clinical patient care participate. Each question is introduced by the lead Editors.

Surgical Management of Esophageal Disease is reviewed extensively in this important Surgical Clinics of North America issue. Articles include: Approach to Patients with Esophageal Dysphagia; Esophageal Motility Disorders; Achalasia; Esophageal Stricture and Diverticula; Benign Esophageal Masses; Gastroesophageal Disease; Barrett's Esophagus; Preoperative Evaluation of GERD; Surgical Treatment of GERD; Endoscopic Treatment of GERD; Paraesophageal Hernia; Short Esophagus; Reoperative Antireflux Surgery; GERD after Bariatric Procedure; Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Benign Eosphageal Disease; and more!

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a worldwide disease with a significant morbidity and mortality; it is the leading cause of non-ulcer dyspepsia, peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, it has also been recognized that the interaction between H. pylori and non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs is damaging to the gastroduodenal mucosa. H. pylori treatment still remains a challenge for physicians, since no current first-line therapy is able to cure the infection in all treated patients. This issue will serve to update gastroenterologists on current therapies, evaluation and management of disease progression, and the future of management of H. pylori infection.

Clinics Collections: Gastrointestinal Diseases draws from Elsevier's robust Clinics Review Articles database to provide multidisciplinary teams, including general practitioners, gastroenterologists, otolaryngologists, oncologists, pathologists, and surgeons, with practical clinical advice and insights on this highly prevalent condition and its comorbidities. Clinics Collections: Gastrointestinal Diseases guides readers on how to apply current primary research findings on gastrointestinal diseases to everyday practice to help overcome challenges and complications, keep up with new and improved treatment methods, and improve patient outcomes. . Areas of focus include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspepsia, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastroparesis, dysphagia, esophageal tumor, colon polyps/cancer, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteritis, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and hemorrhoids. . Each article begins with keywords and key points for immediate access to the most critical information. . Articles are presented in an easy-to-digest and concisely worded format. Elsevier's Clinics Collections provide concise reviews of today's most prevalent conditions and significant medical developments. Other Clinics Collections titles available include Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Asthma, Obesity, Pain Management, Lipid Disorders, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The 35 essays collected here report on many new diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of endoscopy. The topics covered include endoscopic ultrasonography, videoendoscopy, percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube placement, hydrostatic dilators and overtubes. A special section is devoted to biliary stent, balloon dilation of biliary strictures, and nasobiliary drains. In addition, the various methods for achieving hemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding are reviewed and an endoscopic videoquiz is provided.

Animal Models of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Hyperammonemia.- Brain Metabolism in Encephalopathy Caused by Hyperammonemia.- In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in Hepatic Encephalopathy.- Role of the Cellular Hydration State for Cellular Function: Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects.- Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in Hyperammonemia and Hepatic Encephalopathy.- Spinal Seizures in Ammonia Intoxication.- Molecular Mechanism of Acute Ammonia Toxicity and of its Prevention by L-Carnitine.- Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: a Disorder of Multiple Neurotransmitter Systems.- The GABA Hypothesis: State of the Art.- Neuropharmacologic Modulation of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Experimental and Clinical Data.- S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Synthetase and Methionine Metabolism Deficiencies in Cirrhosis.- Diagnosis and Therapy of Hepatic Encephalopathy.- Neomycin Reduces the Intestinal Production of Ammonia from Glutamine.- N-Acetylglutamate Synthetase (NAGS) Deficiency.- Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: A Model for Gene Therapy.- Retroviral Gene Transfer for LDL Receptor Deficiency into Primary Hepatocytes.- The Carnitine System: Recent Aspects.- Use of Hepatocyte Cultures for Liver Support Bioreactors.- Hepatitis C Viral infection after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.- Exercise-Induced Hyperammonemia: Skeletal Muscle Ammonia Metabolism and the Peripheral and Central Effects.- Possible Role of Ammonia in the Brain in Dementia of Alzheimer Type.- Contributors.

This book provides the reader with a multidisciplinary approach that is state of the art and reflects input from the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society and the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society. In particular, the text focuses on the pathophysiology of neuroendocrine tumors and includes a comprehensive review of the most recent developments in understanding the complex hormone and receptor signaling that is important for the future development of potent pharmacological treatments. The volume reviews the pathological grading and staging systems providing useful clinical information for the treating clinician as well as a useful reference for pathologists. The clinical management of neuroendocrine tumors is reviewed enabling the treating physician to understand the diagnostic approaches to differentiating the various types of neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, the treatments are reviewed in great detail and include novel radiological, surgical, and chemotherapeutic approaches. The reader will utilize this book as both a comprehensive and quick reference guide through the use of diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Written by international experts in their particular field of study, Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors will be of great value to medical oncologists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, pathologists, surgeons, and diagnostic and interventional radiologists.

Colonoscopy is the bread and butter for endoscopists and advances in the procedure to reduce time, improve efficiency, and prevent errors are very important for this group. The newest advances look at colonoscopy efficiency and a better way to target tissue sampling, which avoids random biopsies and instead looks at ways to predict areas for sampling. The Guest Editors have selected top experts to provide these important updates and they also address current thinking that questions the continued value of colonoscopies as predictors of colon cancer. The issue will be a very popular one, and it needs to be heavily promoted.

By the time this issue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America is released, it will have been 16 years since infliximab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn disease. Not only have we come a long way in understanding the efficacy and safety of infliximab, we are beginning to understand how and when to use the drug. Furthermore, as of this writing, we have five other biologic agents approved for either Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis, and there are many more molecules currently in drug development for these indications. In this issue,the Editors have assembled a collection of experts to provide the most cutting-edge information on the status of biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.