Die Diskussion um die Entstehung der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache begleitet die Germanistik von ihren Anfangen bis in die unmittelbare Gegenwart. Die wesentlichen Fragen, um deren Beantwortung es in der Diskussion geht, sind die nach dem Entstehungsort - der "Wiege" - der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache und die nach ihrem moeglichen Schoepfer. Eng mit der letzten Frage verbunden ist die nach der Richtung der Entwicklung: "von unten nach oben" also volkssprachlicher Ausgleich als Basis fur die Schriftsprache oder schreibsprachlicher Ausgleich und Ruckwirkung auf die Mundarten. Das zentrale Problem der Diskussion zeigt sich nach wie vor darin, dass keiner der wichtigeren theoretischen Ansatze a priori voellig absurd erscheint. Jede Theorie enthalt wohl einen Teil der Wahrheit: Sowohl Siedlerbewegungen als auch die Bildung, sowohl Luther als auch die Kanzleien und Offizinen, sowohl die Grammatiktheoretiker als auch die Dichtung, sowohl Sprachwertsysteme als auch die sich herausbildende Polyfunktionalitat und die allmahliche Herausbildung einer zentralen Zielvarietat spielen eine mehr oder weniger bedeutsame - aber in der Regel noch nicht zufriedenstellend ausgelotete - Rolle.

Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Cantonese as spoken by native speakers in Hong Kong. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in current Cantonese. This makes it the ideal reference source for all learners and users of Cantonese, irrespective of level, in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Moreover, it will provide a lasting and reliable resource for all fluent speakers of the language. The book is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Cantonese grammar. Arranged by both syntactic categories and language functions, the Grammar provides an in-depth treatment of structures and pays special attention to idiom and speech registers, including trendy language. Explanations are full, clear and free of jargon. A glossary, extensive index and generous use of cross-references provide readers with easy access to the information they require. Features include: * comprehensive pronunciation section * full use of examples from films, advertising and authentic conversations * Cantonese-English parallels highlighted throughout the book * all examples given in Cantonese characters as well as Yale romanization * a Companion Website with supplementary multimedia material. Stephen Matthews is Associate Professor in Linguistics at the University of Hong Kong and Virginia Yip is Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. They are Directors of the Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre and have previously co-authored: Basic Cantonese: A Grammar and Workbook (Routledge, 1999) and Intermediate Cantonese: A Grammar and Workbook (Routledge, 2000).

'Chinese in Steps' is a series of textbooks designed for English-speaking adults who learn Chinese either as part of their degree study at university, or simply as part of their professional or self-development programme for practical purposes.

Major new editions of our oxford dictionaries
The Oxford New Spanish Dictionary
-first update in ten years
? For students, travelers, and businesspeople-a fully revised and thoroughly up-to-date reference.
? Over 40,000 words and phrases and 60,000 translations of essential, everyday vocabulary
? New, ultra-clear text for quick and easy reference
? Special warning symbols make slang and informal language easily identifiable
? Convenient tables of regular and irregular verbs
? Extra help with frequently used words-the building blocks to learning a language

This comprehensive course is designed for intermediate to advanced students of Arabic at upper undergraduate level. It uses authentic materials and a wide variety of techniques to develop the four basic language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening. Each of the twenty chapters is designed around a particular topic relating to the culture, history, politics, geography or society of the Arab Middle East, to give students an insight into important aspects of the region.

This textbook provides a comprehensive and structured vocabulary for all levels of undergraduate French courses. It offers a broad coverage of the concrete and abstract vocabulary relating to the physical, cultural, social, commercial and political environment, as well as exposure to commonly encountered technical terminology. The book is divided into twenty thematic sections for easy integration into modular courses. Within each section, words and phrases have been grouped into units and broadly "graded" according to likely usefulness and difficulty. There are 750 accompanying exercises for private study and classroom use.

Studies on Learning and Teaching Chinese as a Second Language represents the current advances in the field. It showcases theoretically motivated empirical studies and diverse methods used for a better understanding of how Chinese language is acquired as a second or foreign language. This contributes to L2 acquisition research in general and L2 Chinese specifically. Furthermore, this research is useful for teachers seeking to understand their students' learning processes and adjust their pedagogical approach for more effective instruction. The book bridges the gap between research and instruction by providing pedagogical implications rooted in empirical findings.

Studies on Learning and Teaching Chinese as a Second Language represents the current advances in the field. It showcases theoretically motivated empirical studies and diverse methods used for a better understanding of how Chinese language is acquired as a second or foreign language. This contributes to L2 acquisition research in general and L2 Chinese specifically. Furthermore, this research is useful for teachers seeking to understand their students' learning processes and adjust their pedagogical approach for more effective instruction. The book bridges the gap between research and instruction by providing pedagogical implications rooted in empirical findings.

This new study reconciles cognitive metaphor theory with Critical Discourse Analysis to offer a fresh approach to the study of metaphor. In applying this framework to a substantial corpus of texts from business magazines, the author shows how metaphors of war, sports and evolutionary struggle are used to construct business as a masculinized social domain. In view of the subtle but pervasive socio-cognitive impact of these metaphors, the study raises the question of possible alternatives and the scope for change in business media discourse.

How to Teach a Foreign Language was first published in 1904.

Os sons do portugues is a practical introduction to the phonetics and pronunciation of Portuguese, with a focus on the sound patterns of Portuguese from a nontheoretical perspective. Written entirely in Portuguese, the book addresses the correspondence between sounds and spelling rules, syllabic structure and stress patterns of the language, as well as an introduction to phonetic notation, terminology, and transcription. Key features: * Easy-to-follow organization, with gradual development from introductory to advanced material to build on students' pre-existing knowledge of Portuguese pronunciation. * A range of activities, including descriptive and audio-visual exercises based on examples from cultural products of Portuguese-speaking communities. * Illustrative descriptions and audio-visual samples of the main dialects of the Lusophone world, particularly from Brazil and Portugal. * Online access to audio files that accompany the text. This is an ideal resource for non-native and heritage speakers of Portuguese at level B2-C2 of the Common European Framework for Languages, and Intermediate High-Advanced High on the ACTFL proficiency scales.

Tests for the measurement of language abilities must be constructed according to a coherent validity framework based on the latest developments in theory and practice. This innovative book, by a world authority on language testing, deals with all key aspects of language test design and implementation. It provides a road map to effective testing based on the latest approaches to test validation. A book for all graduate students in Applied Linguistics or TESOL, and for professional language teachers.

The Routledge Course in Business Korean is a textbook for teaching Korean to mid-intermediate to low-advanced students to learn the language used in a business context in every-day life in Korea. The authors' intuitive approach makes it easy for students to follow the units, while the relevant and practical learning objectives benefit both student and teacher alike. The book introduces the vocabulary and key phrases of business Korean and focuses on delivering real business-related situations, authentic expressions, and linguistically and culturally rich introductions and explanations of Korean business life. Audio files can be found on the accompanying e-Resource. By the end of this course, you will be at level B2 of the Common European Framework for Languages and Advanced Mid-High on the ACTFL proficiency scales.

Since the nineteenth century various housing solutions have evolved, such as sprawling Australian home ownership and compact Dutch social rental housing. This phenomenon cannot be adequately explained with simple descriptions of key events, politics and housing outcomes. Critical Realism and Housing Studies pushes debate forward, arguing that a new ontological perspective is required to address fundamental issues in housing and comparative research. This book is clearly organized into three parts which: evaluate ontological and methodological alternatives for comparative housing research provide two historical case studies inspired by critical realist ontology compare the causal tendencies that explain diverging housing pathways in Australia and the Netherlands. Lawson proposes that we turn to critical realism for the solution. From this perspective the causal tendencies of complex, open and structured housing phenomena are highlighted. With this insight we are able to extract the key social arrangements which promote different housing solutions from the historical case studies. Social arrangements which are found to influence alternative pathways in housing history concern the property rights, circuit of savings and investment, as well as labour and welfare relations. As they develop differently over time and space they affect where, when and how housing solutions develop.

This is a comprehensive upper-beginner level Japanese textbook and language learning program. Elementary Japanese is designed for students who are just beginning their study of the Japanese language at the first-year college level or on their own. The author and contributors have created a highly structured approach to learning Japanese based on acquiring the fundamental patterns and constructions of the language as well as the Japanese writing system including the basic Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji characters. Each volume of this two-book set is designed for one semester of study. The books feature detailed grammatical explanations which make them extremely useful as references and for review purposes when traveling to Japan or preparing for the Japanese Language Proficiency Examination (JLPT). Online MP3 audio recordings are included with each volume making this a great way to learn Japanese on your own while ensuring that you learn the correct pronunciation. The recordings also help you build up your listening comprehension skills. After completing this course, you will be able to: Describe yourself, your family and your friends. Talk about daily events using basic vocabulary and grammatical constructions. Understand conversations on these topics as well as classroom activities. Read Japanese articles and write short and simple compositions and letters. Elementary Japanese Volume Two covers the second semester of a college-level Japanese beginner course. It contains 13 lessons, each representing one week's instruction and consisting of a dialogue, usage notes, grammar notes, exercises, new kanji and explanation, and new vocabulary. All disc content is accessible on tuttlepublishing.com/downloadable-content.

Perhaps you are one of the millions who has tuned in and turned on to the hugely popular Oprah's Book Club. And perhaps by watching it, you've discovered a new, or rekindled an old, passion for reading. Now, with the guidance of Rachel W. Jacobsohn's revised and updated edition of The Reading Group Handbook, you, too, can start your own book club Book clubs and reading groups give fellow members the chance to break out of established reading patterns and learn adventurous approaches to creative material. With the help of The Reading Group Handbook, you'll get a definitive, step-by-step guide to starting your own book club, written by a professional reading group leader who has organized and led groups--face-to-face and even online--for over twenty years. In this newly revised and expanded edition, you'll get information on: Where to meet: homes, local bookstores, libraries, and onlineHow to select members and decide a format for the meetingsHow to read material critically and constructively in preparation for the gatheringThe art of the discussionOver thirty-five suggested reading lists, including an expanded list of year-by-year Pulitzer Prize winners, Oprah's Book Club picks, and personal recommendations from the author and her groups' membersWhere to go to get more information on the books you choose and on book clubs throughout the country As reading groups have become the latest trend in socializing, anyone who wants to combine a love of literature with the opportunity to meet others will not want to be without The Reading Group Handbook. With The Reading Group Handbook, readers will enjoy the benefits of a good book and a good book club.

Russian Through Art: For Intermediate to Advanced Students develops all four language skills while enhancing students' cultural knowledge through exposure to Russian visual arts. Each of the six thematically organised chapters is accompanied by online resources, available at https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/russnart. These supporting materials include online lectures, readings, audio and video clips and assignments of varying levels of difficulty, starting with description and narration tasks and progressing to discussion and debate. Each chapter contains a number of task-based and project-based assignments. The book and website's modular design make it easy to adapt this comprehensive resource to different course needs and different levels. By the end of the course students will have broadened their active vocabulary, enhanced their grammatical skills while familiarising themselves with Russian art in its various representations and periods.