Focusing methodologically on those historical aspects that are relevant to supporting intuition in axiomatic approaches to geometry, the book develops systematic and modern approaches to the three core aspects of axiomatic geometry: Euclidean, non-Euclidean and projective. Historically, axiomatic geometry marks the origin of formalized mathematical activity. It is in this discipline that most historically famous problems can be found, the solutions of which have led to various presently very active domains of research, especially in algebra. The recognition of the coherence of two-by-two contradictory axiomatic systems for geometry (like one single parallel, no parallel at all, several parallels) has led to the emergence of mathematical theories based on an arbitrary system of axioms, an essential feature of contemporary mathematics. This is a fascinating book for all those who teach or study axiomatic geometry, and who are interested in the history of geometry or who want to see a complete proof of one of the famous problems encountered, but not solved, during their studies: circle squaring, duplication of the cube, trisection of the angle, construction of regular polygons, construction of models of non-Euclidean geometries, etc. It also provides hundreds of figures that support intuition. Through 35 centuries of the history of geometry, discover the birth and follow the evolution of those innovative ideas that allowed humankind to develop so many aspects of contemporary mathematics. Understand the various levels of rigor which successively established themselves through the centuries. Be amazed, as mathematicians of the 19th century were, when observing that both an axiom and its contradiction can be chosen as a valid basis for developing a mathematical theory. Pass through the door of this incredible world of axiomatic mathematical theories!

This collection of peer-reviewed conference papers provides comprehensive coverage of cutting-edge research in topological approaches to data analysis and visualization. It encompasses the full range of new algorithms and insights, including fast homology computation, comparative analysis of simplification techniques, and key applications in materials and medical science. The volume also features material on core research challenges such as the representation of large and complex datasets and integrating numerical methods with robust combinatorial algorithms. Reflecting the focus of the TopoInVis 2013 conference, the contributions evince the progress currently being made on finding experimental solutions to open problems in the sector. They provide an inclusive snapshot of state-of-the-art research that enables researchers to keep abreast of the latest developments and provides a foundation for future progress. With papers by some of the world’s leading experts in topological techniques, this volume is a major contribution to the literature in a field of growing importance with applications in disciplines that range from engineering to medicine.

This book is a unique collection of challenging geometry problems and detailed solutions that will build students' confidence in mathematics. By proposing several methods to approach each problem and emphasizing geometry's connections with different fields of mathematics, Methods of Solving Complex Geometry Problems serves as a bridge to more advanced problem solving. Written by an accomplished female mathematician who struggled with geometry as a child, it does not intimidate, but instead fosters the reader's ability to solve math problems through the direct application of theorems. Containing over 160 complex problems with hints and detailed solutions, Methods of Solving Complex Geometry Problems can be used as a self-study guide for mathematics competitions and for improving problem-solving skills in courses on plane geometry or the history of mathematics. It contains important and sometimes overlooked topics on triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles such as the Menelaus-Ceva theorem, Simson's line, Heron's formula, and the theorems of the three altitudes and medians. It can also be used by professors as a resource to stimulate the abstract thinking required to transcend the tedious and routine, bringing forth the original thought of which their students are capable. Methods of Solving Complex Geometry Problems will interest high school and college students needing to prepare for exams and competitions, as well as anyone who enjoys an intellectual challenge and has a special love of geometry. It will also appeal to instructors of geometry, history of mathematics, and math education courses.

There has been an increasing interest in the statistical analysis of geometric objects and structures in many branches of science and engineering in recent years. The aim of this book is to present these statistical methods for practical use by non-mathematicians by outlining the mathematical ideas rather than concentrating on detailed proofs. The clarity of exposition ensures that the book will be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in many scientific disciplines who wish to use these methods in their work. In particular, the book is suited to materials scientists, geologists, environmental scientists, and biologists.

This book examines the problem of maintenance planning and scheduling in industrial production systems. It presents two practically relevant, deterministic mathematical models: the capacitated planned maintenance problem (CPMP) and the weighted uncapacitated planned maintenance problem (WUPMP). It introduces specific optimization algorithms such as construction heuristics, Lagrangean and tabu search metaheuristics. A problem independent hybrid approach links and alternates between two Lagrangean relaxations. It also analyzes the solvability with respect to the computational complexity of several problem classes, polyhedral properties and lower bounds. Computational studies demonstrate the performance of the heuristics, lower bounds, subgradients obtained from heuristics and the quality of dual information. This unique book includes implementation details and an introduction to the necessary theory making it suitable for upper undergraduate students.

Wondrous One Sheet Origami is a how-to book full of beautiful origami designs covering a wide range of folding levels from simple to high intermediate, with more emphasis on the latter. The book is meant for audiences 12 years of age and above, and children folding at higher than age level. Most of the designs are flat and suitable for mounting on cards or framing as gifts. Features * Richly illustrated full-color book with clear, crisp diagrams following international standard, and an abundance of photographs of finished models * Select designs hand-picked by the author based on social media responses * Most of the designs incorporate color-change, a technique showing both sides of paper for enhanced beauty

This book constitutes revised selected papers from the 42nd International Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, WG 2016, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 2016. The 25 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 74 submissions.The WG conferences aim to connect theory and practice by demonstrating how graph-theoretic concepts can be applied to various areas of computer science and by extracting new graph problems from applications. Their goal is to present new research results and to identify and explore directions of future research.

And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. Genesis 1,3 Light is not only the basis of our biological existence, but also an essential source of our knowledge about the physical laws of nature, ranging from the seventeenth century geometrical optics up to the twentieth century theory of general relativity and quantum electrodynamics. Folklore Don't give us numbers: give us insight! A contemporary natural scientist to a mathematician The present book is the second volume of a comprehensive introduction to themathematicalandphysicalaspectsofmodernquantum?eldtheorywhich comprehends the following six volumes: Volume I: Basics in Mathematics and Physics Volume II: Quantum Electrodynamics Volume III: Gauge Theory Volume IV: Quantum Mathematics Volume V: The Physics of the Standard Model Volume VI: Quantum Gravitation and String Theory. It is our goal to build a bridge between mathematicians and physicists based on the challenging question about the fundamental forces in * macrocosmos (the universe) and * microcosmos (the world of elementary particles). The six volumes address a broad audience of readers, including both und- graduate and graduate students, as well as experienced scientists who want to become familiar with quantum ?eld theory, which is a fascinating topic in modern mathematics and physics.

This book is a translation from Russian of Part II of the book Mathematics Through Problems: From Olympiads and Math Circles to Profession. Part I, Algebra, was recently published in the same series. Part III, Combinatorics, will be published soon. The main goal of this book is to develop important parts of mathematics through problems. The authors tried to put together sequences of problems that allow high school students (and some undergraduates) with strong interest in mathematics to discover and recreate much of elementary mathematics and start edging into more sophisticated topics such as projective and affine geometry, solid geometry, and so on, thus building a bridge between standard high school exercises and more intricate notions in geometry. Definitions and/or references for material that is not standard in the school curriculum are included. To help students that might be unfamiliar with new material, problems are carefully arranged to provide gradual introduction into each subject. Problems are often accompanied by hints and/or complete solutions. The book is based on classes taught by the authors at different times at the Independent University of Moscow, at a number of Moscow schools and math circles, and at various summer schools. It can be used by high school students and undergraduates, their teachers, and organizers of summer camps and math circles. In the interest of fostering a greater awareness and appreciation of mathematics and its connections to other disciplines and everyday life, MSRI and the AMS are publishing books in the Mathematical Circles Library series as a service to young people, their parents and teachers, and the mathematics profession.

Presenting a study of geometric action functionals (i.e., non-negative functionals on the space of unparameterized oriented rectifiable curves), this monograph focuses on the subclass of those functionals whose local action is a degenerate type of Finsler metric that may vanish in certain directions, allowing for curves with positive Euclidean length but with zero action. For such functionals, criteria are developed under which there exists a minimum action curve leading from one given set to another. Then the properties of this curve are studied, and the non-existence of minimizers is established in some settings. Applied to a geometric reformulation of the quasipotential of Wentzell-Freidlin theory (a subfield of large deviation theory), these results can yield the existence and properties of maximum likelihood transition curves between two metastable states in a stochastic process with small noise. The book assumes only standard knowledge in graduate-level analysis; all higher-level mathematical concepts are introduced along the way.

This title focuses on two significant problems in the field of automatic control, in particular state estimation and robust Model Predictive Control under input and state constraints, bounded disturbances and measurement noises. The authors build upon previous results concerning zonotopic set-membership state estimation and output feedback tube-based Model Predictive Control. Various existing zonotopic set-membership estimation methods are investigated and their advantages and drawbacks are discussed, making this book suitable both for researchers working in automatic control and industrial partners interested in applying the proposed techniques to real systems. The authors proceed to focus on a new method based on the minimization of the P-radius of a zonotope, in order to obtain a good trade-off between the complexity and the accuracy of the estimation. They propose a P-radius based set-membership estimation method to compute a zonotope containing the real states of a system, which are consistent with the disturbances and measurement noise. The problem of output feedback control using a zonotopic set-membership estimation is also explored. Among the approaches from existing literature on the subject, the implementation of robust predictive techniques based on tubes of trajectories is developed. Contents 1. Uncertainty Representation Based on Set Theory. 2. Several Approaches on Zonotopic Guaranteed Set-Membership Estimation. 3. Zonotopic Guaranteed State Estimation Based on P-Radius Minimization. 4. Tube Model Predictive Control Based on Zonotopic Set-Membership Estimation. About the Authors Vu Tuan Hieu Le is a Research Engineer at the IRSEEM/ESIGELEC Technopole du Madrillet, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France. Cristina Stoica is Assistant Professor in the Automatic Control Department at SUPELEC Systems Sciences (E3S), France. Teodoro Alamo is Professor in the Department of Systems Engineering and Automatic Control at the University of Seville, Spain. Eduardo F. Camacho is Professor in the Department of Systems Engineering and Automatic Control at the University of Seville, Spain. Didier Dumur is Professor in the Automatic Control Department, SUPELEC Systems Sciences (E3S), France.

This modern translation of Sophus Lie's and Friedrich Engel's “Theorie der Transformationsgruppen I� will allow readers to discover the striking conceptual clarity and remarkably systematic organizational thought of the original German text. Volume I presents a comprehensive introduction to the theory and is mainly directed towards the generalization of ideas drawn from the study of examples. The major part of the present volume offers an extremely clear translation of the lucid original. The first four chapters provide not only a translation, but also a contemporary approach, which will help present day readers to familiarize themselves with the concepts at the heart of the subject. The editor's main objective was to encourage a renewed interest in the detailed classification of Lie algebras in dimensions 1, 2 and 3, and to offer access to Sophus Lie's monumental Galois theory of continuous transformation groups, established at the end of the 19th Century. Lie groups are widespread in mathematics, playing a role in representation theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, the theory of partial differential equations and also in physics, for example in general relativity. This volume is of interest to researchers in Lie theory and exterior differential systems and also to historians of mathematics. The prerequisites are a basic knowledge of differential calculus, ordinary differential equations and differential geometry.

This book presents established and new approaches to perform calculations of electrostatic interactions at the nanoscale, with particular focus on molecular biology applications. It is based on the proceedings of the Computational Electrostatics for Biological Applications international meeting, which brought together researchers in computational disciplines to discuss and explore diverse methods to improve electrostatic calculations. Fostering an interdisciplinary approach to the description of complex physical and biological problems, this book encompasses contributions originating in the fields of geometry processing, shape modeling, applied mathematics, and computational biology and chemistry. The main topics covered are theoretical and numerical aspects of the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, surveys and comparison among geometric approaches to the modelling of molecular surfaces and related discretization and computational issues. It also includes a number of contributions addressing applications in biology, biophysics and nanotechnology. The book is primarily intended as a reference for researchers in the computational molecular biology and chemistry fields. As such, it also aims at becoming a key source of information for a wide range of scientists who need to know how modeling and computing at the molecular level may influence the design and interpretation of their experiments.

A new threshold for the existence of weak solutions to the incompressible Euler equations To gain insight into the nature of turbulent fluids, mathematicians start from experimental facts, translate them into mathematical properties for solutions of the fundamental fluids PDEs, and construct solutions to these PDEs that exhibit turbulent properties. This book belongs to such a program, one that has brought convex integration techniques into hydrodynamics. Convex integration techniques have been used to produce solutions with precise regularity, which are necessary for the resolution of the Onsager conjecture for the 3D Euler equations, or solutions with intermittency, which are necessary for the construction of dissipative weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations. In this book, weak solutions to the 3D Euler equations are constructed for the first time with both non-negligible regularity and intermittency. These solutions enjoy a spatial regularity index in L^2 that can be taken as close as desired to 1/2, thus lying at the threshold of all known convex integration methods. This property matches the measured intermittent nature of turbulent flows. The construction of such solutions requires technology specifically adapted to the inhomogeneities inherent in intermittent solutions. The main technical contribution of this book is to develop convex integration techniques at the local rather than global level. This localization procedure functions as an ad hoc wavelet decomposition of the solution, carrying information about position, amplitude, and frequency in both Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates.

This book summarizes research carried out in workshops of the SAGA project, an Initial Training Network exploring the interplay of Shapes, Algebra, Geometry and Algorithms. Written by a combination of young and experienced researchers, the book introduces new ideas in an established context. Among the central topics are approximate and sparse implicitization and surface parametrization; algebraic tools for geometric computing; algebraic geometry for computer aided design applications and problems with industrial applications. Readers will encounter new methods for the (approximate) transition between the implicit and parametric representation; new algebraic tools for geometric computing; new applications of isogeometric analysis and will gain insight into the emerging research field situated between algebraic geometry and computer aided geometric design.

This first complete English language edition of Euclides vindicatus presents a corrected and revised edition of the classical English translation of Saccheri's text by G.B. Halsted. It is complemented with a historical introduction on the geometrical environment of the time and a detailed commentary that helps to understand the aims and subtleties of the work. Euclides vindicatus, written by the Jesuit mathematician Gerolamo Saccheri, was published in Milan in 1733. In it, Saccheri attempted to reform elementary geometry in two important directions: a demonstration of the famous Parallel Postulate and the theory of proportions. Both topics were of pivotal importance in the mathematics of the time. In particular, the Parallel Postulate had escaped demonstration since the first attempts at it in the Classical Age, and several books on the topic were published in the Early Modern Age. At the same time, the theory of proportion was the most important mathematical tool of the Galilean School in its pursuit of the mathematization of nature. Saccheri's attempt to prove the Parallel Postulate is today considered the most important breakthrough in geometry in the 18th century, as he was able to develop for hundreds of pages and dozens of theorems a system in geometry that denied the truth of the postulate (in the attempt to find a contradiction). This can be regarded as the first system of non-Euclidean geometry. Its later developments by Lambert, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Gauss eventually opened the way to contemporary geometry. Occupying a unique position in the literature of mathematical history, Euclid Vindicated from Every Blemish will be of high interest to historians of mathematics as well as historians of philosophy interested in the development of non-Euclidean geometries.

Leonid Ryvkin gives a motivated and self-sustained introduction to n-plectic geometry with a special focus on symmetries. The relevant algebraic structures from scratch are developed. The author generalizes known symplectic notions, notably observables and symmetries, to the n-plectic case, culminating in solving the existence question for co-moment maps for general pre-n-plectic manifolds. Finally partial results scattered along the literature are derived from our general result.

Sasha Wang revisits the van Hiele model of geometric thinking with Sfard's discursive framework to investigate geometric thinking from a discourse perspective. The author focuses on describing and analyzing pre-service teachers' geometric discourse across different van Hiele levels. The explanatory power of Sfard's framework provides a rich description of how pre-service teachers think in the context of quadrilaterals. It also contributes to our understanding of human thinking that is illustrated through the analysis of geometric discourse accompanied by vignettes.

In 2006 a special semester on Gr. obner bases and related methods was or- nized by RICAM and RISC, directed by Bruno Buchberger and Heinz Engl. The main focus of the semester were the development of the formal theory of Gr. obner bases (brie?y GB), the e?cient implementation of all algorithms related to this theory, and the promotion of recent and new applications of GB. The workshop D1 "Gr. obner bases in cryptography, coding theory and - gebraic combinatorics", Linz, May 1-6, 2006 (chairmen M. Klin, L. Perret, M. Sala) was one of the main ingredients of the semester. The last two days of this workshop, devoted to combinatorics, made it possible to bring together experts in algorithmic problems related to coherent con?gurations and as- ciation schemes with a community of people working in the area of GB. Each side was interested in understanding the computational problems and current algorithmicpossibilitiesoftheother,withaparticularobjectiveofintroducing the practical use of GB in algebraic combinatorics. Materials (mainly slides of lectures and posters) available from the site http://www.ricam.oeaw.ac.at/specsem/srs/groeb/schedule D1.htmlprovidea helpful and vivid picture of the successful exchange of scienti? c information during the workshop D1. Asafollow-uptothespecialsemester,10volumesofproceedingsarebeing published by di?erent publishers. The current collection of papers re?ects diverse investigations in the area of algebraic combinatorics (with or without explicit use of GB), but with a de?nite emphasis on algorithmic approaches.

A billiard is a dynamical system in which a point particle alternates between free motion and specular reflections from the boundary of a domain. Exterior Billiards presents billiards in the complement of domains and their applications in aerodynamics and geometrical optics. This book distinguishes itself from existing literature by presenting billiard dynamics outside bounded domains, including scattering, resistance, invisibility and retro-reflection. It begins with an overview of the mathematical notations used throughout the book and a brief review of the main results. Chapters 2 and 3 are focused on problems of minimal resistance and Newton's problem in media with positive temperature. In chapters 4 and 5, scattering of billiards by nonconvex and rough domains is characterized and some related special problems of optimal mass transportation are studied. Applications in aerodynamics are addressed next and problems of invisibility and retro-reflection within the framework of geometric optics conclude the text. The book will appeal to mathematicians working in dynamical systems and calculus of variations. Specialists working in the areas of applications discussed will also find it useful.

This book presents a self-contained introduction to the theory of minisum hyperspheres. Thisspecialized researcharea within the larger field ofgeometric optimization is full of interesting and open problems.

This work provides an overview of the history of minisum hyperspheres as well as describes the best techniques for developing and solving minisum hypersphereproblems. Various related areas of geometric and nonlinear optimization are also discussed.

As the first publication devoted to this area of research, this work will be of greatinterest to graduate-level researchersstudyingminisum hypersphere problemsas well asmathematicians interested geometric optimization."

This book on linear algebra and geometry is based on a course given by renowned academician I.R. Shafarevich at Moscow State University. The book begins with the theory of linear algebraic equations and the basic elements of matrix theory and continues with vector spaces, linear transformations, inner product spaces, and the theory of affine and projective spaces. The book also includes some subjects that are naturally related to linear algebra but are usually not covered in such courses: exterior algebras, non-Euclidean geometry, topological properties of projective spaces, theory of quadrics (in affine and projective spaces), decomposition of finite abelian groups, and finitely generated periodic modules (similar to Jordan normal forms of linear operators). Mathematical reasoning, theorems, and concepts are illustrated with numerous examples from various fields of mathematics, including differential equations and differential geometry, as well as from mechanics and physics.