This volume covers semilinear embeddings of vector spaces over division rings and the associated mappings of Grassmannians. In contrast to classical books, we consider a more general class of semilinear mappings and show that this class is important. A large portion of the material will be formulated in terms of graph theory, that is, Grassmann graphs, graph embeddings, and isometric embeddings. In addition, some relations to linear codes will be described. Graduate students and researchers will find this volume to be self-contained with many examples.

Origami, the art of paper folding, has a rich mathematical theory. Early investigations go back to at least the 1930s, but the twenty-first century has seen a remarkable blossoming of the mathematics of folding. Besides its use in describing origami and designing new models, it is also finding real-world applications from building nano-scale robots to deploying large solar arrays in space. Written by a world expert on the subject, Origametry is the first complete reference on the mathematics of origami. It brings together historical results, modern developments, and future directions into a cohesive whole. Over 180 figures illustrate the constructions described while numerous 'diversions' provide jumping-off points for readers to deepen their understanding. This book is an essential reference for researchers of origami mathematics and its applications in physics, engineering, and design. Educators, students, and enthusiasts will also find much to enjoy in this fascinating account of the mathematics of folding.

Mathematical billiards describe the motion of a mass point in a domain with elastic reflections off the boundary or, equivalently, the behavior of rays of light in a domain with ideally reflecting boundary. From the point of view of differential geometry, the billiard flow is the geodesic flow on a manifold with boundary. This book is devoted to billiards in their relation with differential geometry, classical mechanics, and geometrical optics. Topics covered include variational principles of billiard motion, symplectic geometry of rays of light and integral geometry, existence and nonexistence of caustics, optical properties of conics and quadrics and completely integrable billiards, periodic billiard trajectories, polygonal billiards, mechanisms of chaos in billiard dynamics, and the lesser-known subject of dual (or outer) billiards.The book is based on an advanced undergraduate topics course. Minimum prerequisites are the standard material covered in the first two years of college mathematics (the entire calculus sequence, linear algebra). However, readers should show some mathematical maturity and rely on their mathematical common sense. A unique feature of the book is the coverage of many diverse topics related to billiards, for example, evolutes and involutes of plane curves, the four-vertex theorem, a mathematical theory of rainbows, distribution of first digits in various sequences, Morse theory, the Poincare recurrence theorem, Hilbert's fourth problem, Poncelet porism, and many others. There are approximately 100 illustrations. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers interested in ergodic theory and geometry.

This new edition of Six Simple Twists: The Pleat Pattern Approach to Origami Tessellation Design introduces an innovative pleat pattern technique for origami designs that is easily accessible to anyone who enjoys the geometry of paper. The book begins with six basic forms meant to ease the reader into the style, and then systematically scaffolds the instructions to build a strong understanding of the techniques, leading to instructions on a limitless number of patterns. It then describes a process of designing additional building blocks. At the end, what emerges is a fascinating artform that will enrich folders for many years. Unlike standard, project-based origami books, Six Simple Twists focuses on how to design, rather than construct. In this thoroughly updated second edition, the book explores new techniques and example tessellations, with full-page images, and mathematical analysis of the patterns. A reader will, through practice, gain the ability to create still more complex and fascinating designs. Key Features Introduces the reader to origami tessellations and demonstrates their place in the origami community New layout and instructional approach restructure the book from the ground up Addresses common tessellation questions, such as what types of paper are best to use, and how this artform rose in popularity Teaches the reader how to grid a sheet of paper and the importance of the pre-creases Gives the reader the ability to create and understand tessellations through scaffolded instruction Includes exercises to test understanding Introduces a new notation system for precisely describing pleat intersections Analyzes pleat intersections mathematically using geometrically-focused models, including information about Brocard points

Although contact geometry and topology is briefly discussed in V I Arnol'd's book "Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics "(Springer-Verlag, 1989, 2nd edition), it still remains a domain of research in pure mathematics, e.g. see the recent monograph by H Geiges "An Introduction to Contact Topology" (Cambridge U Press, 2008). Some attempts to use contact geometry in physics were made in the monograph "Contact Geometry and Nonlinear Differential Equations" (Cambridge U Press, 2007). Unfortunately, even the excellent style of this monograph is not sufficient to attract the attention of the physics community to this type of problems. This book is the first serious attempt to change the existing status quo. In it we demonstrate that, in fact, all branches of theoretical physics can be rewritten in the language of contact geometry and topology: from mechanics, thermodynamics and electrodynamics to optics, gauge fields and gravity; from physics of liquid crystals to quantum mechanics and quantum computers, etc. The book is written in the style of famous Landau-Lifshitz (L-L) multivolume course in theoretical physics. This means that its readers are expected to have solid background in theoretical physics (at least at the level of the L-L course). No prior knowledge of specialized mathematics is required. All needed new mathematics is given in the context of discussed physical problems. As in the L-L course some problems/exercises are formulated along the way and, again as in the L-L course, these are always supplemented by either solutions or by hints (with exact references). Unlike the L-L course, though, some definitions, theorems, and remarks are also presented. This is done with the purpose of stimulating the interest of our readers in deeper study of subject matters discussed in the text.

The first half of the book provides an introduction to general topology, with ample space given to exercises and carefully selected applications. The second half of the text includes topics in asymmetric topology, a field motivated by applications in computer science. Recurring themes include the interactions of topology with order theory and mathematics designed to model loss-of-resolution situations.

This book features a selection of articles based on the XXXV Bialowieza Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics, 2016. The series of Bialowieza workshops, attended by a community of experts at the crossroads of mathematics and physics, is a major annual event in the field. The works in this book, based on presentations given at the workshop, are previously unpublished, at the cutting edge of current research, typically grounded in geometry and analysis, and with applications to classical and quantum physics. In 2016 the special session "Integrability and Geometry" in particular attracted pioneers and leading specialists in the field. Traditionally, the Bialowieza Workshop is followed by a School on Geometry and Physics, for advanced graduate students and early-career researchers, and the book also includes extended abstracts of the lecture series.

This text presents geometry in an exemplary, accessible and attractive form. The book emphasizes both the intellectually stimulating parts of geometry and routine arguments or computations in concrete or classical cases, as well as practical and physical applications. The book also teaches the student fundamental concepts and the difference between important reults and minor technical routines. Altogether, the text presents a coherent high school curriculum for the geometry course. There are many examples and exercises.

The book provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of map construction algorithms, which use tracking data in the form of trajectories to generate vector maps. The most common trajectory type is GPS-based trajectories. It introduces three emerging algorithmic categories, outlines their general algorithmic ideas, and discusses three representative algorithms in greater detail. To quantify map construction algorithms, the authors include specific datasets and evaluation measures. The datasets, source code of map construction algorithms and evaluation measures are publicly available on http://www.mapconstruction.org. The web site serves as a repository for map construction data and algorithms and researchers can contribute by uploading their own code and benchmark data. Map Construction Algorithms is an excellent resource for professionals working in computational geometry, spatial databases, and GIS. Advanced-level students studying computer science, geography and mathematics will also find this book a useful tool.

This book features selected papers from The Seventh International Conference on Research and Education in Mathematics that was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 25 - 27th August 2015. With chapters devoted to the most recent discoveries in mathematics and statistics and serve as a platform for knowledge and information exchange between experts from academic and industrial sectors, it covers a wide range of topics, including numerical analysis, fluid mechanics, operation research, optimization, statistics and game theory. It is a valuable resource for pure and applied mathematicians, statisticians, engineers and scientists, and provides an excellent overview of the latest research in mathematical sciences.

This book is written in a style that uncovers the mathematical theories buried in our everyday lives such as examples from patterns that appear in nature, art, and traditional crafts, and in mathematical mechanisms in techniques used by architects. The authors believe that through dialogues between students and mathematicians, readers may discover the processes by which the founders of the theories came to their various conclusions their trials, errors, tribulations, and triumphs. The goal is for readers to refine their mathematical sense of how to find good questions and how to grapple with these problems. Another aim is to provide enjoyment in the process of applying mathematical rules to beautiful art and design by examples that highlight the wonders and mysteries from our daily lives. To fulfill these aims, this book deals with the latest unique and beautiful results in polygons and polyhedra and the dynamism of geometrical research history that can be found around us. The term "intuitive geometry" was coined by Laszlo Fejes Toth to refer to the kind of geometry which, in Hilbert's words, can be explained to and appeal to the "man on the street." This book allows people to enjoy intuitive geometry informally and instinctively. It does not require more than a high school level of knowledge but calls for a sense of wonder, intuition, and mathematical maturity.

The book provides a self-contained and systematic treatment of algebraic and topological properties of convex sets in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. It benefits advanced undergraduate and graduate students with various majors in mathematics, optimization, and operations research. It may be adapted as a primary book or an additional text for any course in convex geometry or convex analysis, aimed at non-geometers. It can be a source for independent study and a reference book for researchers in academia.The second edition essentially extends and revises the original book. Every chapter is rewritten, with many new theorems, examples, problems, and bibliographical references included. It contains three new chapters and 100 additional problems with solutions.

This volume contains proceedings of two conferences held in Toronto (Canada) and Kozhikode (India) in 2016 in honor of the 60th birthday of Professor Kumar Murty. The meetings were focused on several aspects of number theory: The theory of automorphic forms and their associated L-functions Arithmetic geometry, with special emphasis on algebraic cycles, Shimura varieties, and explicit methods in the theory of abelian varieties The emerging applications of number theory in information technology Kumar Murty has been a substantial influence in these topics, and the two conferences were aimed at honoring his many contributions to number theory, arithmetic geometry, and information technology.

This book provides a critical edition, translation, and study of the version of Euclid's treatise made by Thabit ibn Qurra, which is the earliest Arabic version that we have in its entirety. This monograph study examines the conceptual differences between the Greek and Arabic versions of the treatise, beginning with a discussion of the concept of "given" as it was developed by Greek mathematicians. This is followed by a short account of the various medieval versions of the text and a discussion of the manuscripts used in this volume. Finally, the Arabic text and an English translation are provided, followed by a critical commentary.

This book summarizes the author's lifetime achievements, offering new perspectives and approaches in the field of metal cutting theory and its applications. The topics discussed include Non-Euclidian Geometry of Cutting Tools, Non-free Cutting Mechanics and Non-Linear Machine Tool Dynamics, applying non-linear science/complexity to machining, and all the achievements and their practical significance have been theoretically proved and experimentally verified.

This book provides a number of combinatorial tools that allow a systematic study of very general discrete spaces involved in the context of discrete quantum gravity. In any dimension D, we can discretize Euclidean gravity in the absence of matter over random discrete spaces obtained by gluing families of polytopes together in all possible ways. These spaces are then classified according to their curvature. In D=2, it results in a theory of random discrete spheres, which converge in the continuum limit towards the Brownian sphere, a random fractal space interpreted as a quantum random space-time. In this limit, the continuous Liouville theory of D=2 quantum gravity is recovered. Previous results in higher dimension regarded triangulations, converging towards a continuum random tree, or gluings of simple building blocks of small sizes, for which multi-trace matrix model results are recovered in any even dimension. In this book, the author develops a bijection with stacked two-dimensional discrete surfaces for the most general colored building blocks, and details how it can be used to classify colored discrete spaces according to their curvature. The way in which this combinatorial problem arrises in discrete quantum gravity and random tensor models is discussed in detail.

This book presents current perspectives on theoretical and empirical issues related to the teaching and learning of geometry at secondary schools. It contains chapters contributing to three main areas. A first set of chapters examines mathematical, epistemological, and curricular perspectives. A second set of chapters presents studies on geometry instruction and teacher knowledge, and a third set of chapters offers studies on geometry thinking and learning. Specific research topics addressed also include teaching practice, learning trajectories, learning difficulties, technological resources, instructional design, assessments, textbook analyses, and teacher education in geometry. Geometry remains an essential and critical topic in school mathematics. As they learn geometry, students develop essential mathematical thinking and visualization skills and learn a language that helps them relate to and interact with the physical world. Geometry has traditionally been included as a subject of study in secondary mathematics curricula, but it has also featured as a resource in out-of-school problem solving, and has been connected to various human activities such as sports, games, and artwork. Furthermore, geometry often plays a role in teacher preparation, undergraduate mathematics, and at the workplace. New technologies, including dynamic geometry software, computer-assisted design software, and geometric positioning systems, have provided more resources for teachers to design environments and tasks in which students can learn and use geometry. In this context, research on the teaching and learning of geometry will continue to be a key element on the research agendas of mathematics educators, as researchers continue to look for ways to enhance student learning and to understand student thinking and teachers' decision making.

The theory of geometric structures on manifolds which are locally modeled on a homogeneous space of a Lie group traces back to Charles Ehresmann in the 1930s, although many examples had been studied previously. Such locally homogeneous geometric structures are special cases of Cartan connections where the associated curvature vanishes. This theory received a big boost in the 1970s when W. Thurston put his geometrization program for 3-manifolds in this context. The subject of this book is more ambitious in scope. Unlike Thurston's eight 3-dimensional geometries, it covers structures which are not metric structures, such as affine and projective structures. This book describes the known examples in dimensions one, two and three. Each geometry has its own special features, which provide special tools in its study. Emphasis is given to the inter-relationships between different geometries and how one kind of geometric structure induces structures modeled on a different geometry. Up to now, much of the literature has been somewhat inaccessible and the book collects many of the pieces into one unified work. This book focuses on several successful classification problems. Namely, fix a geometry in the sense of Klein and a topological manifold. Then the different ways of locally putting the geometry on the manifold lead to a ""moduli space"". Often the moduli space carries a rich geometry of its own reflecting the model geometry. The book is self-contained and accessible to students who have taken first-year graduate courses in topology, smooth manifolds, differential geometry and Lie groups.

This book gathers the main recent results on positive trigonometric polynomials within a unitary framework. The book has two parts: theory and applications. The theory of sum-of-squares trigonometric polynomials is presented unitarily based on the concept of Gram matrix (extended to Gram pair or Gram set). The applications part is organized as a collection of related problems that use systematically the theoretical results.

This book aims at gathering roboticists, control theorists, neuroscientists, and mathematicians, in order to promote a multidisciplinary research on movement analysis. It follows the workshop " Geometric and Numerical Foundations of Movements " held at LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse in November 2015[1]. Its objective is to lay the foundations for a mutual understanding that is essential for synergetic development in motion research. In particular, the book promotes applications to robotics --and control in general-- of new optimization techniques based on recent results from real algebraic geometry.

This is the only book dedicated to the Geometry of Polycentric Ovals. It includes problem solving constructions and mathematical formulas. For anyone interested in drawing or recognizing an oval, this book gives all the necessary construction and calculation tools. More than 30 basic construction problems are solved, with references to Geogebra animation videos, plus the solution to the Frame Problem and solutions to the Stadium Problem. A chapter (co-written with Margherita Caputo) is dedicated to totally new hypotheses on the project of Borromini's oval dome of the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome. Another one presents the case study of the Colosseum as an example of ovals with eight centres. The book is unique and new in its kind: original contributions add up to about 60% of the whole book, the rest being taken from published literature (and mostly from other work by the same author). The primary audience is: architects, graphic designers, industrial designers, architecture historians, civil engineers; moreover, the systematic way in which the book is organised could make it a companion to a textbook on descriptive geometry or on CAD.

This book offers a reconstruction of the debate on non-Euclidean geometry in neo-Kantianism between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. Kant famously characterized space and time as a priori forms of intuitions, which lie at the foundation of mathematical knowledge. The success of his philosophical account of space was due not least to the fact that Euclidean geometry was widely considered to be a model of certainty at his time. However, such later scientific developments as non-Euclidean geometries and Einstein's general theory of relativity called into question the certainty of Euclidean geometry and posed the problem of reconsidering space as an open question for empirical research. The transformation of the concept of space from a source of knowledge to an object of research can be traced back to a tradition, which includes such mathematicians as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, Richard Dedekind, Felix Klein, and Henri Poincare, and which finds one of its clearest expressions in Hermann von Helmholtz's epistemological works. Although Helmholtz formulated compelling objections to Kant, the author reconsiders different strategies for a philosophical account of the same transformation from a neo-Kantian perspective, and especially Hermann Cohen's account of the aprioricity of mathematics in terms of applicability and Ernst Cassirer's reformulation of the a priori of space in terms of a system of hypotheses. This book is ideal for students, scholars and researchers who wish to broaden their knowledge of non-Euclidean geometry or neo-Kantianism.

This book provides concise descriptions of the various solutions of transition curves, which can be used in geometric design of roads and highways. It presents mathematical methods and curvature functions for defining transition curves.