Appliies variational methods and critical point theory on infinite dimenstional manifolds to some problems in Lorentzian geometry which have a variational nature, such as existence and multiplicity results on geodesics and relations between such geodesics and the topology of the manifold.

This research monograph in the field of algebraic topology contains many thought-provoking discussions of open problems and promising research directions.

Investigations by Baire, Lebesgue, Hausdorff, Marczewski, and othes have culminated invarious schemes for classifying point sets. This important reference/text bringstogether in a single theoretical framework the properties common to these classifications.Providing a clear, thorough overview and analysis of the field, Point Set Theoryutilizes the axiomatically determined notion of a category base for extending generaltopological theorems to a higher level of abstraction ... axiomatically unifies analogiesbetween Baire category and Lebesgue measure . .. enhances understanding of thematerial with numerous examples and discussions of abstract concepts ... and more.Imparting a solid foundation for the modem theory of real functions and associated areas,this authoritative resource is a vital reference for set theorists, logicians, analysts, andresearch mathematicians involved in topology, measure theory, or real analysis. It is anideal text for graduate mathematics students in the above disciplines who havecompleted undergraduate courses in set theory and real analysis.

This book proposes a new approach which is designed to serve as an introductory course in differential geometry for advanced undergraduate students. It is based on lectures given by the author at several universities, and discusses calculus, topology, and linear algebra.

The literature on the spectral analysis of second order elliptic differential operators contains a great deal of information on the spectral functions for explicitly known spectra. The same is not true, however, for situations where the spectra are not explicitly known. Over the last several years, the author and his colleagues have developed new, innovative methods for the exact analysis of a variety of spectral functions occurring in spectral geometry and under external conditions in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. Spectral Functions in Mathematics and Physics presents a detailed overview of these advances. The author develops and applies methods for analyzing determinants arising when the external conditions originate from the Casimir effect, dielectric media, scalar backgrounds, and magnetic backgrounds. The zeta function underlies all of these techniques, and the book begins by deriving its basic properties and relations to the spectral functions. The author then uses those relations to develop and apply methods for calculating heat kernel coefficients, functional determinants, and Casimir energies. He also explores applications in the non-relativistic context, in particular applying the techniques to the Bose-Einstein condensation of an ideal Bose gas. Self-contained and clearly written, Spectral Functions in Mathematics and Physics offers a unique opportunity to acquire valuable new techniques, use them in a variety of applications, and be inspired to make further advances.

The central theme of this book is the theorem of Ambrose and Singer, which gives for a connected, complete and simply connected Riemannian manifold a necessary and sufficient condition for it to be homogeneous. This is a local condition which has to be satisfied at all points, and in this way it is a generalization of E. Cartan's method for symmetric spaces. The main aim of the authors is to use this theorem and representation theory to give a classification of homogeneous Riemannian structures on a manifold. There are eight classes, and some of these are discussed in detail. Using the constructive proof of Ambrose and Singer many examples are discussed with special attention to the natural correspondence between the homogeneous structure and the groups acting transitively and effectively as isometrics on the manifold.

Integrable Hamiltonian systems have been of growing interest over the past 30 years and represent one of the most intriguing and mysterious classes of dynamical systems. This book explores the topology of integrable systems and the general theory underlying their qualitative properties, singularites, and topological invariants. The authors, both of whom have contributed significantly to the field, develop the classification theory for integrable systems with two degrees of freedom. This theory allows one to distinguish such systems up to two natural equivalence relations: the equivalence of the associated foliation into Liouville tori and the usual orbital equaivalence. The authors show that in both cases, one can find complete sets of invariants that give the solution of the classification problem. The first part of the book systematically presents the general construction of these invariants, including many examples and applications. In the second part, the authors apply the general methods of the classification theory to the classical integrable problems in rigid body dynamics and describe their topological portraits, bifurcations of Liouville tori, and local and global topological invariants. They show how the classification theory helps find hidden isomorphisms between integrable systems and present as an example their proof that two famous systems--the Euler case in rigid body dynamics and the Jacobi problem of geodesics on the ellipsoid--are orbitally equivalent. Integrable Hamiltonian Systems: Geometry, Topology, Classification offers a unique opportunity to explore important, previously unpublished results and acquire generally applicable techniques and tools that enable you to work with a broad class of integrable systems.

The study of nonlinear dynamical systems has been gathering momentum since the late 1950s. It now constitutes one of the major research areas of modern theoretical physics. The twin themes of fractals and chaos, which are linked by attracting sets in chaotic systems that are fractal in structure, are currently generating a great deal of excitement. The degree of structure robustness in the presence of stochastic and quantum noise is thus a topic of interest. Chaos, Noise and Fractals discusses the role of fractals in quantum mechanics, the influence of phase noise in chaos and driven optical systems, and the arithmetic of chaos. The book represents a balanced overview of the field and is a worthy addition to the reading lists of researchers and students interested in any of the varied, and sometimes bizarre, aspects of this intriguing subject.

Natural scientists perceive and classify organisms primarily on the basis of their appearance and structure- their form , defined as that characteristic remaining invariant after translation, rotation, and possibly reflection of the object. The quantitative study of form and form change comprises the field of morphometrics. For morphometrics to succeed, it needs techniques that not only satisfy mathematical and statistical rigor but also attend to the scientific issues. An Invariant Approach to the Statistical Analysis of Shapes results from a long and fruitful collaboration between a mathematical statistician and a biologist. Together they have developed a methodology that addresses the importance of scientific relevance, biological variability, and invariance of the statistical and scientific inferences with respect to the arbitrary choice of the coordinate system. They present the history and foundations of morphometrics, discuss the various kinds of data used in the analysis of form, and provide justification for choosing landmark coordinates as a preferred data type. They describe the statistical models used to represent intra-population variability of landmark data and show that arbitrary translation, rotation, and reflection of the objects introduce infinitely many nuisance parameters. The most fundamental part of morphometrics-comparison of forms-receives in-depth treatment, as does the study of growth and growth patterns, classification, clustering, and asymmetry. Morphometrics has only recently begun to consider the invariance principle and its implications for the study of biological form. With the advantage of dual perspectives, An Invariant Approach to the Statistical Analysis of Shapes stands as a unique and important work that brings a decade's worth of innovative methods, observations, and insights to an audience of both statisticians and biologists.

A Complete Treatment of Current Research Topics in Fourier Transforms and Sinusoids Sinusoids: Theory and Technological Applications explains how sinusoids and Fourier transforms are used in a variety of application areas, including signal processing, GPS, optics, x-ray crystallography, radioastronomy, poetry and music as sound waves, and the medical sciences. With more than 200 illustrations, the book discusses electromagnetic force and sychrotron radiation comprising all kinds of waves, including gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays, visible light rays, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. It also covers topics of common interest, such as quasars, pulsars, the Big Bang theory, Olbers' paradox, black holes, Mars mission, and SETI. The book begins by describing sinusoids-which are periodic sine or cosine functions-using well-known examples from wave theory, including traveling and standing waves, continuous musical rhythms, and the human liver. It next discusses the Fourier series and transform in both continuous and discrete cases and analyzes the Dirichlet kernel and Gibbs phenomenon. The author shows how invertibility and periodicity of Fourier transforms are used in the development of signals and filters, addresses the general concept of communication systems, and explains the functioning of a GPS receiver. The author then covers the theory of Fourier optics, synchrotron light and x-ray diffraction, the mathematics of radioastronomy, and mathematical structures in poetry and music. The book concludes with a focus on tomography, exploring different types of procedures and modern advances. The appendices make the book as self-contained as possible.

This introductory textbook describes fundamental groups and their topological soul mates, the covering spaces. The author provides several illustrative examples that touch upon different areas of mathematics, but in keeping with the books introductory aim, they are all quite elementary. Basic concepts are clearly defined, proofs are complete, and no results from the exercises are assumed in the text.

Written by researchers who have helped found and shape the field, this book is a definitive introduction to geometric modeling. The authors present all of the necessary techniques for curve and surface representations in computer-aided modeling with a focus on how the techniques are used in design. They achieve a balance between mathematical rigor and broad applicability. Appropriate for readers with a moderate degree of mathematical maturity, this book is suitable as an undergraduate or graduate text, or particularly as a resource for self-study.

This book is a comprehensive tool both for self-study and for use as a text in classical geometry. It explains the concepts that form the basis for computer-aided geometric design.

The analysis and topology of elliptic operators on manifolds with singularities are much more complicated than in the smooth case and require completely new mathematical notions and theories. While there has recently been much progress in the field, many of these results have remained scattered in journals and preprints. Starting from an elementary level and finishing with the most recent results, this book gives a systematic exposition of both analytical and topological aspects of elliptic theory on manifolds with singularities. The presentation includes a review of the main techniques of the theory of elliptic equations, offers a comparative analysis of various approaches to differential equations on manifolds with singularities, and devotes considerable attention to applications of the theory. These include Sobolev problems, theorems of Atiyah-Bott-Lefschetz type, and proofs of index formulas for elliptic operators and problems on manifolds with singularities, including the authors' new solution to the index problem for manifolds with nonisolated singularities. A glossary, numerous illustrations, and many examples help readers master the subject. Clear exposition, up-to-date coverage, and accessibility-even at the advanced undergraduate level-lay the groundwork for continuing studies and further advances in the field.

Prevalent in animation movies and interactive games, subdivision methods allow users to design and implement simple but efficient schemes for rendering curves and surfaces. Adding to the current subdivision toolbox, Wavelet Subdivision Methods: GEMS for Rendering Curves and Surfaces introduces geometry editing and manipulation schemes (GEMS) and covers both subdivision and wavelet analysis for generating and editing parametric curves and surfaces of desirable geometric shapes. The authors develop a complete constructive theory and effective algorithms to derive synthesis wavelets with minimum support and any desirable order of vanishing moments, along with decomposition filters. Through numerous examples, the book shows how to represent curves and construct convergent subdivision schemes. It comprehensively details subdivision schemes for parametric curve rendering, offering complete algorithms for implementation and theoretical development as well as detailed examples of the most commonly used schemes for rendering both open and closed curves. It also develops an existence and regularity theory for the interpolatory scaling function and extends cardinal B-splines to box splines for surface subdivision. Keeping mathematical derivations at an elementary level without sacrificing mathematical rigor, this book shows how to apply bottom-up wavelet algorithms to curve and surface editing. It offers an accessible approach to subdivision methods that integrates the techniques and algorithms of bottom-up wavelets.

This volume consists of research papers and expository survey articles presented by the invited speakers of the Summer Workshop on Lattice Polytopes. Topics include enumerative, algebraic and geometric combinatorics on lattice polytopes, topological combinatorics, commutative algebra and toric varieties.Readers will find that this volume showcases current trends on lattice polytopes and stimulates further developments of many research areas surrounding this field. With the survey articles, research papers and open problems, this volume provides its fundamental materials for graduate students to learn and researchers to find exciting activities and avenues for further exploration on lattice polytopes.

This account is a study of twofold symmetry in algebraic topology. The author discusses specifically the antipodal involution of a real vector bundle - multiplication by - I in each fibre; doubling and squaring operations; the symmetry of bilinear forms and Hermitian K-theory. In spite of its title, this is not a treatise on equivariant topology; rather it is the language in which to describe the symmetry. Familiarity with the basic concepts of algebraic topology (homotopy, stable homotopy, homology, K-theory, the Pontrjagin Thom transfer construction) is assumed. Detailed proofs are not given (the expert reader will be able to supply them when necessary) yet nowhere is credibility lost. Thus the approach is elementary enough to provide an introduction to the subject suitable for graduate students although research workers will find here much of interest.

Designed for a rigorous first course in ordinary differential equations, Ordinary Differential Equations: Introduction and Qualitative Theory, Third Edition includes basic material such as the existence and properties of solutions, linear equations, autonomous equations, and stability as well as more advanced topics in periodic solutions of nonlinear equations. Requiring only a background in advanced calculus and linear algebra, the text is appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, engineering, physics, chemistry, or biology. This third edition of a highly acclaimed textbook provides a detailed account of the Bendixson theory of solutions of two-dimensional nonlinear autonomous equations, which is a classical subject that has become more prominent in recent biological applications. By using the Poincare method, it gives a unified treatment of the periodic solutions of perturbed equations. This includes the existence and stability of periodic solutions of perturbed nonautonomous and autonomous equations (bifurcation theory). The text shows how topological degree can be applied to extend the results. It also explains that using the averaging method to seek such periodic solutions is a special case of the use of the Poincare method.

These are the proceedings of the conference "Symbolic Computation, Number Theory, Special Functions, Physics and Combinatorics" held at the Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, from November 11 to 13, 1999. The main emphasis of the conference was Com puter Algebra (i. e. symbolic computation) and how it related to the fields of Number Theory, Special Functions, Physics and Combinatorics. A subject that is common to all of these fields is q-series. We brought together those who do symbolic computation with q-series and those who need q-series in cluding workers in Physics and Combinatorics. The goal of the conference was to inform mathematicians and physicists who use q-series of the latest developments in the field of q-series and especially how symbolic computa tion has aided these developments. Over 60 people were invited to participate in the conference. We ended up having 45 participants at the conference, including six one hour plenary speakers and 28 half hour speakers. There were talks in all the areas we were hoping for. There were three software demonstrations."

An analysis of large data sets from an empirical and geometric viewpoint

Data reduction is a rapidly emerging field with broad applications in essentially all fields where large data sets are collected and analyzed. Geometric Data Analysis is the first textbook to focus on the geometric approach to this problem of developing and distinguishing subspace and submanifold techniques for low-dimensional data representation. Understanding the geometrical nature of the data under investigation is presented as the key to identifying a proper reduction technique.

Focusing on the construction of dimensionality-reducing mappings to reveal important geometrical structure in the data, the sequence of chapters is carefully constructed to guide the reader from the beginnings of the subject to areas of current research activity. A detailed, and essentially self-contained, presentation of the mathematical prerequisites is included to aid readers from a broad variety of backgrounds. Other topics discussed in Geometric Data Analysis include:

• The Karhunen-Loeve procedure for scalar and vector fields with extensions to missing data, noisy data, and data with symmetry
• Nonlinear methods including radial basis functions (RBFs) and backpropa-gation neural networks
• Wavelets and Fourier analysis as analytical methods for data reduction
• Expansive discussion of recent research including the Whitney reduction network and adaptive bases codeveloped by the author
• And much more

The methods are developed within the context of many real-world applications involving massive data sets, including those generated by digital imaging systems and computer simulations of physical phenomena. Empirically based representations are shown to facilitate their investigation and yield insights that would otherwise elude conventional analytical tools.

Fractals are intricate geometrical forms that contain miniature copies of themselves on ever smaller scales. This colorful book describes methods for producing an endless variety of fractal art using a computer program that searches through millions of equations looking for those few that can produce images having aesthetic appeal. Over a hundred examples of such images are included with a link to the software that produced these images, and can also produce many more similar fractals. The underlying mathematics of the process is also explained in detail.Other books by the author that could be of interest to the reader are Elegant Chaos: Algebraically Simple Chaotic Flows (J C Sprott, 2010) and Elegant Circuits: Simple Chaotic Oscillators (J C Sprott and W J Thio, 2020).

The self-avoiding walk is a classical model in statistical mechanics, probability theory and mathematical physics. It is also a simple model of polymer entropy which is useful in modelling phase behaviour in polymers. This monograph provides an authoritative examination of interacting self-avoiding walks, presenting aspects of the thermodynamic limit, phase behaviour, scaling and critical exponents for lattice polygons, lattice animals and surfaces. It also includes a comprehensive account of constructive methods in models of adsorbing, collapsing, and pulled walks, animals and networks, and for models of walks in confined geometries. Additional topics include scaling, knotting in lattice polygons, generating function methods for directed models of walks and polygons, and an introduction to the Edwards model. This essential second edition includes recent breakthroughs in the field, as well as maintaining the older but still relevant topics. New chapters include an expanded presentation of directed models, an exploration of methods and results for the hexagonal lattice, and a chapter devoted to the Monte Carlo methods.

Pencils of Cubics and Algebraic Curves in the Real Projective Plane thoroughly examines the combinatorial configurations of n generic points in RP(2). Especially how it is the data describing the mutual position of each point with respect to lines and conics passing through others. The first section in this book answers questions such as, can one count the combinatorial configurations up to the action of the symmetric group? How are they pairwise connected via almost generic configurations? These questions are addressed using rational cubics and pencils of cubics for n = 6 and 7. The book's second section deals with configurations of eight points in the convex position. Both the combinatorial configurations and combinatorial pencils are classified up to the action of the dihedral group D8. Finally, the third section contains plentiful applications and results around Hilbert's sixteenth problem. The author meticulously wrote this book based upon years of research devoted to the topic. The book is particularly useful for researchers and graduate students interested in topology, algebraic geometry and combinatorics. Features: Examines how the shape of pencils depends on the corresponding configurations of points Includes topology of real algebraic curves Contains numerous applications and results around Hilbert's sixteenth problem About the Author: Severine Fiedler-le Touze has published several papers on this topic and has been invited to present at many conferences. She holds a Ph.D. from University Rennes1 and was a post-doc at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California.