Topos Theory is an important branch of mathematical logic of interest to theoretical computer scientists, logicians and philosophers who study the foundations of mathematics, and to those working in differential geometry and continuum physics. This compendium contains material that was previously available only in specialist journals. This is likely to become the standard reference work for all those interested in the subject.

The purpose of this book is to demonstrate that complex numbers and geometry can be blended together beautifully. This results in easy proofs and natural generalizations of many theorems in plane geometry, such as the Napoleon theorem, the Ptolemy-Euler theorem, the Simson theorem, and the Morley theorem. The book is self-contained--no background in complex numbers is assumed--and can be covered at a leisurely pace in a one-semester course. Many of the chapters can be read independently. Over 100 exercises are included. The book would be suitable as a text for a geometry course, or for a problem solving seminar, or as enrichment for the student who wants to know more.

This collection of contributions originates from the well-established conference series "Fractal Geometry and Stochastics" which brings together researchers from different fields using concepts and methods from fractal geometry. Carefully selected papers from keynote and invited speakers are included, both discussing exciting new trends and results and giving a gentle introduction to some recent developments. The topics covered include Assouad dimensions and their connection to analysis, multifractal properties of functions and measures, renewal theorems in dynamics, dimensions and topology of random discrete structures, self-similar trees, p-hyperbolicity, phase transitions from continuous to discrete scale invariance, scaling limits of stochastic processes, stemi-stable distributions and fractional differential equations, and diffusion limited aggregation. Representing a rich source of ideas and a good starting point for more advanced topics in fractal geometry, the volume will appeal to both established experts and newcomers.

* Written by an interdisciplinary group of specialists from the arts, humanities and sciences at Oxford University * Suitable for a wide non-academic readership, and will appeal to anyone with an interest in mathematics, science and philosophy.

The Golden Ratio examines the presence of this divine number in art and architecture throughout history, as well as its ubiquity among plants, animals, and even the cosmos. This gorgeous book—with layflat dimensions that closely approximate the golden ratio—features clear, enlightening, and entertaining commentary alongside stunning full-color illustrations by Venezuelan artist and architect Rafael Araujo. From the pyramids of Giza, to quasicrystals, to the proportions of the human face, the golden ratio has an infinite capacity to generate shapes with exquisite properties. This book invites you to take a new look at this timeless topic, with a compilation of research and information worthy of a text book, accompanied by over 200 beautiful color illustrations that transform this into the ultimate coffee table book.   Author Gary Meisner shares the results of his twenty-year investigation and collaboration with thousands of people across the globe in dozens of professions and walks of life. The evidence will close the gaps of understanding related to many claims of the golden ratio’s appearances and applications, and present new findings to take our knowledge further yet.   Whoever you are, and whatever you may know about this topic, you’ll find something new, interesting, and informative in this book, and may find yourself challenged to see, apply, and share this unique number of mathematics and science in new ways.

The present volume provides a fascinating overview of geometrical ideas and perceptions from the earliest cultures to the mathematical and artistic concepts of the 20th century. It is the English translation of the 3rd edition of the well-received German book "5000 Jahre Geometrie," in which geometry is presented as a chain of developments in cultural history and their interaction with architecture, the visual arts, philosophy, science and engineering. Geometry originated in the ancient cultures along the Indus and Nile Rivers and in Mesopotamia, experiencing its first "Golden Age" in Ancient Greece. Inspired by the Greek mathematics, a new germ of geometry blossomed in the Islamic civilizations. Through the Oriental influence on Spain, this knowledge later spread to Western Europe. Here, as part of the medieval Quadrivium, the understanding of geometry was deepened, leading to a revival during the Renaissance. Together with parallel achievements in India, China, Japan and the ancient American cultures, the European approaches formed the ideas and branches of geometry we know in the modern age: coordinate methods, analytical geometry, descriptive and projective geometry in the 17th an 18th centuries, axiom systems, geometry as a theory with multiple structures and geometry in computer sciences in the 19th and 20th centuries. Each chapter of the book starts with a table of key historical and cultural dates and ends with a summary of essential contents of geometr y in the respective era. Compelling examples invite the reader to further explore the problems of geometry in ancient and modern times. The book will appeal to mathematicians interested in Geometry and to all readers with an interest in cultural history. From letters to the authors for the German language edition I hope it gets a translation, as there is no comparable work. Prof. J. Grattan-Guinness (Middlesex University London) "Five Thousand Years of Geometry" - I think it is the most handsome book I have ever seen from Springer and the inclusion of so many color plates really improves its appearance dramatically! Prof. J.W. Dauben (City University of New York) An excellent book in every respect. The authors have successfully combined the history of geometry with the general development of culture and history. ... The graphic design is also excellent. Prof. Z. Nadenik (Czech Technical University in Prague)

In recent times, group theory has found wider applications in various fields of algebra and mathematics in general. But in order to apply this or that result, you need to know about it, and such results are often diffuse and difficult to locate, necessitating that readers construct an extended search through multiple monographs, articles, and papers. Such readers must wade through the morass of concepts and auxiliary statements that are needed to understand the desired results, while it is initially unclear which of them are really needed and which ones can be dispensed with. A further difficulty that one may encounter might be concerned with the form or language in which a given result is presented. For example, if someone knows the basics of group theory, but does not know the theory of representations, and a group theoretical result is formulated in the language of representation theory, then that person is faced with the problem of translating this result into the language with which they are familiar, etc. Infinite Groups: A Roadmap to Some Classical Areas seeks to overcome this challenge. The book covers a broad swath of the theory of infinite groups, without giving proofs, but with all the concepts and auxiliary results necessary for understanding such results. In other words, this book is an extended directory, or a guide, to some of the more established areas of infinite groups. Features An excellent resource for a subject formerly lacking an accessible and in-depth reference Suitable for graduate students, PhD students, and researchers working in group theory Introduces the reader to the most important methods, ideas, approaches, and constructions in infinite group theory.

One service mathematics has rendered the 'Et moi, ..., si j'avait su comment en revenir, je n'y serais point aile.' human race. It has put common sense back Jules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shelf next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded n- sense'. The series is divergent; therefore we may be able to do something with it. Eric T. Bell O. Heaviside Matht"natics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics seNe as tools for other parts and for other sciences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics .. .'; 'One service logic has rendered com puter science .. .'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics .. .'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'etre of this series."

* Written by an interdisciplinary group of specialists from the arts, humanities and sciences at Oxford University * Suitable for a wide non-academic readership, and will appeal to anyone with an interest in mathematics, science and philosophy.

Working out solutions to polynomial equations is a mathematical problem that dates from antiquity. Galois developed a theory in which the obstacle to solving a polynomial equation is an associated collection of symmetries. Obtaining a root requires "breaking" that symmetry. When the degree of an equation is at least five, Galois Theory established that there is no formula for the solutions like those found in lower degree cases. However, this negative result doesn't mean that the practice of equation-solving ends. In a recent breakthrough, Doyle and McMullen devised a solution to the fifth-degree equation that uses geometry, algebra, and dynamics to exploit icosahedral symmetry. Polynomials, Dynamics, and Choice: The Price We Pay for Symmetry is organized in two parts, the first of which develops an account of polynomial symmetry that relies on considerations of algebra and geometry. The second explores beyond polynomials to spaces consisting of choices ranging from mundane decisions to evolutionary algorithms that search for optimal outcomes. The two algorithms in Part I provide frameworks that capture structural issues that can arise in deliberative settings. While decision-making has been approached in mathematical terms, the novelty here is in the use of equation-solving algorithms to illuminate such problems. Features Treats the topic-familiar to many-of solving polynomial equations in a way that's dramatically different from what they saw in school Accessible to a general audience with limited mathematical background Abundant diagrams and graphics.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Mikael Passare, an outstanding Swedish mathematician who devoted his life to developing the theory of analytic functions in several complex variables and exploring geometric ideas first-hand. It includes several papers describing Mikael's life as well as his contributions to mathematics, written by friends of Mikael's who share his attitude and passion for science. A major section of the book presents original research articles that further develop Mikael's ideas and which were written by his former students and co-authors. All these mathematicians work at the interface of analysis and geometry, and Mikael's impact on their research cannot be underestimated. Most of the contributors were invited speakers at the conference organized at Stockholm University in his honor. This book is an attempt to express our gratitude towards this great mathematician, who left us full of energy and new creative mathematical ideas.

Recent results from high-energy scattering and theoretical developments of string theory require a change in our understanding of the basic structure of space-time. This book is about the advancement of ideas on the stochastic nature of space-time from the 1930s onward. In particular, the author promotes the concept of space as a set of hazy lumps, first introduced by Karl Menger, and constructs a novel framework for statistical behaviour at the microlevel. The various chapters address topics such as space-time fluctuation and random potential, non-local fields, and the origin of stochasticity. Implications in astro-particle physics and cosmology are also explored. Audience: This volume will be of interest to physicists, chemists and mathematicians involved in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.

This book studies algebraic representations of graphs in order to investigate combinatorial structures via local symmetries. Topological, combinatorial and algebraic classifications are distinguished by invariants of polynomial type and algorithms are designed to determine all such classifications with complexity analysis. Being a summary of the author's original work on graph embeddings, this book is an essential reference for researchers in graph theory. Contents Abstract Graphs Abstract Maps Duality Orientability Orientable Maps Nonorientable Maps Isomorphisms of Maps Asymmetrization Asymmetrized Petal Bundles Asymmetrized Maps Maps within Symmetry Genus Polynomials Census with Partitions Equations with Partitions Upper Maps of a Graph Genera of a Graph Isogemial Graphs Surface Embeddability

Hit the geometry wall? Get up and running with this no-nonsense guide! Does the thought of geometry make you jittery? You're not alone. Fortunately, this down-to-earth guide helps you approach it from a new angle, making it easier than ever to conquer your fears and score your highest in geometry. From getting started with geometry basics to making friends with lines and angles, you'll be proving triangles congruent, calculating circumference, using formulas, and serving up pi in no time. Geometry is a subject full of mathematical richness and beauty. But it's a subject that bewilders many students because it's so unlike the math they've done before it requires the use of deductive logic in formal proofs. If you're having a hard time wrapping your mind around what that even means, you've come to the right place! Inside, you'll find out how a proof's chain of logic works and even discover some secrets for getting past rough spots along the way. You don't have to be a math genius to grasp geometry, and this book helps you get un-stumped in a hurry! * Find out how to decode complex geometry proofs * Learn to reason deductively and inductively * Make sense of angles, arcs, area, and more * Improve your chances of scoring higher in your geometry class There's no reason to let your nerves get jangled over geometry your understanding will take new shape with the help of Geometry For Dummies.

This textbook provides a full and complete axiomatic development of exactly that part of plane Euclidean geometry that forms the standard content of high school geometry. It begins with a set of points, a measure of distance between pairs of points and ten simple axioms. From there the notions of length, area and angle measure, along with congruence and similarity, are carefully defined and their properties proven as theorems. It concludes with a proof of the consistency of the axioms used and a full description of their models. It is provided in guided inquiry (inquiry-based) format with the intention that students will be active learners, proving the theorems and presenting their proofs to their class with the instructor as a mentor and a guide. The book is written for graduate and advanced undergraduate students interested in teaching secondary school mathematics, for pure math majors interested in learning about the foundations of geometry, for faculty preparing future secondary school teachers and as a reference for any professional mathematician. It is written with the hope of anchoring K-12 geometry in solid modern mathematics, thereby fortifying the teaching of secondary and tertiary geometry with a deep understanding of the subject.

- New advancements of fractal analysis with applications to many scientific, engineering, and societal issues - Recent changes and challenges of fractal geometry with the rapid advancement of technology - Attracted chapters on novel theory and recent applications of fractals. - Offers recent findings, modelling and simulations of fractal analysis from eminent institutions across the world - Analytical innovations of fractal analysis - Edited collection with a variety of viewpoints

Working out solutions to polynomial equations is a mathematical problem that dates from antiquity. Galois developed a theory in which the obstacle to solving a polynomial equation is an associated collection of symmetries. Obtaining a root requires "breaking" that symmetry. When the degree of an equation is at least five, Galois Theory established that there is no formula for the solutions like those found in lower degree cases. However, this negative result doesn't mean that the practice of equation-solving ends. In a recent breakthrough, Doyle and McMullen devised a solution to the fifth-degree equation that uses geometry, algebra, and dynamics to exploit icosahedral symmetry. Polynomials, Dynamics, and Choice: The Price We Pay for Symmetry is organized in two parts, the first of which develops an account of polynomial symmetry that relies on considerations of algebra and geometry. The second explores beyond polynomials to spaces consisting of choices ranging from mundane decisions to evolutionary algorithms that search for optimal outcomes. The two algorithms in Part I provide frameworks that capture structural issues that can arise in deliberative settings. While decision-making has been approached in mathematical terms, the novelty here is in the use of equation-solving algorithms to illuminate such problems. Features Treats the topic-familiar to many-of solving polynomial equations in a way that's dramatically different from what they saw in school Accessible to a general audience with limited mathematical background Abundant diagrams and graphics.

A First Course in Chaotic Dynamical Systems: Theory and Experiment, Second Edition The long-anticipated revision of this well-liked textbook offers many new additions. In the twenty-five years since the original version of this book was published, much has happened in dynamical systems. Mandelbrot and Julia sets were barely ten years old when the first edition appeared, and most of the research involving these objects then centered around iterations of quadratic functions. This research has expanded to include all sorts of different types of functions, including higher-degree polynomials, rational maps, exponential and trigonometric functions, and many others. Several new sections in this edition are devoted to these topics. The area of dynamical systems covered in A First Course in Chaotic Dynamical Systems: Theory and Experiment, Second Edition is quite accessible to students and also offers a wide variety of interesting open questions for students at the undergraduate level to pursue. The only prerequisite for students is a one-year calculus course (no differential equations required); students will easily be exposed to many interesting areas of current research. This course can also serve as a bridge between the low-level, often non-rigorous calculus courses, and the more demanding higher-level mathematics courses. Features More extensive coverage of fractals, including objects like the Sierpinski carpet and others that appear as Julia sets in the later sections on complex dynamics, as well as an actual chaos "game." More detailed coverage of complex dynamical systems like the quadratic family and the exponential maps. New sections on other complex dynamical systems like rational maps. A number of new and expanded computer experiments for students to perform. About the Author Robert L. Devaney is currently professor of mathematics at Boston University. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley under the direction of Stephen Smale. He taught at Northwestern University and Tufts University before coming to Boston University in 1980. His main area of research is dynamical systems, primarily complex analytic dynamics, but also including more general ideas about chaotic dynamical systems. Lately, he has become intrigued with the incredibly rich topological aspects of dynamics, including such things as indecomposable continua, Sierpinski curves, and Cantor bouquets.

Finite Geometries stands out from recent textbooks about the subject of finite geometries by having a broader scope. The authors thoroughly explain how the subject of finite geometries is a central part of discrete mathematics. The text is suitable for undergraduate and graduate courses. Additionally, it can be used as reference material on recent works. The authors examine how finite geometries' applicable nature led to solutions of open problems in different fields, such as design theory, cryptography and extremal combinatorics. Other areas covered include proof techniques using polynomials in case of Desarguesian planes, and applications in extremal combinatorics, plus, recent material and developments. Features: Includes exercise sets for possible use in a graduate course Discusses applications to graph theory and extremal combinatorics Covers coding theory and cryptography Translated and revised text from the Hungarian published version

This book offers a reconstruction of the debate on non-Euclidean geometry in neo-Kantianism between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. Kant famously characterized space and time as a priori forms of intuitions, which lie at the foundation of mathematical knowledge. The success of his philosophical account of space was due not least to the fact that Euclidean geometry was widely considered to be a model of certainty at his time. However, such later scientific developments as non-Euclidean geometries and Einstein's general theory of relativity called into question the certainty of Euclidean geometry and posed the problem of reconsidering space as an open question for empirical research. The transformation of the concept of space from a source of knowledge to an object of research can be traced back to a tradition, which includes such mathematicians as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, Richard Dedekind, Felix Klein, and Henri Poincare, and which finds one of its clearest expressions in Hermann von Helmholtz's epistemological works. Although Helmholtz formulated compelling objections to Kant, the author reconsiders different strategies for a philosophical account of the same transformation from a neo-Kantian perspective, and especially Hermann Cohen's account of the aprioricity of mathematics in terms of applicability and Ernst Cassirer's reformulation of the a priori of space in terms of a system of hypotheses. This book is ideal for students, scholars and researchers who wish to broaden their knowledge of non-Euclidean geometry or neo-Kantianism.

This unique textbook combines traditional geometry presents a contemporary approach that is grounded in real-world applications. It balances the deductive approach with discovery learning, introduces axiomatic, Euclidean and non-Euclidean, and transformational geometry. The text integrates applications and examples throughout. The Third Edition offers many updates, including expaning on historical notes, Geometry and Its Applications is a significant text for any college or university that focuses on geometry's usefulness in other disciplines. It is especially appropriate for engineering and science majors, as well as future mathematics teachers. The Third Edition streamlines the treatment from the previous two editions Treatment of axiomatic geometry has been expanded Nearly 300 applications from all fields are included An emphasis on computer science-related applications appeals to student interest Many new excercises keep the presentation fresh

1. This book has a market across criminology and criminal justice, sociology and law. 2. While there is a healthy market for books on the death penalty, there is a gap for a book that offers a rigorous theoretical approach to making sense of the data. 3. While many studies have focused specifically on racial bias, this book considers a range of social characteristics and their impact on sentencing, including class, moral reputation and organizational status.

This book provides a critical edition, translation, and study of the version of Euclid's treatise made by Thabit ibn Qurra, which is the earliest Arabic version that we have in its entirety. This monograph study examines the conceptual differences between the Greek and Arabic versions of the treatise, beginning with a discussion of the concept of "given" as it was developed by Greek mathematicians. This is followed by a short account of the various medieval versions of the text and a discussion of the manuscripts used in this volume. Finally, the Arabic text and an English translation are provided, followed by a critical commentary.

This up-to-date survey of the whole field of topology is the flagship of the topology subseries of the Encyclopaedia. The book gives an overview of various subfields, beginning with the elements and proceeding right up to the present frontiers of research.

The aim of this book is to give necessary and sufficient conditions for a C oo map to be C 0-stable; the aim is achieved in a wide range of dimensions via a detailed study of the geometry and topology of many classes of "generic" singularities. The methods developed for examining the topology and geometry use results from many areas of mathematics - geometric topology, stratification theory, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, commutative algebra...- and further progress will doubtless be made from the application of deeper results from these areas. Conversely, it is to be hoped that the description of the behaviour of generic singularities will also have interesting consequences for these areas of mathematics, which are those with most interaction with singularity theory. The book describes original research; essentially none of its results has previously appeared elsewhere, either in scientific articles or in books. This book is intended for research mathematicians in singularity theory and in selected areas of geometric topology, stratification theory, algebraic geometry, commutative algebra.