The aim of the Expositions is to present new and important developments in pure and applied mathematics. Well established in the community over more than two decades, the series offers a large library of mathematical works, including several important classics. The volumes supply thorough and detailed expositions of the methods and ideas essential to the topics in question. In addition, they convey their relationships to other parts of mathematics. The series is addressed to advanced readers interested in a thorough study of the subject. Editorial Board Lev Birbrair, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brasil Walter D. Neumann, Columbia University, New York, USA Markus J. Pflaum, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Dierk Schleicher, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany Katrin Wendland, University of Freiburg, Germany Honorary Editor Victor P. Maslov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Titles in planning include Yuri A. Bahturin, Identical Relations in Lie Algebras (2019) Yakov G. Berkovich, Lev G. Kazarin, and Emmanuel M. Zhmud', Characters of Finite Groups, Volume 2 (2019) Jorge Herbert Soares de Lira, Variational Problems for Hypersurfaces in Riemannian Manifolds (2019) Volker Mayer, Mariusz Urbanski, and Anna Zdunik, Random and Conformal Dynamical Systems (2021) Ioannis Diamantis, Bostjan Gabrovsek, Sofia Lambropoulou, and Maciej Mroczkowski, Knot Theory of Lens Spaces (2021)

The first part of this book introduces the Schubert Cells and varieties of the general linear group Gl (k^(r+1)) over a field k according to Ehresmann geometric way. Smooth resolutions for these varieties are constructed in terms of Flag Configurations in k^(r+1) given by linear graphs called Minimal Galleries. In the second part, Schubert Schemes, the Universal Schubert Scheme and their Canonical Smooth Resolution, in terms of the incidence relation in a Tits relative building are constructed for a Reductive Group Scheme as in Grothendieck's SGAIII. This is a topic where algebra and algebraic geometry, combinatorics, and group theory interact in unusual and deep ways.

The present monograph develops a versatile and profound mathematical perspective of the Wright--Fisher model of population genetics. This well-known and intensively studied model carries a rich and beautiful mathematical structure, which is uncovered here in a systematic manner. In addition to approaches by means of analysis, combinatorics and PDE, a geometric perspective is brought in through Amari's and Chentsov's information geometry. This concept allows us to calculate many quantities of interest systematically; likewise, the employed global perspective elucidates the stratification of the model in an unprecedented manner. Furthermore, the links to statistical mechanics and large deviation theory are explored and developed into powerful tools. Altogether, the manuscript provides a solid and broad working basis for graduate students and researchers interested in this field.

This book presents an innovative synthesis of methods used to study the problems of equivalence and symmetry that arise in a variety of mathematical fields and physical applications. It draws on a wide range of disciplines, including geometry, analysis, applied mathematics, and algebra. Dr. Olver develops systematic and constructive methods for solving equivalence problems and calculating symmetries, and applies them to a variety of mathematical systems, including differential equations, variational problems, manifolds, Riemannian metrics, polynomials, and differential operators. He emphasizes the construction and classification of invariants and reductions of complicated objects to simple canonical forms. This book will be a valuable resource for students and researchers in geometry, analysis, algebra, mathematical physics and related fields.

Homology 3-sphere is a closed 3-dimensional manifold whose homology equals that of the 3-sphere. These objects may look rather special but they have played an outstanding role in geometric topology for the past fifty years. The book gives a systematic exposition of diverse ideas and methods in the area, from algebraic topology of manifolds to invariants arising from quantum field theories. The main topics covered are constructions and classification of homology 3-spheres, Rokhlin invariant, Casson invariant and its extensions, including invariants of Walker and Lescop, Herald and Lin invariants of knots, and equivariant Casson invariants, Floer homology and gauge-theoretical invariants of homology cobordism. Many of the topics covered in the book appear in monograph form for the first time. The book gives a rather broad overview of ideas and methods and provides a comprehensive bibliography. It will be appealing to both graduate students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics.

This book gathers twenty-two papers presented at the second NLAGA-BIRS Symposium, which was held at Cap Skirring and at the Assane Seck University in Ziguinchor, Senegal, on January 25-30, 2022. The five-day symposium brought together African experts on nonlinear analysis and geometry and their applications, as well as their international partners, to present and discuss mathematical results in various areas. The main goal of the NLAGA project is to advance and consolidate the development of these mathematical fields in West and Central Africa with a focus on solving real-world problems such as coastal erosion, pollution, and urban network and population dynamics problems. The book addresses a range of topics related to partial differential equations, geometric analysis, geometric structures, dynamics, optimization, inverse problems, complex analysis, algebra, algebraic geometry, control theory, stochastic approximations, and modelling.

The goal of this book is to introduce the reader to some of the main techniques, ideas and concepts frequently used in modern geometry. It starts from scratch and it covers basic topics such as differential and integral calculus on manifolds, connections on vector bundles and their curvatures, basic Riemannian geometry, calculus of variations, DeRham cohomology, integral geometry (tube and Crofton formulas), characteristic classes, elliptic equations on manifolds and Dirac operators. The new edition contains a new chapter on spectral geometry presenting recent results which appear here for the first time in printed form.

In China, lots of excellent maths students take an active interest in various maths contests and the best six senior high school students will be selected to form the IMO National Team to compete in the International Mathematical Olympiad. In the past ten years China's IMO Team has achieved outstanding results - they won the first place almost every year.The author is one of the coaches of China's IMO National Team, whose students have won many gold medals many times in IMO.This book is part of the Mathematical Olympiad Series which discusses several aspects related to maths contests, such as algebra, number theory, combinatorics, graph theory and geometry. The book elaborates on Geometric Inequality problems such as inequality for the inscribed quadrilateral, the area inequality for special polygons, linear geometric inequalities, etc.

The book deals with nonlocal elliptic differential operators. These are operators whose coefficients involve shifts generated by diffeomorphisms of the manifold on which the operators are defined. The main goal of the study is to relate analytical invariants (in particular, the index) of such operators to topological invariants of the manifold itself. This problem can be solved by modern methods of noncommutative geometry. To make the book self-contained, the authors have included necessary geometric material (C*-algebras and their K-theory, cyclic homology, etc.).

Over the past six decades, several extremely important fields in mathematics have been developed. Among these are Ito calculus, Gaussian measures on Banach spaces, Malliavan calculus, and white noise distribution theory. These subjects have many applications, ranging from finance and economics to physics and biology. Unfortunately, the background information required to conduct research in these subjects presents a tremendous roadblock. The background material primarily stems from an abstract subject known as infinite dimensional topological vector spaces. While this information forms the backdrop for these subjects, the books and papers written about topological vector spaces were never truly written for researchers studying infinite dimensional analysis. Thus, the literature for topological vector spaces is dense and difficult to digest, much of it being written prior to the 1960s. Tools for Infinite Dimensional Analysis aims to address these problems by providing an introduction to the background material for infinite dimensional analysis that is friendly in style and accessible to graduate students and researchers studying the above-mentioned subjects. It will save current and future researchers countless hours and promote research in these areas by removing an obstacle in the path to beginning study in areas of infinite dimensional analysis. Features Focused approach to the subject matter Suitable for graduate students as well as researchers Detailed proofs of primary results

Teaching Einstein s general relativity at introductory level poses problems because students cannot begin to appreciate the basics of the theory unless they learn a sufficient amount of Riemannian geometry. Most elementary books take the easy course of telling the students a few working rules stripping the mathematical details to a minimum while the advanced books take the mathematical background for granted. Students eager to study Einstein s theory at a deeper level are forced to learn the mathematical background on their own and they feel lost because pure mathematical texts on geometry are too abstract and formal.

The present book solves this pedagogical problem in a unique way by dividing the book into three parts. Essential concepts of Riemannian geometry are introduced in Part I (four chapters) through Gauss work on curvature of surfaces using only ordinary calculus. A first acquaintance with Einstein s theory can then be made. Only after this first brush with both physics and mathematics of relativity, a proper, detailed mathematical background is developed in the next six chapters in Part II. The third part then recaptures all the basic concepts of general relativity and leaves the student with a sound preparation for learning advanced topics.

My aim has been that after learning from this book a student should not feel discouraged when she opens advanced texts on general relativity for further reading."

This book consists of 16 surveys on Thurston's work and its later development. The authors are mathematicians who were strongly influenced by Thurston's publications and ideas. The subjects discussed include, among others, knot theory, the topology of 3-manifolds, circle packings, complex projective structures, hyperbolic geometry, Kleinian groups, foliations, mapping class groups, Teichmuller theory, anti-de Sitter geometry, and co-Minkowski geometry. The book is addressed to researchers and students who want to learn about Thurston's wide-ranging mathematical ideas and their impact. At the same time, it is a tribute to Thurston, one of the greatest geometers of all time, whose work extended over many fields in mathematics and who had a unique way of perceiving forms and patterns, and of communicating and writing mathematics.

In this textbook the authors present first-year geometry roughly in the order in which it was discovered. The first five chapters show how the ancient Greeks established geometry, together with its numerous practical applications, while more recent findings on Euclidian geometry are discussed as well. The following three chapters explain the revolution in geometry due to the progress made in the field of algebra by Descartes, Euler and Gauss. Spatial geometry, vector algebra and matrices are treated in chapters 9 and 10. The last chapteroffers an introduction to projective geometry, which emerged in the19thcentury.

Complemented by numerous examples, exercises, figures and pictures, the book offers both motivation and insightful explanations, and provides stimulating and enjoyable reading for students and teachers alike.
"

Alfred Tarski (1901-1983) was a renowned Polish/American mathematician, a giant of the twentieth century, who helped establish the foundations of geometry, set theory, model theory, algebraic logic and universal algebra. Throughout his career, he taught mathematics and logic at universities and sometimes in secondary schools. Many of his writings before 1939 were in Polish and remained inaccessible to most mathematicians and historians until now. This self-contained book focuses on Tarski's early contributions to geometry and mathematics education, including the famous Banach-Tarski paradoxical decomposition of a sphere as well as high-school mathematical topics and pedagogy. These themes are significant since Tarski's later research on geometry and its foundations stemmed in part from his early employment as a high-school mathematics teacher and teacher-trainer. The book contains careful translations and much newly uncovered social background of these works written during Tarski's years in Poland. Alfred Tarski: Early Work in Poland serves the mathematical, educational, philosophical and historical communities by publishing Tarski's early writings in a broadly accessible form, providing background from archival work in Poland and updating Tarski's bibliography. A list of errata can be found on the author Smith's personal webpage.

Traditionally the Adams-Novikov spectral sequence has been a tool which has enabled the computation of generators and relations to describe homotopy groups. Here a natural geometric description of the sequence is given in terms of cobordism theory and manifolds with singularities. The author brings together many interesting results not widely known outside the USSR, including some recent work by Vershinin. This book will be of great interest to researchers into algebraic topology.

This is the first exposition of the theory of quasi-symmetric designs, that is, combinatorial designs with at most two block intersection numbers. The authors aim to bring out the interaction among designs, finite geometries, and strongly regular graphs. The book starts with basic, classical material on designs and strongly regular graphs and continues with a discussion of some important results on quasi-symmetric designs. The later chapters include a combinatorial construction of the Witt designs from the projective plane of order four, recent results dealing with a structural study of designs resulting from Cameron's classification theory on extensions of symmetric designs, and results on the classification problem of quasi-symmetric designs. The final chapter presents connections to coding theory.

Focuses on the latest research in Graph Theory Provides recent research findings that are occurring in this field Discusses the advanced developments and gives insights on an international and transnational level Identifies the gaps in the results Presents forthcoming international studies and researches, long with applications in Networking, Computer Science, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, etc.