This volume explores the complex problems that arise in the modeling and simulation of crowd dynamics in order to present the state-of-the-art of this emerging field and contribute to future research activities. Experts in various areas apply their unique perspectives to specific aspects of crowd dynamics, covering the topic from multiple angles. These include a demonstration of how virtual reality may solve dilemmas in collecting empirical data; a detailed study on pedestrian movement in smoke-filled environments; a presentation of one-dimensional conservation laws with point constraints on the flux; a collection of new ideas on the modeling of crowd dynamics at the microscopic scale; and others. Applied mathematicians interested in crowd dynamics, pedestrian movement, traffic flow modeling, urban planning, and other topics will find this volume a valuable resource. Additionally, researchers in social psychology, architecture, and engineering may find this information relevant to their work.

This book deals with blow-up of a solution to a system of PDEs that arise in practical situations. It begins with a relatively simple account of blow-up in systems of interaction-diffusion equations, then concentrates on mechanics. In particular it deals with the Euler equations, Navier--Stokes equations, models for glacier physics, Korteweg--de-Vries equations, and ferro-hydrodynamics. Blow-up is treated in Volterra equations, stressing how these equations arise in mechanics, e.g. in combustion theory. Further topics are chemotaxis in mathematical biology, change of type, from hyperbolic to elliptic, instability in soils, instability in sea ice dynamics, instability in pressure-dependent viscosity flow, and energy growth in parallel shear flows. It addresses graduate students and researchers in mechanics.

Originally published in 1968, this book was one of the first full-scale published studies of the principles of investment planning and of the structure of marginal costs in a public enterprise. The concepts involved were more developed and applied in the world's electricity industries than elsewhere, and this book will be of interest to both engineers and administrators who are concerned with electricity supply, by setting out the characteristics of investment planning in this sector and the implications for cost analysis.

Grinding is a crucial technology that employs specific abrasive processes for the fabrication of advanced products and surfaces. Handbook of Machining with Grinding Wheels, Second Edition highlights important industry developments that can lead to improved part quality, higher productivity, and lower costs. Divided into two parts, the book begins with an explanation of grinding behavior and ends with a focus on new and emerging industrial applications. While the first edition focused on the basics of abrasive machining technology and presented a unified approach to machining with grinding wheels, the second edition ties in the continued need for traditional processes in conjunction with the latest applications. This book highlights new research topics that include: nanotechnology, alternative energy, and additive manufacturing, compares related approaches, and provides numerous references throughout the book. New in the Second Edition: Contains the latest information on abrasives, bonds, and dressing Updates classic stability lobes for grinding Introduces a new method for tracking dynamic instability in centerless grinding Provides a section in the chapter on ultrasonic-assisted grinding, which contains recent work on modelling of the process Adds material on fluid cooling Presents experimental results for in-process feedback to the grinding process Includes new examples on grinding machine technology (particularly for dressing) A single source reference covering every aspect of the grinding process, Handbook of Machining with Grinding Wheels functions as a definitive guide to grinding technology for both practicing engineers and students studying graduate-level courses (such as abrasive machining; grinding R metal removal processes; machining of brittle materials; and principles of

The volume that you have before you is the result of a growing realization that fluctuations in nonequilibrium systems playa much more important role than was 1 first believed. It has become clear that in nonequilibrium systems noise plays an active, one might even say a creative, role in processes involving self-organization, pattern formation, and coherence, as well as in biological information processing, energy transduction, and functionality. Now is not the time for a comprehensive summary of these new ideas, and I am certainly not the person to attempt such a thing. Rather, this short introductory essay (and the book as a whole) is an attempt to describe where we are at present and how the viewpoint that has evolved in the last decade or so differs from those of past decades. Fluctuations arise either because of the coupling of a particular system to an ex ternal unknown or "unknowable" system or because the particular description we are using is only a coarse-grained description which on some level is an approxima tion. We describe the unpredictable and random deviations from our deterministic equations of motion as noise or fluctuations. A nonequilibrium system is one in which there is a net flow of energy. There are, as I see it, four basic levels of sophistication, or paradigms, con cerning fluctuations in nature. At the lowest level of sophistication, there is an implicit assumption that noise is negligible: the deterministic paradigm."

Engineering Solid Mechanics bridges the gap between elementary approaches to strength of materials and more advanced, specialized versions on the subject. The book provides a basic understanding of the fundamentals of elasticity and plasticity, applies these fundamentals to solve analytically a spectrum of engineering problems, and introduces advanced topics of mechanics of materials - including fracture mechanics, creep, superplasticity, fiber reinforced composites, powder compacts, and porous solids. Text includes: stress and strain, equilibrium, and compatibility elastic stress-strain relations the elastic problem and the stress function approach to solving plane elastic problems applications of the stress function solution in Cartesian and polar coordinates Problems of elastic rods, plates, and shells through formulating a strain compatibility function as well as applying energy methods Elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics Plastic and creep deformation Inelastic deformation and its applications This book presents the material in an instructive manner, suitable for individual self-study. It emphasizes analytical treatment of the subject, which is essential for handling modern numerical methods as well as assessing and creating software packages. The authors provide generous explanations, systematic derivations, and detailed discussions, supplemented by a vast variety of problems and solved examples. Primarily written for professionals and students in mechanical engineering, Engineering Solid Mechanics also serves persons in other fields of engineering, such as aerospace, civil, and material engineering.

Discusses all the major aspects of automotive and engine lubrication - presenting state-of-the-art advances in the field from both research and industrial perspectives. This book should be of interest to mechanical, lubrication and automotive engineers, automotive and machinery designers as well as undergraduate and graduate students in these fields.

"With the appearance and fast evolution of high performance materials, mechanical, chemical and process engineers cannot perform effectively without fluid processing knowledge. The purpose of this book is to explore the systematic application of basic engineering principles to fluid flows that may occur in fluid processing and related activities. In Viscous Fluid Flow, the authors develop and rationalize the mathematics behind the study of fluid mechanics and examine the flows of Newtonian fluids. Although the material deals with Newtonian fluids, the concepts can be easily generalized to non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The book contains many examples. Each chapter is accompanied by problems where the chapter theory can be applied to produce characteristic results. Fluid mechanics is a fundamental and essential element of advanced research, even for those working in different areas, because the principles, the equations, the analytical, computational and experimental means, and the purpose are common.

The aim of the Expositions is to present new and important developments in pure and applied mathematics. Well established in the community over more than two decades, the series offers a large library of mathematical works, including several important classics. The volumes supply thorough and detailed expositions of the methods and ideas essential to the topics in question. In addition, they convey their relationships to other parts of mathematics. The series is addressed to advanced readers interested in a thorough study of the subject. Editorial Board Lev Birbrair, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, BrasilWalter D. Neumann, Columbia University, New York, USAMarkus J. Pflaum, University of Colorado, Boulder, USADierk Schleicher, Jacobs University, Bremen, GermanyKatrin Wendland, University of Freiburg, Germany Honorary Editor Victor P. Maslov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Titles in planning include Yuri A. Bahturin, Identical Relations in Lie Algebras (2019)Yakov G. Berkovich, Lev G. Kazarin, and Emmanuel M. Zhmud', Characters of Finite Groups, Volume 2 (2019)Jorge Herbert Soares de Lira, Variational Problems for Hypersurfaces in Riemannian Manifolds (2019)Volker Mayer, Mariusz Urbanski, and Anna Zdunik, Random and Conformal Dynamical Systems (2021)Ioannis Diamantis, Bostjan Gabrovsek, Sofia Lambropoulou, and Maciej Mroczkowski, Knot Theory of Lens Spaces (2021)

Gravity currents and intrusions are the ubiquitous phenomena where a fluid of one density flows horizontally into a fluid of a different density. For researchers and engineers, the ability to understand and predict these flow fields is essential in wide-ranging applications including those involved with atmospheric and ocean dynamics, the propagation of pollutants, and the dispersion of volcanic clouds. Although many new theories, experimental data, simulation results, and insights have surfaced recently, most of these developments remain scattered in journals and conference papers. A systematic and unified introduction to the field, which incorporates the new results and developments, is bound to facilitate the application of the available knowledge to both practical problems and further investigations. Written by a recognized authority active in recent developments in gravity current research, An Introduction to Gravity Currents and Intrusions provides an up-to-date, self-contained, and systematic introduction to the study, interpretation, and prediction of gravity current flows. The author uses a simple mathematical framework to provide an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the mathematical and physical aspects of this important topic. The text supplies researchers and practitioners with the foundation required to formulate problems, interpret experimental results and measurements data, obtain simple and insightful analytical estimates and solutions, and develop or implement numerical codes for related problems. The book also points out gaps of knowledge in the current understanding that require further research. This accessible reference requires only a basic background in fluid mechanics and applied mathematics, making it an ideal starting place for researchers and engineers new to the field. It can also serve as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate level courses in flu

In Materials Modelling: From Theory to Technology, a distinguished collection of authors has been assembled to celebrate the 60th birthday of Dr. R. Bullough, FRS and honor his contribution to the subject over the past 40 years. The volume explores subjects that have implications in a wide range of technologies, focusing on how basic research can be applied to real problems in science and engineering. Linking theory and technology, the book progresses from the theoretical background to current and future practical applications of modeling. Accessible to a diverse audience, it requires little specialist knowledge beyond a physics degree. The book is useful reading for postgraduates and researchers in condensed matter, nuclear engineering, and physical metallurgy, in addition to workers in R&D laboratories and the high technology industry.

Focusing on fossil-fueled, nonpolluting power generation systems, Zero Emissions Power Cycles presents alternative solutions to the severe emissions problems of power plants. Along with a description of new thermodynamic cycles and the results of computational analyses, this volume provides modern analytical tools and equations to evaluate exergy and introduce "currentology". The authors explore various aspects of zero emissions power plant (ZEPP) technology, including carbon dioxide sequestration, ion transport, and oxygen enrichment. They show that ZEPP technology can: Provide affordable, clean power to meet expanding energy demand Solve critical environmental problems, such as eliminating carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Address energy security issues by supporting the use of diverse fossil fuels, including integrated coal gasification and pulverized coal combustion Ease the economic cost of sustainable energy supplies primarily through the use of cogenerated carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery Addressing the significant human contribution to global warming, this book presents reasonable and effective approaches to minimize the harmful pollution that results from fossil fuel emissions. It shows how to create and operate ZEPPs, making our energy future clean, secure, and inexpensive.

Through analyses, experimental results, and worked-out numerical examples, Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer: Fundamentals and Engineering Applications explores the methods and observations of thermophysical phenomena in size-affected domains. Compiling the most relevant findings from the literature, along with results from their own research activities, the authors provide a useful treatise on the principal concepts and practical design engineering aspects of heat transfer. The book discusses in detail various modern engineering applications, such as microchannel heat sinks, micro heat exchangers, and micro heat pipes. It covers methods that range from discrete computation to optical measurement techniques for microscale applications. The authors also present the fundamentals of nanoscale thermal phenomena in fluids. The text concludes with an entire chapter devoted to numerical examples of microscale conduction, convective heat transfer, and radiation as well as nanoscale thermal phenomena. Drawing on their hands-on experience, the authors shed light on the differences to consider while developing engineering designs related to micro- and nanoscale systems.

Developed through an intensive research project sponsored by the Japanese government, HiTAC now promises to revolutionize our paradigm for using all kinds of fossil, alternative, waste, and derived fuels for energy conversion and utilization in industry. This book is your opportunity to understand its principles, learn about the technology, and begin to use it to the benefit of your application, your company, and the environment.

Because classical thermodynamics evolved into many branches of science and engineering, most undergraduate courses on the subject are taught from the perspective of each area of specialization. General Thermodynamics combines elements from mechanical and chemical engineering, chemistry (including electrochemistry), materials science, and biology to present a unique and thorough treatment of thermodynamics that is broader in scope than other fundamental texts. This book contains classroom-tested materials designed to meet the academic requirements for students from a variety of scientific and engineering backgrounds in a single course. The first half focuses on classical concepts of thermodynamics, whereas the latter half explores field-specific applications, including a unique chapter on biothermodynamics. The book's methodology is unified, concise, and multidisciplinary, allowing students to understand how the principles of thermodynamics apply to all technical fields that touch upon this most fundamental of scientific theories. It also offers a rigorous approach to the quantitative aspects of thermodynamics, accompanied by clear explanations to help students transition smoothly from the physical concepts to their mathematical representations. Each chapter contains numerous worked examples taken from different engineering applications, illustrations, and an extensive set of exercises to support the material. A complete solutions manual is available to professors with qualifying course adoptions.

This book discusses the extent to whcih differences exist in the approach to energy management by different types of firms: large multidivisional firms at corporate headquarters level and division level and independent firms, energy intensive and non-energy intensive firms and growth and non-growth firms. Although originally published in 1984, the significance of the study is reflected by the continued timeliness and urgency of many of the issues covered such as the need for a national energy policy and the potential for improvement in industrial energy efficiency and conservation.

While there are many historical examples of successful naturally ventilated buildings, standards for indoor climate have tended to emphasise active, mechanical airflow systems rather than passive natural systems. Despite its importance, knowledge about the performance of naturally ventilated buildings has remained comparatively sparse. With ten key research papers this book seeks to address this lack of information.

Maintaining a question-and-answer format, this second edition provides simplified means of solving nearly 200 practical problems that confront engineers involved in the planning, design, operation and maintenance of steam plant systems. Calculations pertaining to emissions, boiler efficiency, circulation and heat transfer equipment design and performance are provided. Solutions to 70 new problems are featured in this edition.

This work is based on the proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Spring National Meeting in Houston, Texas, March 28 to April 1, 1993. It details various facets of residue upgrading and distillate hydrotreating, stressing the importance of selective catalysts in aromatics reduction. New aromatics saturation processes for the production of very low-aromatic distillates are introduced.

This book is a superb tool in virtually all application areas involving the Kinetic Theory of Gases, Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Transport Theory, and Aerosol Mechanics.It has been especially designed to serve a dual function, both as a teaching instrument either in a classroom environment or at home, and as a reference for scientists and engineers working in relevant fields.The Kinetic Theory of Gases has applications in many areas of science and technology as well as in our understanding of phenomena from the nano- to the cosmic scale.Some of the fields and topics affected include manufacturing, health care, defence, and aerospace science and engineering.

This work introduces the principles of water hydraulics technology and its benefits and limitations, and clarifies the essential differences between water and oil hydraulics. It discusses basic components and systems, including hydraulic power generators (pumps), hydraulic control components or modulators (valves), hydraulic transmission lines (tubes, hoses and fittings) and hydraulic actuators (single- or double-acting cylinders and rotary motors). A listing of water hydraulics components/systems manufacturers is provided.

An air conditioning system consists of components and equipment arranged in sequential order to control and maintain an indoor environment. The goal is to provide a healthy and comfortable climate with acceptable air quality while being energy efficient and cost effective. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering covers all types of systems from institutional and commercial to residential. The book supplies the basics of design, from selecting the optimum system and equipment to preparing the drawings and specifications. It discusses the four phases of preparing a project: gathering information, developing alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and selling the best solution. In addition, the author breaks down the responsibilities of the engineer, design documents, computer aided design, and government codes and standards. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering provides you with an easy reference to all aspects of the topic. This resource addresses the most current areas of interest, such as computer-aided design and drafting, desiccant air conditioning and energy conservation. It is a thorough and convenient guide to air conditioning and refrigeration engineering.

This book presents current spatial and temporal multiscaling approaches of materials modeling. Recent results demonstrate the deduction of macroscopic properties at the device and component level by simulating structures and materials sequentially on atomic, micro- and mesostructural scales. The book covers precipitation strengthening and fracture processes in metallic alloys, materials that exhibit ferroelectric and magnetoelectric properties as well as biological, metal-ceramic and polymer composites. The progress which has been achieved documents the current state of art in multiscale materials modelling (MMM) on the route to full multi-scaling. Contents: Part I: Multi-time-scale and multi-length-scale simulations of precipitation and strengthening effects Linking nanoscale and macroscale Multiscale simulations on the coarsening of Cu-rich precipitates in -Fe using kinetic Monte Carlo, Molecular Dynamics, and Phase-Field simulations Multiscale modeling predictions of age hardening curves in Al-Cu alloys Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of shear-coupled motion of grain boundaries Product Properties of a two-phase magneto-electric composite Part II: Multiscale simulations of plastic deformation and fracture Niobium/alumina bicrystal interface fracture Atomistically informed crystal plasticity model for body-centred cubic iron FE2AT finite element informed atomistic simulations Multiscale fatigue crack growth modeling for welded stiffened panels Molecular dynamics study on low temperature brittleness in tungsten single crystals Multi scale cellular automata and finite element based model for cold deformation and annealing of a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure Multiscale simulation of the mechanical behavior of nanoparticle-modified polyamide composites Part III: Multiscale simulations of biological and bio-inspired materials, bio-sensors and composites Multiscale Modeling of Nano-Biosensors Finite strain compressive behaviour of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites Peptide zinc oxide interaction

Originally published in 1981. Every aspect of Energy - production, conversion and use - is discussed and explained in this unique dictionary. Comprehensive and well-illustrated entries cover fossil and other types of chemical fuel; hydro-electric and nuclear power; energy conservation; solar energy of every kind; wind, wave and tidal power. Every type of nuclear reactor is described, with emphasis on the energy technologies that have the greatest relevance and future promise. The first section is devoted to a careful explanation of the units used, with conversion tables; key concepts are precisely defined. The closing sections comprise tables of international energy statistics and a short bibliography. This is an excellent introduction and invaluable reference work for general readers, students and all workers in energy and energy-related fields.