Spectral Methods in Transition Metal Complexes provides a conceptual understanding on how to interpret the optical UV-vis, vibrational EPR, and NMR spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. Metal complexes have broad applications across chemistry in the areas of drug discovery, such as anticancer drugs, sensors, special materials for specific requirements, and catalysis, so a thorough knowledge in preparation and characterization of metal complexes, while niche, is critical. Accessible to both the seasoned researcher and the graduate student alike, this book provides readers with a single source of content that addresses spectral methods in transition metal complexes.

This book describes the luminescence mechanism of polynuclear lanthanide complexes, focusing on energy transfer processes using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Lanthanide complexes show intense luminescence from the lanthanide ion through sensitization by the organic ligands. The high chromaticity of the emission and the long lifetimes of the complexes are particularly attractive for applications such as organic light-emitting diodes and bioprobes. Polynuclear lanthanide complexes (coordination polymers and clusters) have attracted considerable interest for functionalization by energy transfer between lanthanide ions. At the same time, such extra processes complicate the luminescence mechanism, hindering the rational design of functional polynuclear lanthanide complexes. Firstly, the book explains the principle of the theoretical methods, and then describes the concentration-quenching mechanism in coordination polymers. It also examines the effect of intrinsic spin-orbit coupling arising from lanthanide ions on the ligand-to-lanthanide energy transfer efficiency and the mechanism of back energy transfer (the opposite of sensitizing energy transfer) in lanthanide clusters. This sets the stage for the final topic: the suppression of back energy transfer by energy transfer between lanthanide ions in lanthanide clusters, which is of critical importance, showing that the lanthanide clusters can be considered a new generation of functional and efficient luminescent material and could also provide a breakthrough in lanthanide photophysics.

This book covers the role of water in global atmospheric phenomena, focussing on the physical processes involving water molecules and water microparticles. It presents the reader with a detailed look at some of the most important types of global atmospheric phenomena involving water, such as water circulation, atmospheric electricity and the greenhouse effect. Beginning with the cycle of water evaporation and condensation, and the important roles played by the nucleation and growth processes of water microdroplets, the book discusses atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon of water circulation in the atmosphere, comprising a chain of processes involving water molecules and water microdroplets. Finally, the book discusses aspects of the molecular spectroscopy of greenhouse atmospheric components, showing how water molecules and water microdroplets give the main contribution to atmospheric emission in the infrared spectrum range. Featuring numerous didactic schematics and appendices detailing all necessary unit conversion factors, this book is useful to both active researchers and doctoral students working in the fields of atmospheric physics, climate science and molecular spectroscopy.

Clusters can be viewed as solids at the nano-scale, yet molecular cluster chemistry and solid state chemistry have traditionally been considered as separate topics. This treatment has made it conceptually difficult to appreciate commonalities of structure and bonding between the two. Using analogous models, this is the first book to form a connecting bridge. Although the focus is on clusters, sufficient attention is paid to solid-state compounds at each stage of the development to establish the interrelationship between the two topics. Comprehensive coverage of cluster types by composition, size and ligation, is provided, as is a synopsis of selected research. Written in an accessible style and highly illustrated to aid understanding, this book is suitable for researchers in inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, materials science, and condensed matter physics.

This book discusses the extraction, purification, modification, and processing of biobased materials and their various industrial applications, across biomedical, pharmaceutical, construction, and other industries. It includes contributions from experts on hybrid biopolymers and bio-composites, bioactive and biodegradable materials, bio-inert polymers, natural polymers and composites, and metallic natural materials. Therefore, this encyclopedia is a useful reference for scientists, academicians, research scholars, and technologists. Major challenges of biobased materials are their efficient development, cost-effective, and green & environment friendly production/applications. This encyclopedia answers these challenges to professionals and scientists for proper utilization of biobased materials. It presents the recent practices of biobased materials technology in different scientific and engineering domains. It helps the bounded industrial outcomes to reach the general readership of different domains. This encyclopedia bridges the technological gaps between the industrial and academic professionals and the novice young students/scholars. The interdisciplinarity of this encyclopedia makes it unique for a wide readership. The topic of biobased materials is currently popular in the scientific community, working in such following areas as Recycled materials, Renewable materials, Materials for efficiency, Materials for waste treatment, Materials for reduction of environmental load, Materials for easy disposal or recycle, Hazardous free materials, Materials for reducing human health impact, Materials for energy efficiency, Materials for green energy, etc. This is a relatively hot topic in materials science and has strong demands for energy, material and money savings, as well as heavy contamination problems, despite that the area of biobased materials belongs to most important fields of modern science & technology, no important encyclopedias have been published in the area of "biobased materials"

The discovery and evolution of oranometallic cluster chemistry is a major event in the development of inorganic chemistry. This is the second volume in the series 'The Chemistry of Metal Clusters' edited by Du Shriver, Herb Kaesz, and Richard Adams.
This volume focuses on the chemistry of the early transition elements in their lower and middle oxidation states, i.e., halide, sulfide, oxide, phosphate, alkoxide, and related o-donor ligands. The key feature linking all these complexes in metal-metal bonding is the presence of pi-donor ligands.

Volume 2 presents the latest applications of M ssbauer spectroscopy to the study of magnetic materials. Topics include: Surface and thin film analysis, iron-based amorphous ribbons and wires, diffusion studies, analytical methods for M ssbauer spectral analysis of complex materials, and quasicrystalline materials among others. These discussions will be invaluable to materials scientists, inorganic chemists, and solid-state chemists.

This timely and unique publication is designed for graduate students and researchers in inorganic and materials chemistry and covers bonding models and applications of symmetry concepts to chemical systems. The book discusses the quantum mechanical basis for molecular orbital concepts, the connections between molecular orbitals and localized views of bonding, group theory, bonding models for a variety of compounds, and the extension of these ideas to solid state materials in band theory. Unlike other books, the concepts are made tangible to the readers by guiding them through their implementation in MATLAB functions. No background in MATLAB or computer programming is needed; the book will provide the necessary skills. Key Features Visualization of the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics to build conceptual understanding MATLAB functions for rendering molecular geometries and orbitals Do-it-yourself approach to building a molecular orbital and band theory program Introduction to Group Theory harnessing the 3D graphing capabilities of MATLAB Online access to a growing collection of applications of the core material and other appendices Bonding through Code is ideal for first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in chemistry, materials science, and physics. Researchers wishing to gain new tools for theoretical analysis or deepen their understanding of bonding phenomena can also benefit from this text. About the Author Daniel Fredrickson is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where his research group focuses on understanding and harnessing the structural chemistry of intermetallic phases using a combination of theory and experiment. His interests in crystals, structure, and bonding can be traced to his undergraduate research at the University of Washington (B.S. in Biochemistry, 2000) with Prof. Bart Kahr, his Ph.D. studies at Cornell University (2000-2005) with Profs. Stephen Lee and Roald Hoffmann, and his post-doctoral work with Prof. Sven Lidin at Stockholm University (2005-2008). As part of his teaching at UW-Madison since 2009, he has worked to enhance his department's graduate course, Physical Inorganic Chemistry I: Symmetry and Bonding, through the incorporation of new material and the development of computer-based exercises.

Inspired by a symposium held at the University of Southern California, in March 1988, dedicated to Paul van R. Schleyer, contributors examine the role of 'hypercarbons' in several areas of chemistry in this book. The multicenter bonding of 'hypercarbons' relative to the chemistry of main group elements, organometallics, cluster chemistry, carbocations, and hydrocarbon chemistry are systematically covered.

The essential introduction to the understanding of the structure of inorganic solids and materials. This revised and updated 2nd Edition looks at new developments and research results within Structural Inorganic Chemistry in a number of ways, special attention is paid to crystalline solids, elucidation and description of the spatial order of atoms within a chemical compound. Structural principles of inorganic molecules and solids are described through traditional concepts, modern bond-theoretical theories, as well as taking symmetry as a leading principle.

The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium Edited by J. A. Cowan Recent years have witnessed a revolution in the understanding of magnesium biochemistry, especially the pivotal role of magnesium ion in nucleic acid biochemistry. This graduate text presents a unique and comprehensive review of all major areas of current research interest, from inorganic chemistry, nucleic acid biochemistry, and enzymology through ribozyme activation, drug-magnesium-DNA interactions, and magnesium transport by selective membrane channels. Introductory chapters provide a useful review for the non-specialist, including descriptions of essential solution chemistry and physical methods for monitoring magnesium biochemistry. Its readable style and emphasis on understanding at the molecular level makes The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium accessible and relevant to researchers and graduate students in the field, as well as non-specialists in biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, bioinorganic chemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences. Also available from VCH: Inorganic Biochemistry: An Introduction J.A. Cowan Hardcover (ISBN 1-56081-537-X) Manganese Redox Enzymes V.L. Pecoraro, ed. Hardcover (ISBN 0-89573-729-9) The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Nickel J.R. Lancaster, Jr. Hardcover (ISBN 0-89573-338-2)

D. Stalke, U. Flierler: More than Just Distances from Electron Density Studies.- A.O. Madsen: Modeling and Analysis of Hydrogen Atoms.- B.B. Iversen/J. Overgaard: Charge Density Methods in Hydrogen Bond Studies.- U. Flierler, D. Stalke: Some Main Group Chemical Perceptions in the Light of Experimental Charge Density Investigations.- D. Leusser: Electronic Structure and Chemical Properties of Lithium Organics Seen Through the Glasses of Charge Density.- L. J. Farrugia, P. Macchi: Bond Orders in Metal-Metal Interactions Through Electron Density Analysis.- W. Scherer, V. Herz, Ch. Hauf: On the Nature of -Agostic Interactions: A Comparison Between the Molecular Orbital and Charge Density Picture.

The primary goal of nanotechnology is to achieve nanoscale materials and devices with atomic precision. Toward this goal, breakthroughs have recently been made in the solution-phase synthesis and applications of atomically precise nanoclusters. This book presents the exciting progress in this new research field. The chapters are contributed by leading experts of the field and cover the synthetic methods, atomic structures, electronic and optical properties, and catalytic applications of noble metal nanoclusters. Such new nanocluster materials offer exciting opportunities for chemists and physicists to understand the fundamental science of nanoclusters, especially the atomic-level structure-property correlation and design of new materials, as well as for developing a range of applications including catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, imaging, optics, and energy conversion. The book will be of interest to readers and researchers in nanotechnology, nanochemistry, catalysis, and computational chemistry, as well as practitioners in industry R&D for new materials. It is written to be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students and, therefore, is an excellent teaching material.

Molecular similarity has always been an important conceptual tool of chemists, yet systematic approaches to molecular similarity problems have only recently been recognized as a major contributor to our understanding of molecular properties. Advanced approaches to molecular similarity analysis have their foundation in quantum similarity measures, and are important direct or indirect contributors to some of the predictive theoretical, computational, and also experimental methods of modern chemistry. This volume provides a survey of the foundations and the contemporary mathematical and computational methodologies of molecular similarity approaches, where special emphasis is given to applications of similarity studies to a range of practical and industrially significant fields, such as pharmaceutical drug design. The authors of individual chapters are leading experts in various sub-fields of molecular similarity analysis and the related fundamental theoretical chemistry topics, as well as the relevant computational and experimental methodologies. Whereas in each chapter the emphasis is placed on a different area, nevertheless, the overall coverage and the wide scope of the book provides the reader with a general yet sufficiently detailed description that may serve as a good starting point for new studies and applications of molecular similarity approaches. The editors of this volume are grateful to the authors for their contributions, and hope that the readers will find this book a useful and motivating source of information in the rapidly growing field of molecular similarity analysis.

This book presents the main research advances in the field of photofunctional rare earth hybrid materials. The first chapter discusses the fundamental principles, ranging from rare earth, rare earth luminescence, luminescent rare earth compounds and photofunctional rare earth hybrid materials. The main body of the book consists of six chapters exploring different kinds of photofunctional hybrid materials, such as hybrids based on organically modified silica; organically modified mesoporous silica; functionalized microporous zeolite and metal-organic frameworks; polymer or polymer/silica composite; and multi-component assembly of hybrids. It also includes a chapter introducing the photofunctional application of these hybrid materials. It is a valuable resource for a wide readership in various fields of rare earth chemistry, chemical science and materials science.

Organic chemistry research has moved rapidly toward synthesis and medicinal application of nitrogen-containing compounds such as triazenes, triazines, and hydroxytriazenes due to their excellent biological activities. Many of them are presently in clinical trials. Triazene compounds have excellent medicinal properties and limited toxicity. Hydroxytriazenes are excellent chelating agents for transition metals. Newer studies show very promising biological and medicinal applications of these classes of compounds. Hydroxytriazenes and Triazenes: The Versatile Framework, Synthesis, and Medicinal Applications highlights synthetic methods, recent advances, and potential applications of triazines, triazenes, and hydroxytriazenes. This book includes holistic information on synthetic methods for novel compounds based on this moiety, up-to-date information on the how and why of their diverse or even multitargeted medicinal application, and future state of the art of both aspects. Other features include: Highlights recent advances and diverse possible applications of biological functions Covers the chemistry of triazine, triazene, and hydroxytriazene systems On the basis of in silico predictions, the book highlights synthetic methods and their applications A valuable source of information for those actively engaged in medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and synthetic organic chemistry

Borate-based phosphors have attracted much attention, due to their high optical stability, low-cost synthesis via conventional and non-conventional methods and resulting technology to be environmentally friendly. This book discusses the structural and chemical parameters of borates as a phosphor including suitable synthesis methods and proper characterization of materials. Further, it includes applications of borate materials such as photoluminescence, UV application, UVU application, photo therapy application and radiological applications. Features: Provides information on borate phosphors and their structure. Aids selection of proper structural and functional borates used in applications based on phosphor technology. Discloses the modification in properties of borate functional group upon mixing or substitution with other metallic functional groups. Discusses biological applications such as photo-thermal heating-based therapy, temperature sensors, imaging, and diagnosis. Includes current trends and innovations, limitations and challenges, prospects, and scope in each chapter. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in inorganic materials, luminescent/optical materials, materials science/engineering, and physics.

Organophosphorus Chemistry presents a groundbreaking resource in this branch of organic chemistry that demonstrates how phosphorus-containing compounds can be manipulated in a variety of organic reactions. The authors give an overview of the newest trends and synthesis strategies, introduce bioactive and environmentally friendly organophosphorus compounds and show their importance in mainstream organic chemistry.

This book provides an overview of the design, synthesis, and characterization of different photoactive hybrid organic-inorganic materials, based on the combination of mainly organic molecules and inorganic nanostructures, tackling their uses in different scientific fields from photonics to biomedicine. There are many examples extensively describing how the confinement of organic compounds (i.e. chromophores, photochromic molecules or photoreactants), or other photoactive compounds (i.e.metal clusters) into several microporous systems can modulate the photophysical properties and photochemical reactions leading to interesting applications. Among (ordered)-hosts, different systems of diverse nature are widely used, such as the, the 1D- or 3D- channels of zeolitic frameworks, interlayer space of 2D-clays, the organic nanospace of curcubituril and cyclodextrins or the organo-inorganic porous crystalline MOFs systems. This volume highlights the advances of these photoactive materials and aims to be an inspiration for researchers working in materials science and photochemistry, including chemists, material engineers, physicists, biologists, and medical researchers.

This exhaustive work in several volumes and over 2500 pages provides a thorough treatment of ultra-high temperature materials (with melting points around or over 2500 DegreesC). The first volume focuses on carbon (graphene/graphite) and refractory metals (W, Re, Os, Ta, Mo, Nb and Ir), whilst the second and third are dedicated to refractory transition metal 4-5 groups carbides. Topics included are physical (structural, thermal, electro-magnetic, optical, mechanical, nuclear) and chemical (more than 3000 binary, ternary and multi-component systems, including those used for materials design, data on solid-state diffusion, wettability, interaction with various elements and compounds in solid and liquid states, gases and chemicals in aqueous solutions) properties of these materials. It will be of interest to researchers, engineers, postgraduate, graduate and undergraduate students alike. The readers/users are provided with the full qualitative and quantitative assessment, which is based on the latest updates in the field of fundamental physics and chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, design and engineering.

Reactive and functional polymers are manufactured with the aim of improving the performance of unmodified polymers or providing functionality for different applications. These polymers are created mainly through chemical reactions, but there are other important modifications that can be carried out by physical alterations in order to obtain reactive and functional polymers. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of these reactive and functional polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume Two considers the coupling, crosslinking and grafting reactions to improve the compatibility of reactive and functional polymer blends. In this book, world-renowned researchers have participated, including Dr. Sabu Thomas (Editor-in-chief for the journal 'Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects'). With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in Reactive and Functional Polymers, this is an outstanding book for students, professors, researchers and industrialists working in the field of polymers and plastic materials.

A comparative examination of electron-deficient species -from leading researchers in the field.
The Borane, Carborane, Carbocation Continuum explores the emerging understanding of the similarities of properties and behavior shared by these electron-deficient species. Based on the work presented at a trailblazing symposium held at the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute of the University of Southern California, it brings together the contributions of distinguished scientists from around the world, including Nobel Prize winners George A. Olah and William N. Lipscomb, to illustrate the results of research on the structures and bonding characteristics of boranes, carboranes, and carbocations.
As electron-deficient compounds find a place in today's high-field NMR systems and other cutting-edge areas, this unique volume contains important information for advanced students as well as professionals working in organic, inorganic, or physical chemistry, with sections on:
* Patterns of structure in boranes and carboranes -including vertex homogeneity, boron cluster patterns, and seco-systematization of boranes and heteroboranes
* The carborane -carbocation continuum -from boron super-electrophiles and their carbocation analogs to cage systems
* Untangling molecular structures -mechanistic patterns in carborane reactions, advances in metallacarborane sandwich chemistry, and other topics
* New species of boranes and carboranes -such as isoelectronic borane, hydrocarbon, and carbocation metal complexes, and cyclic organohydroborate anions.

Molten salts and fused media provide the key properties and the theory of molten salts, as well as aspects of fused salts chemistry, helping you generate new ideas and applications for fused salts. "Molten Salts Chemistry: From Lab to Applications" examines how the electrical and thermal properties of molten salts, and generally low vapour pressure are well adapted to high temperature chemistry, enabling fast reaction rates. It also explains how their ability to dissolve many inorganic compounds such as oxides, nitrides, carbides and other salts make molten salts ideal as solvents in electrometallurgy, metal coating, treatment of by-products and energy conversion. This book also reviews newer applications of molten salts including materials for energy storage such as carbon nano-particles for efficient super capacitors, high capacity molten salt batteries and for heat transport and storage in solar plants. In addition, owing to their high thermal stability, they are considered as ideal candidates for the development of safer nuclear reactors and for the treatment of nuclear waste, especially to separate actinides from lanthanides by electrorefining.
Explains the theory and properties of molten salts to help scientists understand these unique liquidsProvides an ideal introduction to this expanding fieldIllustrated text with key real-life applications of molten salts in synthesis, energy, nuclear, and metal extraction

This book focuses on recent topics of quantum science in both physics and chemistry. Until now, quantum science has not been fully discussed from the interdisciplinary vantage points of both physics and chemistry. This book, however, is written not only for theoretical physicists and chemists, but also for experimentalists in the fields of physical chemistry and condensed matter physics, as collaboration and interplay between construction of quantum theory, and experimentation has become more important. Tips for starting new types of research projects will be found in an understanding of cutting-edge quantum science. In Part I, quantum electronic structures are explained in cases of strongly correlated copper oxides and heavy elements. In Part II, quantum molecular dynamics is investigated by computational approaches and molecular beam experiments. In Part III, after lithium problem in big bang nucleosynthesis scenario is considered using supersymmetric standard model, quantum theories in atomic and molecular systems are reviewed. Finally, in Part IV, the development of quantum computational method is introduced.

The elucidation of reaction mechanisms generally requires the carefully designed control of molecular symmetry to distinguish between the many possible reaction pathways. Making and Breaking Symmetry in Chemistry emphasises the crucial role played by symmetry in modern synthetic chemistry. After discussion of a number of famous classical experiments, the advances brought about by the introduction of new techniques, in particular NMR spectroscopy, are exemplified in numerous cases taken from the recent literature. Experimental verification of many of the predictions made in Woodward and Hoffmann's explication of the Conservation of Orbital Symmetry are described. Applications that involve the breaking of molecular symmetry to resolve these and other mechanistic problems in organic, inorganic and organometallic chemistry are presented in the first sections of the book, together with many examples of the detection of hitherto hidden rearrangement processes.Subsequently, under the aegis of making molecular symmetry, examples of the preparation of highly symmetrical molecules found in the organic, organometallic or inorganic domains are discussed. These include Platonic hydrocarbons or boranes, tetrahedranes, cubanes, prismanes, dodecahedrane, fullerene fragments such as corannulene, sumanene or semibuckminsterfullerene, and other systems of unusual geometries or bonding characteristics (Moebius strips, molecular brakes and gears, Chauvin's carbomers, Fitjer's rotanes, persubstituted rings, metal-metal multiple bonds, etc.). The text also contains vignettes of many of the scientists who made these major advances, as well as short sections that briefly summarise key features of important topics that underpin the more descriptive material. These include some aspects of chirality, NMR spectroscopy, and the use of isotopic substitution to break molecular symmetry. A brief appendix on point group symmetry and nomenclature is also helpfully provided.